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PSYCH 403: Personality Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

The change of behavior due to experience

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2
Q

behaviorism

A

A person’s behavior is a direct result of the rewards & punishment that the environment contains

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3
Q

functional analysis

A

Determining how behavior is a function of one’s environment

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4
Q

habituation

A

A decrease in responsiveness with each repeated exposure to something

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5
Q

classical conditioning

A

Form of learning where an unconditioned response that is naturally elicited by one stimulus becomes elicited also by a new, conditioned stimulus

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6
Q

learned helplessness

A

Belief that nothing you do really matters
-When events seem to happen randomly & can’t be predicted
-Produces anxiety & depression

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7
Q

operant conditioning

A

The process of learning whereby an organism’s behavior is shaped by the effect of their behavior on the environment

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8
Q

respondent conditioning

A

The conditioned response is passive with no impact of its own (classical conditioning)

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9
Q

reinforcement

A

A good result that makes a behavior more likely

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10
Q

punishment

A

A result that makes behavior less likely

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11
Q

shaping

A

Raising the criterion for reward until the desired behavior is produced

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12
Q

shortcomings of behaviorism

A

-Ignores explicit thinking, individual motivation, & emotion
-Primarily based on animal research (Some aspects of learning (insight, thinking) may be more important in humans than in the animals studied by behaviorists)
-Ignores the social dimension of learning (Even though we often learn by watching others)
-Organisms are treated as essentially passive

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13
Q

rotter’s theory

A

Focused on how people decided what to do based on their understanding of the likely consequences of their actions

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14
Q

locus of control

A

How much you think your actions will determine the consequences of your life

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15
Q

self-efficacy

A

The expectation that once can accomplish something successfully

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16
Q

goals

A

the ends that one desires

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17
Q

strategies

A

the means used to achieve goals

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18
Q

short-term & long-term goals

A

-Being aware of LT goals can help a person make better decisions & organize ST goals
-ST goals are needed to achieve LT goals
-Being aware of connections between short- & long-term goals gives life meaning & purpose
-It’s good to be able to shift one’s focus between these types of goals

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19
Q

idiographic goals

A

Goals that are unique to the individual pursuing them

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20
Q

personal projects

A

Efforts put into goals

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21
Q

personal strivings

A

LT goals that can organize broad areas of life

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22
Q

properties of idiographic goals:

A

-Conscious at least some of the time
-Describe thoughts & behaviors aimed at more specific outcomes
-Can change over time
-Assumed to function independently (don’t necessarily affect each other)

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23
Q

nomothetic goals

A

A relatively small number of essential motivations that almost everyone pursues

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24
Q

judgment goals (nomothetic)

A

Seeking to judge or validate an attribute about oneself

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25
Q

development goals (nomothetic)

A

desire to improve oneself

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26
Q

mastery orientation (goals)

A

From development goals; Trying harder after failing

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27
Q

helplessness (goals)

A

From judgment goals; Giving up after failing

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28
Q

entity theories (helplessness)

A

Beliefs that personal qualities are unchangeable => Leads to judgment goals => Lead to helplessness

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29
Q

incremental theories (mastery)

A

Beliefs that personal qualities can change with time & experience => Leads to development goals => Lead to mastery

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30
Q

defensive pessimissm

A

assume the worst will happen

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31
Q

optimism

A

assume the best will happen

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32
Q

emotion

A

a set of mental & physical procedures

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33
Q

basic states of emotional experience

A

-Appraisal
-Physical response
-Motives

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34
Q

appraisal

A

Judging a stimulus as emotionally relevant

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35
Q

motives

A

To perform a behavior based on the emotion

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36
Q

core emotions

A

happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust

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37
Q

functions of anger

A

Threat or trespass => Threaten or attack => Protects territory, resources, or mates

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38
Q

functions of guilt

A

Harm to others that violates social code => Apologize or make amends => Obtain forgiveness from the offended party & re-enter social group

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39
Q

functions of anxiety

A

Possibility of harm or danger => Worry or flee => Anticipate danger & escape harm

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40
Q

functions of sadness

A

Loss => Sad facial expressions or crying => Receive support from others & disengage from loss

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41
Q

functions of hope

A

Possibility of future gain => Continue effort & maintain commitment => Perseverance in the face of obstacles

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42
Q

differences in emotional experience

A

Extraverts experience more positive emotions than introverts

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43
Q

differences in preference for emotions

A

People differ in their desire to feel specific emotions

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44
Q

differences in affect intensity

A

Some people experience emotions more strongly than others

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45
Q

differences in rate of change of emotions

A

Higher rates are associated with being described by others as generally fearful & hostile

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46
Q

differences in emotional intelligence

A

Accurately perceiving emotions in oneself & others

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47
Q

alexithymia

A

Having so little emotional awareness that one is virtually unable to think or talk about their own feelings

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48
Q

cognitive control

A

Using rational thinking to control how one feels & respond to the way one feels

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49
Q

epistemological self (me)

A

-An object that can be observed & described
-Statements about the self
-Ex) “I am friendly”
-More easily studied than the I

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50
Q

ontological self (I)

A

-Your inner experiences (private thoughts, insights)
-Experiences life & makes decisions
-People differ in level of self-awareness

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51
Q

psychological self

A

our abilities & personalities

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52
Q

self-regulation

A

Ability to restrain impulses over time & keep focused on long-term goals

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53
Q

information-processing filter

A

Helps us to remember the info that really matters to us & keep it organized

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54
Q

identity

A

Reminds us where we fit in our relations with others

55
Q

declarative knowledge

A

Facts & impressions that we consciously know & can describe

56
Q

procedural knowledge

A

Knowledge expressed through actions rather than words

57
Q

relational self (procedural)

A

Pattern of social skills & styles of relating to others

58
Q

implicit self (procedural)

A

Unconscious self-knowledge (not aware of these characteristics, but they influence our behavior)

59
Q

declarative self

A

All of your conscious knowledge or opinions about your own personality traits

60
Q

self-esteem

A

Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad, worthy or unworthy, or somewhere in between

61
Q

self-schema

A

All of one’s ideas about the self

62
Q

long-term memory

A

Permanent memory storage

63
Q

self-reference effect

A

LTM of information is enhanced by thinking of how that info relates to the self

64
Q

possible selves

A

The images we have/imagine of other possible ways we might be able to be

65
Q

self-discrepancy theory

A

People have two kinds of desired selves

The difference & interactions between these 2 selves & one’s actual self determines how ppl feel about life

66
Q

ideal self

A

View of what you could be at your best

Focused on the pursuit of pleasure & rewards

67
Q

ought self

A

View of what you should be

Focused on avoiding punishments & other bad outcomes

68
Q

procedural self

A

Characteristic patterns of behaviors through which people express who they are

69
Q

relational self-schema

A

Self-knowledge based on past experiences with others

70
Q

implicit selves

A

Self-relevant behavioral patterns that are not readily accessible to consciousness

71
Q

active self

A

In working memory at a given moment & will impact one’s behavior

72
Q

working self-concept

A

View that the self is continuously changing (strongly influenced by who a person is with)

73
Q

congruence

A

Acting in line with one’s personality traits

74
Q

self-concept differentiation

A

Seeing oneself as having different personalities in different contexts

75
Q

intersectionality

A

A framework for conceptualizing a person, group of people, or social problem as affected by a number of potential discriminations & disadvantages

76
Q

stigma

A

Negative social attitude attached to a characteristic of an individual that may be regarded as a mental, physical, or social deficiency

77
Q

discrimination

A

Unfair & differential treatment of the members of different groups at the individual level

78
Q

social determinants of health

A

The conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, & age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, quality-of-life outcomes, & risk for illness/disease

79
Q

health disparities

A

Preventable differences in disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations

80
Q

five characteristics of personality disorders

A

-Extreme
-Tend to cause problems
-Affect social relationships/interactions
-Stable
-Some are ego-syntonic

81
Q

ego-syntonic

A

People with the disorder do not think anything is wrong with them

82
Q

old system cluster a

A

odd & eccentric patterns of thinking
-Schizotypal
-Schizoid
-Paranoid

83
Q

old system cluster b

A

Impulsive & erratic patterns of behavior
-Histrionic
-Narcissistic
-Antisocial
-Borderline

84
Q

old system cluster c

A

anxious & avoidant emotional styles
-Dependent
-Avoidant
-Obsessive-compulsive

85
Q

new system disorders (6)

A

Schizotypal
Narcissistic
Antisocial
Borderline
Avoidant
Obsessive-compulsive

86
Q

psychopathy

A

Personality construct, not a disorder

87
Q

psychopathy traits

A

Impulsive
Manipulative
Dishonest & cunning
Inconsiderate of others’ feelings
Lack empathy
Higher than avg rates of illegal activities
Risky sexual behaviors
Irresponsible
Superficial charm
Belief in superiority over others
Emotionally cold
Shallow affect
Emotions are more focused inward/self-focused
Need for stimulation
Disregard social norms
Early behavior problems
Many short-term relationships

88
Q

schizotypal PD

A

Extreme pattern of odd beliefs & behaviors, & difficulties relating to others

89
Q

narcissistic PD

A

Extreme pattern of arrogant, exploitative, entitled, & damaging behavior combined with a notable lack of empathy

90
Q

antisocial PD

A

Extreme pattern of deceitful, manipulative, & sometimes dangerous behavior

91
Q

BPD

A

Extreme & sometimes dangerous patterns of emotional instability, unstable & confused behavior, emotional emptiness, confused identity, & tendencies toward self-harm

Dialectical behavior therapy

Most stable PD

92
Q

avoidant PD

A

Fear of failure, criticism, or rejection that leads to avoidance of normal activities

93
Q

OCPD

A

An extreme pattern of rigidly conscientiousness behavior, including an anxious & inflexible adherence to rules & rituals, perfectionism, & a stubborn resistance to change

94
Q

the “bad five”

A

-Negative affectivity
-Detachment
-Antagonism
-Disinhibition
-Psychoticism

95
Q

negative affectivity

A

Tendency to feel negative emotions (neuroticism)

96
Q

detachment

A

Tendency to withdraw from & avoid emotional contacts with others (very low extraversion)

97
Q

antagonism

A

Including deceitfulness, grandiosity, callousness, & manipulativeness (very low agreeableness)

98
Q

disinhibition

A

Careless & impulsive behavior (very low conscientiousness)

99
Q

psychoticism

A

Tendency to have bizarre thoughts or experiences; Eccentric behavior (very high openness)

100
Q

three steps of PD diagnosis:

A

-Assess whether personality functioning is seriously impaired & rate the degree of dysfunction
-Assess whether at least one of the defined types of personality disorder is present
-Assess degree of the five maladaptive personality traits (Bad Five)

101
Q

pathologizing

A

Describing behaviors as the result of mental illness

102
Q

substance use disorder (SUD)

A

Mental disorder that affects a person’s brain & behavior

103
Q

possibilities for co-occurrence of SUDs & mental disorder:

A

-Common risk factors
-Mental disorders can contribute to SUDs
-Substance use may trigger changes in brain structure & function that make a person more likely to develop a mental disorder

104
Q

reasons people seek treatment for PDs:

A

-Self
-Family & friends
-Work-related issues
-Involvement in the CJS

105
Q

antidepressants for PDs

A

Useful for depressed moods, anger, impulsivity, irritability, & hopelessness

Affective dysregulation (BPD, antisocial, dependent) & impulsive-behavior dyscontrol (BPD, antisocial, OCPD)

106
Q

mood stabilizers for PDs

A

Can help reduce mood swings, irritability, impulsivity, & aggression

BPD, antisocial, OCPD

107
Q

antipsychotic medications for PDs

A

May be helpful if symptoms include losing touch with reality (psychosis) or (in some cases) if there are anxiety & anger problems

Schizotypal, avoidant

108
Q

anti-anxiety meds for PDs

A

May help if a person has anxiety, agitation, or insomnia

Affective dysregulation (BPD, antisocial, dependent)

109
Q

psychodynamic therapy

A

To increase reflective capacity & emotional & interpersonal understanding

110
Q

CBT

A

To alter dysfunctional core beliefs

111
Q

DBT

A

To reduce self-harm & improve emotion regulation

112
Q

behavior therapy

A

To improve maladaptive behavior

113
Q

therapeutic community

A

To effect attitudinal & behavioral change

114
Q

cognitive analytic therapy

A

To achieve greater self-understanding

115
Q

steps of traditional CBT:

A

-Identify troubling situations or conditions (problems) in life
-Become aware of thoughts, emotions, & beliefs about these problems
-Identify negative thinking
-Change negative or inaccurate thinking

116
Q

dialect

A

Two seemingly opposite things can be true at the same time

117
Q

type A personality

A

Jittery, overreactive, hyper-competitive, obsessive ambition, hostility

Correlated with blood & cardiovascular indications of risk for heart disease (little evidence, though)

Hostility => Stress on system

118
Q

emotionality

A

Related to extraversion (+) & neuroticism (-)

Negative emotionality is associated with poor physical health

119
Q

conscientiousness & health

A

-Are better able to handle stress
-Tend to make more careful, considered decisions
-Tend to be more risk averse

120
Q

deal-makers

A

Traits that promote good relationships
-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Being liked/communal traits
-Number of friends
-Success in relationships
-Success in speed-dating

121
Q

deal-breakers

A

Traits that prevent or undermine relationships
-Untrustworthy & anger issues
-Dispositional contempt
-Rejection sensitivity

122
Q

mate selection & attraction

A

What one looks for in the opposite sex

123
Q

mating strategies

A

How one handles heterosexual relationships

124
Q

attraction & evolutionary theories

A

-Males place higher value on physical attractiveness & prefer younger mates
-Females place higher value on economic security & prefer older mates
-Both males & females want the highest likelihood of healthy offspring who will survive

125
Q

men vs women in mating strategies

A

Desired # of sexual partners => Males higher

Faithfulness to partner => Males lower

Selectivity of partners => Males lower

Thoughts that the opposite sex is sexually interested => Males higher

Desire for monogamous & stable relationships => Males lower

126
Q

sex differences in jealousy

A

Men report they would be more upset at sexual infidelity

Women would be more upset at emotional infidelity

127
Q

sociosexuality

A

Willingness to engage in sexual relations in the absence of a serious relationship (males generally higher than females)

128
Q

attachment theory

A

Focus on patterns of relationships with others that are consistently repeated with different partners throughout life

129
Q

anxious-ambivalent attachment

A

-Caregivers’ behaviors are “inconsistent, hit-or-miss, or chaotic”
-In the strange situation, children are watchful about the mother’s presence & grow very upset when she disappears for even a few minutes
-In school, often victimized by other children & unsuccessfully attempt to cling to teachers & peers
-Drives these people away
-Leads to further hurt feelings, anger, & insecurity
-As adults, they tend to cling to others & this drives them away

130
Q

avoidant attachment

A

-Caregivers dislike bodily contact & push child away when they attempt to initiate contact or seek reassurance
-Tend to be emotionally unavailable & unresponsive
-In the strange situation, children don’t appear distressed, but their heart rate reveals tension & anxiety when mother leaves
-When mother returns, they tend to be distant & ignore her
-In school => Hostile & deviant
-Alienate teachers & peers
-As adults, they tend to be cold & distant from others

131
Q

secure attachment

A

-Have a confident faith in self & caregivers
-Parents are emotionally available, reassuring, & consistent
-They are “secure” about their caregiver’s support
-In the strange situation, when mother returns, they greet her happily
-They are easily soothed when upset & comfortably explore their environment, returning to caregiver for reassurance
-As adults, they tend to be secure & confident in relationships

132
Q

human capital formation

A

The development of knowledge & skills

133
Q

holland’s typology (six)

A

Realistic (active, stable, hands-on)
Ex) Engineer

Investigative (analytic, intellectual)
Ex) Scientist

Artistic (original, imaginative, creative)
Ex) Artist, musician

Social (humanistic, idealistic, responsible)
Ex) Teacher, therapist

Enterprising (energetic, ambitious, adventurous, sociable, self-confident)
Ex) Entrepreneur, business owner

Conventional (efficient, careful, conforming, organized, conscientious)
Ex) Accountant

PSYCH 403: Personality Psychology (3 decks)

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