Exam 2

Question 1

pain that occurs with or without tissue damage and can be chemical or mechanical

Answer 1

nociceptive pain

Question 2

pain associated with actual tissue damage

Answer 2

inflammatory pain

Question 3

pain that persists after healing due to increased sensitization

Answer 3

chronic pain

Question 4

when pain hypersensitivity occurs

Answer 4

central sensitization

Question 5

when the dorsal horn of spinal cord and brain amplifies the signal to make it more painful than normal; inhibits endogenous opioids;

Answer 5

central sensitization

Question 6

pain that results from injury or disease with tissue damage that usually lasts around 30 days

Answer 6

acute pain

Question 7

pain that persists after healing period. usually months after injury or trauma

Answer 7

chronic pain

Question 8

pain thats felt at location different from the source of injury

Answer 8

referred pain

Question 9

pain that spreads from the source to surrounding areas

Answer 9

radiating pain

Question 10

pain experienced by amputees in the lost limb

Answer 10

phantom pain

Question 11

chemicals released that intensify pain

Answer 11

peripheral sensitization

Question 12

pain influenced by anxiety, arousal, fatigue, previous emotional or psychological experience

Answer 12

perception

Question 13

the greatest intensity a person can handle; varies from person to person

Answer 13

pain tolerance

Question 14

explain the body’s response to pain

Answer 14

• sympathetic nervous system activated
• changes in bp, hr, muscle spasm, and edema

Question 15

fibers that travel quickly; associated with sharp, stinging, prickling pain; myelinated; localized pain

Answer 15

A delta fibers

Question 16

fibers associated with dull, aching, throbbing pain; pain is poorly discriminated; travels slowly; unmyelinated; high threshold of actiation

Answer 16

C fibers

Question 17

the main path or tract for pain

Answer 17

spinothalamic tract

Question 18

fibers that are the fastest to travel; decrease the pain signal in the pathway before it reaches the brain; gait theory; alters pain perception

Answer 18

large A beta fibers

Question 19

inhibits pain by decreasing GABA levels; beta endorphins produce cells to respond to painful stimuli; thinking it is going to hurt before pain actually occurs

Answer 19

endogenous opiates

Question 20

low intensity and high frequency TENS that works by gate theory; strong but comfortable sensation

Answer 20

Conventional TENS

Question 21

low frequency and high intensity that works with the endogenous opiate theory; provides contraction or muscle twitch

Answer 21

acute

Question 22

Contras for US

Answer 22

1. cancer
2. pregnancy
3. implanted devices
4. DVT
5. anterior neck
6. loss of sensation for thermal
7. inflammation for thermal
8. growth plants in 21 and under

Question 23

arthritis

Answer 23

1. causes joints to swell or lose water
2. does not involve acute inflammation
3. responds well to heat

Question 24

smaller versions of contractures

Answer 24

adhesions

Question 25

block caused by broken bone, spur, or torn cartilage; cant be corrected with stretching; hard end feel

Answer 25

mechanical block

Question 26

the number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time

Answer 26

frequency

Question 27

the amplitude and intensity of waves decrease as they travel through tissue

Answer 27

attenuation

Question 28

the sound head

Answer 28

transducer

Question 29

the ratio of the average intensity of the US beam across the ERA divided by peak intensity

Answer 29

BNR beam non-uniformity ratio

Question 30

average BNR

Answer 30

5:1 or 6:1

Question 31

the area that receives at least 5% of the peak sound energy; basically the size of the head

Answer 31

ERA effective radiating area

Question 32

an increase in density of material as US passes through

Answer 32

compression

Question 33

a decrease in density of material as US passes through

Answer 33

rarefaction

Question 34

the ability of certain materials to generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress

Answer 34

piezoelectric

Question 35

when mediums are mismatched and waves bounce back

Answer 35

reflection

Question 36

when waves bend and hit unintended targets

Answer 36

refraction

Question 37

what is the minimum amount of hertz to be considered US

Answer 37

20,000

Question 38

the type of US used in PT

Answer 38

1-3 mega hertz

Question 39

higher frequency=shorter wave length

Answer 39

higher absorption=lower penetration

Question 40

increased compression= increased friction

Answer 40

increased friction=heat

Question 41

what degree of angle will refract US completely

Answer 41

15 degrees of higher

Question 42

formation of gas filled bubbles that expand and compress due to pressure changes in fluid

Answer 42

cavitation