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physical agents > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

pain that occurs with or without tissue damage and can be chemical or mechanical

A

nociceptive pain

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2
Q

pain associated with actual tissue damage

A

inflammatory pain

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3
Q

pain that persists after healing due to increased sensitization

A

chronic pain

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4
Q

when pain hypersensitivity occurs

A

central sensitization

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5
Q

when the dorsal horn of spinal cord and brain amplifies the signal to make it more painful than normal; inhibits endogenous opioids;

A

central sensitization

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6
Q

pain that results from injury or disease with tissue damage that usually lasts around 30 days

A

acute pain

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7
Q

pain that persists after healing period. usually months after injury or trauma

A

chronic pain

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8
Q

pain thats felt at location different from the source of injury

A

referred pain

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9
Q

pain that spreads from the source to surrounding areas

A

radiating pain

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10
Q

pain experienced by amputees in the lost limb

A

phantom pain

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11
Q

chemicals released that intensify pain

A

peripheral sensitization

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12
Q

pain influenced by anxiety, arousal, fatigue, previous emotional or psychological experience

A

perception

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13
Q

the greatest intensity a person can handle; varies from person to person

A

pain tolerance

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14
Q

explain the body’s response to pain

A
  • sympathetic nervous system activated
  • changes in bp, hr, muscle spasm, and edema
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15
Q

fibers that travel quickly; associated with sharp, stinging, prickling pain; myelinated; localized pain

A

A delta fibers

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16
Q

fibers associated with dull, aching, throbbing pain; pain is poorly discriminated; travels slowly; unmyelinated; high threshold of actiation

A

C fibers

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17
Q

the main path or tract for pain

A

spinothalamic tract

18
Q

fibers that are the fastest to travel; decrease the pain signal in the pathway before it reaches the brain; gait theory; alters pain perception

A

large A beta fibers

19
Q

inhibits pain by decreasing GABA levels; beta endorphins produce cells to respond to painful stimuli; thinking it is going to hurt before pain actually occurs

A

endogenous opiates

20
Q

low intensity and high frequency TENS that works by gate theory; strong but comfortable sensation

A

Conventional TENS

21
Q

low frequency and high intensity that works with the endogenous opiate theory; provides contraction or muscle twitch

A

acute

22
Q

Contras for US

A
  1. cancer
  2. pregnancy
  3. implanted devices
  4. DVT
  5. anterior neck
  6. loss of sensation for thermal
  7. inflammation for thermal
  8. growth plants in 21 and under
23
Q

arthritis

A
  1. causes joints to swell or lose water
  2. does not involve acute inflammation
  3. responds well to heat
24
Q

smaller versions of contractures

A

adhesions

25
Q

block caused by broken bone, spur, or torn cartilage; cant be corrected with stretching; hard end feel

A

mechanical block

26
Q

the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time

A

frequency

27
Q

the amplitude and intensity of waves decrease as they travel through tissue

A

attenuation

28
Q

the sound head

A

transducer

29
Q

the ratio of the average intensity of the US beam across the ERA divided by peak intensity

A

BNR beam non-uniformity ratio

30
Q

average BNR

A

5:1 or 6:1

31
Q

the area that receives at least 5% of the peak sound energy; basically the size of the head

A

ERA effective radiating area

32
Q

an increase in density of material as US passes through

A

compression

33
Q

a decrease in density of material as US passes through

A

rarefaction

34
Q

the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress

A

piezoelectric

35
Q

when mediums are mismatched and waves bounce back

A

reflection

36
Q

when waves bend and hit unintended targets

A

refraction

37
Q

what is the minimum amount of hertz to be considered US

A

20,000

38
Q

the type of US used in PT

A

1-3 mega hertz

39
Q

higher frequency=shorter wave length

A

higher absorption=lower penetration

40
Q

increased compression= increased friction

A

increased friction=heat

41
Q

what degree of angle will refract US completely

A

15 degrees of higher

42
Q

formation of gas filled bubbles that expand and compress due to pressure changes in fluid

A

cavitation

physical agents (4 decks)

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