exam 1

Question 1

how many cm does superficial heat go to

Answer 1

1cm

Question 2

how any cm does deep heat go to

Answer 2

3-5cm

Question 3

what degree does tissue have to reach to get therapeutic treatment

Answer 3

over 104

Question 4

a material specific value for rate at which heat will move from one object to another

Answer 4

thermal conductivity

Question 5

usually expressed as “rate”- the transfer of heat energy from one material to the next

Answer 5

heat transfer

Question 6

transfer of heat by direct contact

Answer 6

conduction

Question 7

examples of conduction

Answer 7

moist heat packs, cold packs, paraffin

Question 8

There is direct contact between heating/cooling agent and skin BUT the agent circulates

Answer 8

convection

Question 9

Occurs when energy changes forms

Answer 9

conversion

Question 10

examples of convection

Answer 10

whirlpool, fluidotherapy

Question 11

examples of conversion

Answer 11

Ultrasound, mechanical sound energy is converted to heat energy
Diathermy, electromagnetic energy is changed to heat energy.

Question 12

Transfer of heat without direct contact

Answer 12

radiation

Question 13

what temperature are hot packs stored in

Answer 13

175

Question 14

paraffin mineral oil is what ratio

Answer 14

7:1

Question 15

physiological effects of heat

Answer 15

1.Increase metabolic rate: (increase O2 uptake by tissues which promotes healing, increase phagocytosis, increased enzyme activity-healing is accelerated.
2.Vascular-Increase vasodilation (due to both vessel smooth muscle relaxation and spinal cord reflexes)
3. Heat large areas (HPs over large body parts or heating via being submerged can have cardiac and respiratory effects!)

Question 16

effects of heat on the body

Answer 16

1. Increase Blood Flow/Vasodilation
2. Increase Tissue Pliability-Connective Tissue Effect-Increase elasticity/extensibility of superficial.
3. Decreased muscle guarding/relaxation.
4. Decrease pain
5. Increase sedative effect /relaxation

Question 17

indications for heat

Answer 17

1. Pain
2. Muscle spasm/guarding-for relaxation of guarded tissues
3. Decreased ROM/stiffness-use during or just prior to stretching
4. Healing tissue in chronic/ maturation phase
5. Stiffness if applied with stretching or mobility exercise

Question 18

contras for hot pack

Answer 18

1. Over joints of patients with potential for hemorrhage, bleeding or over bruise.
2. Over areas of suspected blood clots
3. Impaired skin sensation or cognitive mentation.
4. Active malignancies /cancer in areas.
5. Pregnancy if application over LB, hip or abdomen
6. Heat should NOT be applied over areas where there are ulcers or skin abnormalities due to peripheral vascular disease
7. Heat should NOT be applied if there is evidence of acute inflammation such as increased temperature, redness, edema

Question 19

precautions for hot packs

Answer 19

1. Pregnancy-heat is appropriate to apply to limbs but NOT to abdomen, back, hips or pelvis.
2. In individuals who have poor temperature regulation

Question 20

adverse effects of heat

Answer 20

1. Increased Vasodilation results in fluid
   movement from vessels to interstitial
   spaces, so edema which will worsen in
   acute conditions
2. Systemic responses (cardiac and respiratory)
   may result from heat applied to large areas
   esp (such as submersion in water bath)in
   persons in fragile health (very young and
   very old)
3. skin reddening
4. burns

Question 21

effects of cold pack

Answer 21

1. Pain reduction
2. Decreased muscle spasm/guarding
3. Decreases blood flow /vasoconstriction
4. Decreased inflammation
5. decreased edema

Question 22

indications for cold pack

Answer 22

1. To reduce acute edema and inflammation
2. To reduce pain
3. to decrease muscle spasm/guarding
4. Commonly done in PT for reduction of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
5. Spasticity control

Question 23

what does PRICE stand for

Answer 23

Protection, rest, ice,
compression and elevation

Question 24

stages of cold

Answer 24

1. intense cold
2. burning
3. aching
4. analgesia

Question 25

contraindications for cold pack

Answer 25

1. Cold sensitivity problems such as Urticaria 2. Intolerance to cold 3. Cryoglobulinemia 4. Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria 5. Raynaud’s phenomenon 6. Over regenerating peripheral nerve. 7. Over areas where the vascular system is compromised (arterial insufficiency, venous insufficiency, thrombophlebitis 8. Impaired circulation generally reduces blood flow.

Question 26

precautions for cold pack

Answer 26

1. Over superficial branch of nerve 2. Open skin wounds. 3. Over areas of poor sensation. 4. Severe hypertension that is not well controlled with medication. 5. In very young, very old or patients with thyroid disease.

Question 27

what are the cardinal signs

Answer 27

1. Heat/color 2. Redness/rubor 3. Swelling/tumor 4. Pain/dolor 5.Loss of function