exam 3 Flashcards
The sporophyte generation of a plant
all of the above
If the environment is favorable and a seed doesn’t germinate it is likely
dormant
A plant that is well-adapted to its stable environment may find _______________ to its advantage.
apomixis
When a seed or plant requires a period of winter-like conditions in order to germinate / flower later…
vernalization
Which parts of a seed are haploid?
gametophyte
Mosses
do not have true leaves
Which of the following is NOT a difference between gymnosperms and pteridophytes?
gymnosperms have a branched vascular system and pteridophytes do not
What is a major difference between lycophytes and ferns?
leaf size
Why do lycophytes need to live in wet environments?
their sperm need to move through the water
Which of the following is NOT a reason why seedless plants have to live in wet environments?
their spores have to travel through water
Which plant groups produce spores?
all of the above
How are bryophytes different from pteridophytes?
bryophytes lack xylem and phloem
Which of the following is not a seedless plant?
ginkgo
Which of the following would be the oldest plants on earth?
bryophytes
Which of the following is NOT a bryophyte?
club moss
delete
delete
Which of the following is NOT a gymnosperm?
maples
How does seed dispersal benefit a plant?
eliminates competition between the parent plant and its grandbabies
What ecological advantages do seeds have over spores?
water not required for fertilization, storage of food, mostly diploid tissues
How are conifers different than cycads?
all of the above
*How are cycads different than ferns? How are conifers different than cycads? How are gnetophytes different than conifers
Cycads produce cones (of different sex) that create seeds while ferns reproduce through spores. Cycads have a flagellated sperm while conifers sperm are non-mobile. Gnetophytes have double fertilization.
Double fertilization produces
an embryo and endosperm
This is a pollen grain. What can you tell me about the plant it came from?
The plant was a monocot
How are flowering plants different than all other plant lineages?
double fertilization creates endosperm to nourish their embryo
Which of the following would be a good example of a monocot?
plant with scattered vascular bundles in its stem
Conifer reproduction…
By the summer of year two (2), what is fully developed?
male and female gametophytes (of a pollinated ovule)
An integument-protected megasporangia with developing gametophyte is…
an ovule
Conifers put their seeds in cones which are a type of fruit.
false
*Define the following terms: haploid, diploid, spore, gamete, zygote, sporophyte, gametophyte, meiosis
haploid : solitary chromosomes
Diploid : paired chromosomes
spore : haploid cell that develops w/out fertilization
gamete : haploid cell (fuse with another gamete to develop)
zygote : two gametes come together
sporophyte : diploid organism
gametophyte : haploid
meiosis : process of a cell dividing
Choose the answer which has the two words that would best complete the following sentence.
The ovule will develop into a ______ while the ovary will develop into a ______ .
seed, fruit
Eudicots
exclude a few groups that are not as closely related as eudicots are to monocots
Which pair of words best completes the following sentence?
“In double fertilization, one sperm fuses with a/an to form an embryo while another sperm fuses with two polar nuclei to form the .
egg cell, endosperm
Conifers produce flagellate sperm
false
Name three ways gymnosperms differ from bryophytes.
gymnosperms are vascular, their gametophyte is enclosed within an integument connected to the sporophyte, and they don’t require a wet environment for fertilization
*How does moss act to regulate climate? Describe the influence of peatlands on climate.
Moss (peat) molds carbon within itself, it can slow its growth if carbon levels are low (warm up) but can also increase growth if carbon levels are high (cooling). Peatlands cover 3% of land and store 30% of soil carbon, if peatlands were gone climate change would be far out of control.
What are the parts of a stamen?
anther and filament
Why does the hypocotyl emerge from the soil bent in a hook?
to protect the apical meristem
*Where is the stem of a fern located? What are sporangia? Where are they located on a fern? What is the difference between a homosporus fern and a heterosporous fern?
The stem is located underground. The sporangia store spores and are located on the under side of the leaves. Heterosporous ferns create two types of spores (egg-producing and sperm-producing gametophytes) while homosporus ferns create only one type of spore.
The perianth includes the
A & B
List three adaptations conifers have for life in cold environments.
flexible branches, waxy cuticle, tracheids with pits that can seal
What terms correctly describe the fruit of an apple?
accessory fruit, pome
Which of the following best describes an ovary?
can transform in to something that can help with the dispersal of seeds
The ovary, stigma, and style form the
pistil
A dioecious plant
requires that you plant both a male and a female plant to produce fruit
Who am I? I was formed in an ovule when a sperm fused with two cells that had been produced in the ovule.
endosperm
Which of the following would be a good example of a dicot?
plant with branched venation
*When does embryo development stop? How is dormancy adaptive?
The development of an embryo stops when the seed is ready and thus detaches from the momma/grandmother plant. This detachment causes the seed to dry to <15% water, making the enzymes lose activity and stop growth. This is dormancy and is extremely beneficial to the plant since not all the seeds will germinate thus creating better chances against one “wipe-out” event.
*Distinguish between the leaf, stem, flower, pollen, and seed features of the two largest groups of flowering plants—monocots and eudicots. How is each different in the two groups?
leaf –> monocot leaves have parallel veins while dicot leaves have branching veins.
stem –> monocot stems have vascular bundles are scattered while dicot stems are arranged into rings.
flower : m–> number of petals divisible by three, d–> petals multiples of 4 or 5
pollen –> monocot pollen have a single pore while dicot pollen can have three pores.
seed –> monocot seeds have only one leaf inside while dicot seeds have two.
Which of the following would be a good example of a monocot?
plant with parallel venation
