exam 1 study Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT something we use plants for or count on plants to provide for us?
Nitrogen gas
Which of the following terms would NOT be used to describe members of the plant kingdom?
prokaryotic
Which of the following terms would NOT be used to describe members of the plant kingdom?
chitin
multicellular
autotrophic
chlorophyll
chitin
__________ was part of the formation of our moon.
The big splat.
______ generated Earth’s earliest oxygen. At first this oxygen ________.
Cyanobacteria; oxidized iron in Earth’s crust.
What gas do plants contribute to Earth’s atmosphere?
oxygen
What important function does ozone in the upper atmosphere serve?
shields the Earth’s surface from ultraviolet radiation
Atmospheric levels of oxygen increases as coal formation increased. (t or f)
True
________ have a cell wall made of chitin.
Fungi
The most correct term to describe water entering a cell in response to a higher water concentration outside of a cell relative to the inside of a cell is :
osmosis
What structures/organelles do plant cells have that other eukaryotic cells do NOT?
cellulose rich cell wall, plasmodesmata
What do plastids do?
A & B (provide the surfaces and enzymes for photosynthesis to take place and store some products of photosynthesis)
Which of the following is NOT one of the four components of all eukaryotic cells?
cell wall
Which of the following is a specialization that plants have developed for life on land?
What is coal formed from?
Plants that contained lignin in their tissues and were not decomposed, but instead covered by the earth’s strata
If the solute concentration is greater outside a cell than inside, what will water do?
water will leave the cell
What is the name for the “tunnels” through plant cell walls that allow molecules to move efficiently from one cell to another?
Plasmodesmata
All plant cells have a primary cell wall, but may not have a secondary cell wall (t or f)
True
Where is oxygen produced in a plant cell?
chloroplasts
Which of the following are functions that a plant’s cell wall serves?
Protects the cell from osmotic pressure
A primary plastid will be enclosed within the cytoplasm in a membrane because…..
eukaryotic cells are descended from a protist-like ancestor the engulfed a bacteria within its cell membrane while feeding
- List and describe three differences between algae and plants.
plants are for their young, are multicellular, and can live in harsh environments.
- of the six kingdoms of life, which can harness the sun’s energy through photosynthesis? Which kingdom did this ability first arise in and how do we know?
Plants and protists. Bacterial domain was first since the ability to use photosynthesis within plants and protists can be traced back to such.
What are two ways prokaryotic cells are different than eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus or plastids
- Describe two ways that the first photosynthetic life paved the way for more complex life to develop.
- List and describe three differences between fungi and plants.
Plants are photosynthetic, have cell walls made of cellulose, and care of their embryos.
- List four characteristics that distinguish plants from the other kingdoms of life. Provide an example of each characteristic.
Photosynthesis (using the sun to make food), reproduction (protect their young –> seeds (embryos)), cell wall (cellulose), and autotrophs (make their own food).
Which of the following best describes members of Archaea?
unicellular, prokaryotic, can withstand harsh environments
This type of bacteria that most often in fact plants include
gram negative bacteria
Because bacteria and archaea can transfer DNA among cells…
beneficial properties like antibiotics resistance can evolve in one group and spread to others
Which statement about mycorrhizae is true?
Mycorrhizae provide nutrients like phosphorus to a plant’s roots
which of the following best describes members of fungi?
eukaryotic, heterotrophic, have cell walls
How is the cell of a fungi different than a plant cell?
The fungal cell has a chitin wall
when a coral reef bleaches…
conditions became to warm (or otherwise hostile) for the photosynthetic protists that live in mutualism with the reef.
Match the following kingdoms with the best description.
eubacteria –> prokaryotic and contains rhizo…
archaebacteria —> prokaryotic and typically live in…
protists –> typically live in aquatic environment
fungi –> mushrooms and yeast
animal –> heterotrophic and humans are…
plant –> autotrophic and pine trees are…
Which of the following best describes members of Protista?
Eukaryotic, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic, algae are an example
- Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) – What is it? How is it used in organic agriculture? How is it used in genetically-modified crops?
BT is used to dry out and kill insects to protect crops. They took the toxin that kills the insects out of their DNA and put it into corn so when the pests eat it, they’ll die.
The relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plants. could best be describe as :
mutualism
Mychorrizal fungi can accurately be describe as an extension of a plant’s root system. (t or f)
true
- Describe the process fungi use to grow and eat in three to six sentences.
Hyphae, a fine filament, is used in both processes. It buds by using osmosis and turgor to push through. It uses osmosis to rapidly extend into the foo source while releasing enzymes that decompose the food source making it easier to eat.
Cocaine, nicotine, opioids, and caffeine belong to which group of secondary compounds?
Alkaloids
Deoxyribonucleic acid
has one less oxygen in its sugar group than RNA
adenosine triphosphate
carries three high-energy phosphate bonds
Which of the following is NOT a way in which secondary compounds benefit plants?
provide energy
Which group of secondary compounds contains several members that have psychoactive properties? Examples would include cocaine and caffeine.
alkaloids
which organelle plays a part in the creation of a polypeptide from amino acids?
ribosome
Which is NOT true about enzymes?
they are used up during chemical reactions
enzymes are…
proteins, catalysts, can be embedded in cell membranes
Which group of secondary compounds contains chemicals that plants commonly use to repel insects and includes citronella, pyrethrum, turpentine, and resin?
terpenes
- List the three groups of plant secondary compounds and provide an example from each group. For each example, describe how the compound benefits the plant and how humans (or other organisms) use the secondary compound.
terpenes
- ex : carotene in orange foods (aka carrots, etc.)
- used in plants to repel predators and attract friends
- humans can use citronella to repel insects
Phenolics
- ex : tennins within wine –> drys out your mouth
- used in plants to have birds spread their seeds
- humans can use capsaicin to create sprays to repel bears
alkaloids
- ex : cocaine in coca leaves
- used in plants to defend against hungry animals
- humans can use caffeine to make coffee
- Describe the relationship of protists to coral reefs. What causes a coral reef to bleach? Can bleaching be reversed?
Protists create not only the color on coral but also supply food for the coral to survive. Coral reef bleaching is caused by the temp of the water rising which causes the protists to die, revealing the white coral. It is possible for this to be reversed but it’s rare.
Which statement is true about enzymes?
All of the above
Which of the following is NOT one of the major groups of secondary compounds?
lipids
Which primary compounds of plants contain phosphorus?
RNA
- List and describe two ways a saturated fat is different than a polyunsaturated fat
saturated fat –> it is a fat with no double bonds, are not good for you
polyunsaturated fat –> is a fat with multiple double bonds, are good for you
Dehydration synthesis combines two molecules and produces….
water
organic molecules contain….
carbon
This plant secondary compound binds proteins up, makes your mouth feel dry , and disrupts digestion.
tannins
- What is an enzyme? How is it synthesized? Use the following terms in your answer. DNA, mRNA, catalyst, amino acid, polypeptides, ribosome, tRNA, folding, nucleus.
An enzyme is a protein acting as a catalyst. It is synthesized through transcription to translation. It all starts with the process of transcription within the nucleus, where a messenger RNA (mRNA) takes a segment of DNA and translates it into a code for a particular amino acid. Then the process of translation occurs where the mRNA take the code to the ribosome where its read and then the transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids that match with the codons. After repeating this process s few times, you are left with a long chain of proteins called polypeptide, which is an enzyme.
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?
the tail (or interior of a phospholipid membrane)
- What is the relationship between protists and the plant kingdom?
Protists and the plant kingdom are both eukaryotic and photosynthetic.
What chemical is capable of binding to pathogens’ proteins which inactive them and protects the plant?
tannin
Where does the Calvin cycle operate?
storm of the chloroplast
Why is oxygen such as big deal to humans?
we use it to get energy out of (food) glucose through respiration
What metabolic process allows plants to “eat the air”?
photosynthesis
Which of the following wavelengths of light are NOT used in photosynthesis?
green
Where does the oxygen created in photosynthesis come from?
water
Products of the Krebs cycle include
carbon dioxide
In aerobic respiration, what happens to the carbons in glucose?
lost as carbon dioxide
fermentation
produces lactate as a byproduct
- what inputs does a plant require for photosynthesis? Where does the plant get these from? What are the outputs of photosynthesis and where do these go?
CO2 and H2O from the soil and the atmosphere. The outputs are water, oxygen (put into atmosphere), and glucose (which goes into the Calvin cycle).
- What are the products of the Light reactions of photosynthesis?
glucose, water, and oxygen.
Which of the following is the correct formula for photosynthesis?
6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + light energy –> glucose + 6 oxygen
Why do plants with a C4 pathway have an advantage over plants with a C3 pathways under hot/dry conditions?
plants with a C4 pathway concentrate CO2 in bundle health cells that continue to run the Calvin cycle while stomata are closed to avoid transpiration
In photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are used to shuttle the energy trapped from solar radiation to the Calvin cycle
true
What are the products of the light reaction of photosynthesis?
oxygen
What are the products of the Calvin cycle?
phosphoglyceraldehyde
Which of the following is an example of a chemical that is good for long-term energy storage?
glucose
Glycolysis occurs within the ___________
cytoplasm
- What are the differences between C3 (standard) photosynthesis and Photosynthesis using a CAM pathway? What advantages does a CAM pathway provide? What disadvantages does it cause? Under what conditions will a plant with a CAM pathway outperform a C3 plant?
The CAM pathway closes its stomata during the hot day and complete photosynthesis at night, while also processing carbon dioxide a more complex way. An advantage that CAM pathways provide it that the plants that use it won’t die as easily from hot/dry conditions but it takes way more energy to complete the CAM pathways. Under high light/tamps CAM outperforms a C3 plant.
- What inputs does a plant require for photosynthesis? Where does the plant get these from? What are the outputs of photosynthesis and where do these go?
inputs : CO2, H2O –> from soil and atmosphere
outputs : glucose (to Calvin cycle), water, oxygen (atmosphere)
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Select the correct order for the reaction in photosynthesis
photosystem II, electron transport chain, Photosystem I, Calvin cycle
Which of the following does NOT happen in the light reaction?
carbon dioxide is consumed
Yeast :
are responsible for the alcohol and carbonation (from carbon dioxide) in beer and sparkling wines
fermentation
occurs after glycolysis if oxygen is not present
- Describe the difference between and endergonic and an exergonic reaction. Which type of reaction is photosynthesis?
Endergonic : reactants have lower energy bonds than the product
Exergonic : reactants have higher energy bonds than the product
Photosynthesis is endergonic since it requires energy to make its products
Rubisco is responsible for supplying carbon from carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle.
true
- What is an oxidation reaction? What is s reduction reaction? Describe an instance of each of these types of reaction during photosynthesis.
Oxidation reaction —> gain of an electron
reduction reaction —> loss of an electron
in photosynthesis water is oxidized while carbon dioxide is reduced.
Why are protons (H+) concentrated in the lumen during the light reaction?
To activate the enzymes ATP synthase
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