exam 2 study Flashcards
Mesophyll tissue in leaves is…
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a primary meristem?
vascular cambium
What is unique about sieve elements?
they lack a nucleus
Xylem tissue persists for the life of the tree while phloem tissue is regularly crushed after a couple of years.
true
- How is xylem different than phloem? Describe at least three differences.
Xylem is dead, grows inside the cell, and stays with the plant for its entire life time while phloem is crushed after a while.
- Describe the function of the following specialized tissues: xylem, phloem, vascular tissue, dermal tissue, ground tissues, apical meristem, secondary meristems
xylem : vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals
phloem : vascular tissue that conducts organic molecules
vascular tissue : are how the plant conducts water and nutrients through the plant
dermal tissue : forms epidermis which protects plant cells
ground tissue : every tissue that isn’t dermal/vascular tissue and is used for storage and physical support
apical meristem : shoots and roots
secondary meristem : thickness –> bark
Xylem moves water and dissolved mineral nutrients from a source to a sink using positive pressure.
false
What is the most correct way to describe how dissolved sugars move through the phloem?
source to sink
Positive pressure in phloem is created when companion cells actively load what in to sieve tube members?
sucrose
secondary phloem
Xylem is different than phloem because
xylem is reinforced by decay-resistant lignin
Which of the following is NOT one of the main plant organs?
flowers
Primary meristems
are located at the tipes (apices) of stems, branches and roots
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- Describe the following specialized cells: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, secretory cells, trichomes
parenchyma : useful generic plant cell
collenchyma : adds structure to the plant
sclerenchyma : hard tissue that’s used to protect seeds
secretory cells : produces protective secondary compounds
trichomes : spiky hairs that protect from transpiration, herbivory, uv radiation, excessive light, extreme air temps, and attacks.
Negative pressure in xylem is created by
transpiration
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In a dicot stem, the xylem will always be
located towards the inside of the stem
Who am I? I am cuboidal in shape, located inside leaves, loosely arranged to allow for diffusion of gases around me, and full of chlorophyll.
spongy parenchyma
Which of the following is the width of a tree ring NOT correlated with?
tannin
- How is a primary meristem different from a secondary meristem? What tissues are created by secondary meristems and which plants have secondary meristems?
Secondary meristems produce vascular tissues (secondary xylem and phloem) and are used to grow bark in trees.
The transport of organic molecules through phloem is made possible by
the pressure created by water following an osmotic gradient
Which of the following is not part of the periderm?
phloem
Parenchyma
are able to divide and create more cells
Select the correct hierarchy
cell > tissue > organ > organ system > organism
Vascular bundles
include both xylem and phloem
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- Describe the process that allows bamboo to grow incredibly fast.
Using water to expand their cells.
What organ is responsible for absorbing water and mineral nutrients for the plant?
root
Denitrification
occurs in water-logged (anoxic) soils
Why do Rhizobium want to be in a symbiotic relationship with legumes?
they get food
Wha am I? I block “stuff” from moving between the cells of the endodermis.
suberin
The vascular tissue of the root is protected by the
A and C (casparian strip and endodermis)
Root hairs
arise from epidermal cells
Which of the following is NOT a purpose of the root cap?
reproduction
What do Rhizobium do for legumes that is so beneficial?
convert nitrogen gas to ammonium
Which of the following is true of grasses?
they have fibrous roots
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Mychorrizal fungi can accurately be described as an extension of a plant’s root system.
True
Thew answer is mucigel. What is the question?
What is a slimy polysaccharide produced by roots?
Molybdenum is an essential nutrient for plants
True
Fibrous roots
arise from the stem
What originates from the pericycle?
branch roots
Which of the following cell types would NOT be found in a root?
palisade parenchyma
Most of the world’s N is stored in the atmosphere in the form of N2
True
The 17 elements that all plants require in order to grow and develop normally are known as:
essential elements
Which of the following is NOT a way in which nitrogen gas can be converted to a form that plants can use?
mychorrizae in the soil
Root cells produce secondary compounds
true
What component of soil accounts for the dark color seen in soil that is considered desirable for growing plants?
organic matter
Mychorrizal fungi can accurately be described as pathogens.
false
How can fungi help humans avoid a phosphorus shortage?
Fungal mycelium associate with the roots of crops, increase the surface area for phosphorus absorpotion, and release phosphorus bound in the soils.
What type of cells are adjacent to the lower epidermis of a leaf?
spongy parenchyma
Which of the following is NOT true of carnivorous plants?
they are unable to photosynthesize and need to eat insects for energy
What are stomata built out of?
guard cells
Why do guard cells take in K+?
to open the stoma
Which of the following COULD be part of the epidermis?
prickles
*How are the epidermis and mesophyll different in hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes?
Hydrophytes (aquatic) :
epidermis : may be photosynthetic, waxy cuticle –> thin/absent stomata on both leaf surfaces
mesophyll : lots of air space between
mesophytes (moist) :
epidermis : waxy cuticle –> protects leaf (stomata on underside of leaf) trichomes –> conserve water
mesophyll : tighter palisade layer on top and loose spongy layer beneath –> dicots
xerophytes (arid) :
epidermis : thick waxy cuticle –> reduce water loss –> trichomes to reduce transpiration
mesophyll : kranz anatomy for C4 pathway (wreath arranged)
*Describe the function of trichomes.
The trichomes makes sure that the air next to the leaf isn’t moving too fast and with this it slows down evaporation.
Which plant hormone is released to trigger a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) immune response?
Jasmonic acid
__________________ control the breakdown of starch and proteins in seeds.
gibberellins
Which of the following is NOT associated with helping to protect plants from harmful viruses, bacteria, and/or fungi?
brassinosteroids
- What photosynthetic pathway is Kranz anatomy associated with? What environmental conditions favor this pathway?
It is associated with C4 plants and favors hot, dry environments.
Which plant hormone is kept low in fruit storage warehouses to avoid ripening?
ethylene
Kranz anatomy
Indicates that a plant uses the C4 metabolic pathway during photosynthesis
Which is a modified leaf?
spine
The herbicide 2,4-D is an ________________.
auxin
_____________________ are produced by the plant, travel within the plant, effective in small doses, and affect growth and development.
Hormones
What is the correct term for the sharp pokey things on rose stems?
prickles
Which of the following is NOT a reason that transpiration is so important to plants?
creates positive pressure in the xylem
- What functions does the mesophyll serve and what type of cells is it made up of?
The mesophyll is used in photosynthesis and is made up of parenchyma cells.
Systemic acquired resistance is a defense response that leads to the release of__________________.
jasmonic acid
In a temperate climate (like Vermont), what occurs during leaf senescence in broadleaf trees?
- carbohydrates in the leaf are returned to the plant stem
- chlorophyll breaks down
- protective anthocyanins are produced
Deciduous leaves are dropped in the fall of the year to protect the tree from dessication.
true
- What occurs during senescence of broadleaf trees in a temperate climate? Why do we see the colors yellow, orange and red in leaves during this time? (Be specific!)
During senescence, the tree is taking back substances from the leaves and sending them to the stem by breaking down chlorophyll which makes the beautiful colors appear during autumn.
