Exam 2 Flashcards
pain that occurs with or without tissue damage and can be chemical or mechanical
nociceptive pain
pain associated with actual tissue damage
inflammatory pain
pain that persists after healing due to increased sensitization
chronic pain
when pain hypersensitivity occurs
central sensitization
when the dorsal horn of spinal cord and brain amplifies the signal to make it more painful than normal; inhibits endogenous opioids;
central sensitization
pain that results from injury or disease with tissue damage that usually lasts around 30 days
acute pain
pain that persists after healing period. usually months after injury or trauma
chronic pain
pain thats felt at location different from the source of injury
referred pain
pain that spreads from the source to surrounding areas
radiating pain
pain experienced by amputees in the lost limb
phantom pain
chemicals released that intensify pain
peripheral sensitization
pain influenced by anxiety, arousal, fatigue, previous emotional or psychological experience
perception
the greatest intensity a person can handle; varies from person to person
pain tolerance
explain the body’s response to pain
- sympathetic nervous system activated
- changes in bp, hr, muscle spasm, and edema
fibers that travel quickly; associated with sharp, stinging, prickling pain; myelinated; localized pain
A delta fibers
fibers associated with dull, aching, throbbing pain; pain is poorly discriminated; travels slowly; unmyelinated; high threshold of actiation
C fibers
the main path or tract for pain
spinothalamic tract
fibers that are the fastest to travel; decrease the pain signal in the pathway before it reaches the brain; gait theory; alters pain perception
large A beta fibers
inhibits pain by decreasing GABA levels; beta endorphins produce cells to respond to painful stimuli; thinking it is going to hurt before pain actually occurs
endogenous opiates
low intensity and high frequency TENS that works by gate theory; strong but comfortable sensation
Conventional TENS
low frequency and high intensity that works with the endogenous opiate theory; provides contraction or muscle twitch
acute
Contras for US
- cancer
- pregnancy
- implanted devices
- DVT
- anterior neck
- loss of sensation for thermal
- inflammation for thermal
- growth plants in 21 and under
arthritis
- causes joints to swell or lose water
- does not involve acute inflammation
- responds well to heat
smaller versions of contractures
adhesions
block caused by broken bone, spur, or torn cartilage; cant be corrected with stretching; hard end feel
mechanical block
the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time
frequency
the amplitude and intensity of waves decrease as they travel through tissue
attenuation
the sound head
transducer
the ratio of the average intensity of the US beam across the ERA divided by peak intensity
BNR beam non-uniformity ratio
average BNR
5:1 or 6:1
the area that receives at least 5% of the peak sound energy; basically the size of the head
ERA effective radiating area
an increase in density of material as US passes through
compression
a decrease in density of material as US passes through
rarefaction
the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress
piezoelectric
when mediums are mismatched and waves bounce back
reflection
when waves bend and hit unintended targets
refraction
what is the minimum amount of hertz to be considered US
20,000
the type of US used in PT
1-3 mega hertz
higher frequency=shorter wave length
higher absorption=lower penetration
increased compression= increased friction
increased friction=heat
what degree of angle will refract US completely
15 degrees of higher
formation of gas filled bubbles that expand and compress due to pressure changes in fluid
cavitation
