exam 1 Flashcards
how many cm does superficial heat go to
1cm
how any cm does deep heat go to
3-5cm
what degree does tissue have to reach to get therapeutic treatment
over 104
a material specific value for rate at which heat will move from one object to another
thermal conductivity
usually expressed as “rate”- the transfer of heat energy from one material to the next
heat transfer
transfer of heat by direct contact
conduction
examples of conduction
moist heat packs, cold packs, paraffin
There is direct contact between heating/cooling agent and skin BUT the agent circulates
convection
Occurs when energy changes forms
conversion
examples of convection
whirlpool, fluidotherapy
examples of conversion
Ultrasound, mechanical sound energy is converted to heat energy
Diathermy, electromagnetic energy is changed to heat energy.
Transfer of heat without direct contact
radiation
what temperature are hot packs stored in
175
paraffin mineral oil is what ratio
7:1
physiological effects of heat
1.Increase metabolic rate: (increase O2 uptake by tissues which promotes healing, increase phagocytosis, increased enzyme activity-healing is accelerated.
2.Vascular-Increase vasodilation (due to both vessel smooth muscle relaxation and spinal cord reflexes)
3. Heat large areas (HPs over large body parts or heating via being submerged can have cardiac and respiratory effects!)
effects of heat on the body
- Increase Blood Flow/Vasodilation
- Increase Tissue Pliability-Connective Tissue Effect-Increase elasticity/extensibility of superficial.
- Decreased muscle guarding/relaxation.
- Decrease pain
- Increase sedative effect /relaxation
indications for heat
- Pain
- Muscle spasm/guarding-for relaxation of guarded tissues
- Decreased ROM/stiffness-use during or just prior to stretching
- Healing tissue in chronic/ maturation phase
- Stiffness if applied with stretching or mobility exercise
contras for hot pack
- Over joints of patients with potential for hemorrhage, bleeding or over bruise.
- Over areas of suspected blood clots
- Impaired skin sensation or cognitive mentation.
- Active malignancies /cancer in areas.
- Pregnancy if application over LB, hip or abdomen
- Heat should NOT be applied over areas where there are ulcers or skin abnormalities due to peripheral vascular disease
- Heat should NOT be applied if there is evidence of acute inflammation such as increased temperature, redness, edema
precautions for hot packs
- Pregnancy-heat is appropriate to apply to limbs but NOT to abdomen, back, hips or pelvis.
- In individuals who have poor temperature regulation
adverse effects of heat
- Increased Vasodilation results in fluid
movement from vessels to interstitial
spaces, so edema which will worsen in
acute conditions - Systemic responses (cardiac and respiratory)
may result from heat applied to large areas
esp (such as submersion in water bath)in
persons in fragile health (very young and
very old) - skin reddening
- burns
effects of cold pack
- Pain reduction
- Decreased muscle spasm/guarding
- Decreases blood flow /vasoconstriction
- Decreased inflammation
- decreased edema
indications for cold pack
- To reduce acute edema and inflammation
- To reduce pain
- to decrease muscle spasm/guarding
- Commonly done in PT for reduction of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
- Spasticity control
what does PRICE stand for
Protection, rest, ice,
compression and elevation
stages of cold
- intense cold
- burning
- aching
- analgesia
contraindications for cold pack
- Cold sensitivity problems such as Urticaria
- Intolerance to cold
- Cryoglobulinemia
- Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
- Raynaud’s phenomenon
- Over regenerating peripheral nerve.
- Over areas where the vascular system is compromised
(arterial insufficiency, venous insufficiency, thrombophlebitis - Impaired circulation generally reduces blood flow.
precautions for cold pack
- Over superficial branch of nerve
- Open skin wounds.
- Over areas of poor sensation.
- Severe hypertension that is not well controlled with medication.
- In very young, very old or patients with thyroid
disease.
what are the cardinal signs
- Heat/color
- Redness/rubor
- Swelling/tumor
- Pain/dolor
5.Loss of function
