EXAM #3 Flashcards
With reference to motor skills, the term task complexity refers to the:
number of components in the task
An important benefit of the progressive-part practice method is that it:
Restricts attention demands on the individual during practice
When learning an asymmetric bimanual skill where one limb performs a more difficult task, the preferred practice approach is to train:
the limb that performs the more difficult task
A person who visually imagines himself/herself performing a skill from the perspective of an observer performs this type of mental practice:
External imagery
Research suggests that imagery ability:
has a positive correlation with mental practice effectiveness
PT for a child shouldn’t be limited to the treatment center but should be carried over to the _ since it’s not a fast process:
home
A recreation therapy addresses the:
physical, cognitive, social and emotional needs of an individual
Regulatory conditions in a motor skill performance situation include:
speed of a tennis ball during a rally
The practice schedule that involves the lowest amount of contextual interference is the _ practice schedule:
blocked
Trus/False
Research has shown that people who practice in a blocked practice schedule tend to overestimate how much they are learning during practice
True
A limitation of research investigating massed vs. distributed practice is:
the lack of a retention or transfer test
When massed practice hinders the learning of continuous skills, the most probable cause is:
fatigue
- They are performed voluntarily
- They require movement of joints and body segments
- There is a goal to achieve
characteristics of skills and actions
Which two events mark the beginning and the end of the interval known as reaction time:
stimulus signal and initiation of the response
An individual capacity that underlines performance
ability
Research suggest that static and dynamic balance abilities are:
interdependent motor abilities
The ability to make skillful hand movements to manipulate objects is known as:
manual dexterity
Areas of the cerebral cortex primarily involved in the control of movement:
- Primary motor cortex
- premotor area
- supplementary motor area
True/False
Compared to static balance, dynamic balance involves the maintenance of balance while in motion, while static balance does not:
True
The most posterior lobe of the cerebral cortex, which is especially important for visual perception, is the _ lobe
Occipital
The degrees of freedom problem was first identified by:
Nicolai Berstein
An important difference between the open- and closed-loop control systems is that the:
- Closed-loop system involves feedback
- Open-loop system does not
_ perception is enhanced by the availability of binocular vision
Depth
_ are proprioceptors located within the fibers of most skeletal muscles; they detect changes in muscle length
Muscle spindles
The three phases of prehension are called the transport phase, the grasp phase, and the:
Object manipulation phase
When a person walks or runs, an essential goal of the motor control system is the maintenance of head:
Stability
The term used to describe a bimanual coordination task that requires the two hands to simultaneously perform movements that have the same spatial and temporal characteristics is:
Symmetric
The term used to describe performing a skill or component of a skill without attention capacity being required is:
Automaticity
The duration of the “quiet eye” period tends to be _ in elite performers compared to sub-elite performers:
longer
If you are asked to demonstrate how you tie your shoes, you would base your demonstration on knowledge stored in long-term memory in the:
Procedural memory system
The most commonly accepted reason serial discrete motor skills seem to be forgotten more quickly than continuous motor skills is that serial discrete motor skills are:
Largely verbal
True/False
When a person is asked to recall a movement they experienced, but had not been told to remember, the memory test is assessing incidental memory:
True
In the motor learning research literature, which term refers to “observable behavior”:
Performance
Use of a transfer test evaluates this performance characteristic associated with motor skill learning:
Adaptability
True/False
Requiring a person to perform a skill under stressful conditions, which have not been experienced during practice, is an effective way to give a retention test:
False
As a person learns a new skill the attention demanded by the skill will:
decrease
Two important criteria for determining learning when assessing the dynamics of movement coordination are the consistency and _ of the coordination patterns:
stability
As a person practices a skill, an important change that occurs is the capability to:
Detect and correct errors
An important change in muscle activity that results from practice is that the activation pattern for agonist and antagonist muscle pairs becomes more _ from trial to trial:
consistent
The use of a virtual reality device is a good example of transfer of learning based on which of the following explanations:
Similarity of skill or context components
Performance of a new experience that is hindered by experience with a previous skill is an example of _ transfer:
negative
True/False
Newly learned patterns of coordination can disrupt patterns that were once stable:
True
Verbal _ given along with demonstration can supplement the visual information and help a person better understand how to perform skills:
Cues
The reversion to a highly conscious form of processing when the learner is put under pressure is referred to as:
reinvestment
True/False
Demonstration should be the preferred method of providing information about how to perform a motor skill:
False
The tendency to perform movements you are intentionally trying to avoid are referred to as:
ironic effects
A beginner can benefit from observing another beginner practice a skill especially when the observer can:
hear the augmented feedback given to the other learner
If you are told “your score was 16 on that attempt,” the type of augmented feedback you received is known as:
knowledge of results
Longer augmented feedback summaries are better for learning:
simple skills
Verbal knowledge of performance statements that specify what a person needs to do to correct a performance error are called _ verbal knowledge of performance statements:
prescriptive
True/False
A reason to give augmented feedback to a beginner learning a motor skill is to facilitate their achievement of the action goal of the skill:
True
The _ hypothesis proposes that augmented feedback on every practice trial has a positive effect on practice performance, but has a negative effect on learning the skill:
guidance
The performance of any motor skill is influenced by characteristics of:
- the performer
- the environment
- the skill itself
The relationship between movements and actions are:
many-to-one and one-to-many
What are factors that affects motor development
- aging
- physical growth
- development
What would be considered a performance outcome measure:
the distance a ball was kicked
The interval of time between the initiation and completion of a movement is called:
movement time
The term ability refers to:
an individual capacity that underlines performance
How our neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of motor skills:
motor control
What are the types of skill:
- closed
- open
- discrete
- serial
- and continuous
The motor unit recruitment principle shows that motor units are recruited in the following order:
from smallest to largest
Motor neurons are also called:
efferent neurons
The procedure in which a film simulation of a skilled performance is stopped and the person is asked to indicate the outcome of the performance is known as the:
temporal and occlusion procedure
The playing of a guitar is a good example of performing:
an asymmetric bimanual skill
Multiple ways to perform a movement in order to achieve the same goal
degrees of freedom
What are the 3 primary types of proprioceptors:
- muscle spindles
- golgi tendon organs
- joint receptors
The division of the nervous system containing all the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
What are the roles of tactile information in motor control:
- accuracy
- consistency
- timing
- and force adjustments
What is the primary role of the peripheral nervous system
connect the central nervous system to the organs, limbs, and skin
