Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
learning
A
The change of behavior due to experience
2
Q
behaviorism
A
A person’s behavior is a direct result of the rewards & punishment that the environment contains
3
Q
functional analysis
A
Determining how behavior is a function of one’s environment
4
Q
habituation
A
A decrease in responsiveness with each repeated exposure to something
5
Q
classical conditioning
A
Form of learning where an unconditioned response that is naturally elicited by one stimulus becomes elicited also by a new, conditioned stimulus
6
Q
learned helplessness
A
Belief that nothing you do really matters
-When events seem to happen randomly & can’t be predicted
-Produces anxiety & depression
7
Q
operant conditioning
A
The process of learning whereby an organism’s behavior is shaped by the effect of their behavior on the environment
8
Q
respondent conditioning
A
The conditioned response is passive with no impact of its own (classical conditioning)
9
Q
reinforcement
A
A good result that makes a behavior more likely
10
Q
punishment
A
A result that makes behavior less likely
11
Q
shaping
A
Raising the criterion for reward until the desired behavior is produced
12
Q
shortcomings of behaviorism
A
-Ignores explicit thinking, individual motivation, & emotion
-Primarily based on animal research (Some aspects of learning (insight, thinking) may be more important in humans than in the animals studied by behaviorists)
-Ignores the social dimension of learning (Even though we often learn by watching others)
-Organisms are treated as essentially passive
13
Q
rotter’s theory
A
Focused on how people decided what to do based on their understanding of the likely consequences of their actions
14
Q
locus of control
A
How much you think your actions will determine the consequences of your life
15
Q
self-efficacy
A
The expectation that once can accomplish something successfully
16
Q
goals
A
the ends that one desires
17
Q
strategies
A
the means used to achieve goals
18
Q
short-term & long-term goals
A
-Being aware of LT goals can help a person make better decisions & organize ST goals
-ST goals are needed to achieve LT goals
-Being aware of connections between short- & long-term goals gives life meaning & purpose
-It’s good to be able to shift one’s focus between these types of goals
19
Q
idiographic goals
A
Goals that are unique to the individual pursuing them
20
Q
personal projects
A
Efforts put into goals
21
Q
personal strivings
A
LT goals that can organize broad areas of life
22
Q
properties of idiographic goals:
A
-Conscious at least some of the time
-Describe thoughts & behaviors aimed at more specific outcomes
-Can change over time
-Assumed to function independently (don’t necessarily affect each other)
23
Q
nomothetic goals
A
A relatively small number of essential motivations that almost everyone pursues
24
Q
judgment goals (nomothetic)
A
Seeking to judge or validate an attribute about oneself
25
development goals (nomothetic)
desire to improve oneself
26
mastery orientation (goals)
From development goals; Trying harder after failing
27
helplessness (goals)
From judgment goals; Giving up after failing
28
entity theories (helplessness)
Beliefs that personal qualities are unchangeable => Leads to judgment goals => Lead to helplessness
29
incremental theories (mastery)
Beliefs that personal qualities can change with time & experience => Leads to development goals => Lead to mastery
30
defensive pessimissm
assume the worst will happen
31
optimism
assume the best will happen
32
emotion
a set of mental & physical procedures
33
basic states of emotional experience
-Appraisal
-Physical response
-Motives
34
appraisal
Judging a stimulus as emotionally relevant
35
motives
To perform a behavior based on the emotion
36
core emotions
happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust
37
functions of anger
Threat or trespass => Threaten or attack => Protects territory, resources, or mates
38
functions of guilt
Harm to others that violates social code => Apologize or make amends => Obtain forgiveness from the offended party & re-enter social group
39
functions of anxiety
Possibility of harm or danger => Worry or flee => Anticipate danger & escape harm
40
functions of sadness
Loss => Sad facial expressions or crying => Receive support from others & disengage from loss
41
functions of hope
Possibility of future gain => Continue effort & maintain commitment => Perseverance in the face of obstacles
42
differences in emotional experience
Extraverts experience more positive emotions than introverts
43
differences in preference for emotions
People differ in their desire to feel specific emotions
44
differences in affect intensity
Some people experience emotions more strongly than others
45
differences in rate of change of emotions
Higher rates are associated with being described by others as generally fearful & hostile
46
differences in emotional intelligence
Accurately perceiving emotions in oneself & others
47
alexithymia
Having so little emotional awareness that one is virtually unable to think or talk about their own feelings
48
cognitive control
Using rational thinking to control how one feels & respond to the way one feels
49
epistemological self (me)
-An object that can be observed & described
-Statements about the self
-Ex) “I am friendly”
-More easily studied than the I
50
ontological self (I)
-Your inner experiences (private thoughts, insights)
-Experiences life & makes decisions
-People differ in level of self-awareness
51
psychological self
our abilities & personalities
52
self-regulation
Ability to restrain impulses over time & keep focused on long-term goals
53
information-processing filter
Helps us to remember the info that really matters to us & keep it organized
54
identity
Reminds us where we fit in our relations with others
55
declarative knowledge
Facts & impressions that we consciously know & can describe
56
procedural knowledge
Knowledge expressed through actions rather than words
57
relational self (procedural)
Pattern of social skills & styles of relating to others
58
implicit self (procedural)
Unconscious self-knowledge (not aware of these characteristics, but they influence our behavior)
59
declarative self
All of your conscious knowledge or opinions about your own personality traits
60
self-esteem
Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad, worthy or unworthy, or somewhere in between
61
self-schema
All of one’s ideas about the self
62
long-term memory
Permanent memory storage
63
self-reference effect
LTM of information is enhanced by thinking of how that info relates to the self
64
possible selves
The images we have/imagine of other possible ways we might be able to be
65
self-discrepancy theory
People have two kinds of desired selves
The difference & interactions between these 2 selves & one’s actual self determines how ppl feel about life
66
ideal self
View of what you could be at your best
Focused on the pursuit of pleasure & rewards
67
ought self
View of what you should be
Focused on avoiding punishments & other bad outcomes
68
procedural self
Characteristic patterns of behaviors through which people express who they are
69
relational self-schema
Self-knowledge based on past experiences with others
70
implicit selves
Self-relevant behavioral patterns that are not readily accessible to consciousness
71
active self
In working memory at a given moment & will impact one’s behavior
72
working self-concept
View that the self is continuously changing (strongly influenced by who a person is with)
73
congruence
Acting in line with one’s personality traits
74
self-concept differentiation
Seeing oneself as having different personalities in different contexts
75
intersectionality
A framework for conceptualizing a person, group of people, or social problem as affected by a number of potential discriminations & disadvantages
76
stigma
Negative social attitude attached to a characteristic of an individual that may be regarded as a mental, physical, or social deficiency
77
discrimination
Unfair & differential treatment of the members of different groups at the individual level
78
social determinants of health
The conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, & age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, quality-of-life outcomes, & risk for illness/disease
79
health disparities
Preventable differences in disease, injury, violence, or opportunities to achieve optimal health that are experienced by socially disadvantaged populations
80
five characteristics of personality disorders
-Extreme
-Tend to cause problems
-Affect social relationships/interactions
-Stable
-Some are ego-syntonic
81
ego-syntonic
People with the disorder do not think anything is wrong with them
82
old system cluster a
odd & eccentric patterns of thinking
-Schizotypal
-Schizoid
-Paranoid
83
old system cluster b
Impulsive & erratic patterns of behavior
-Histrionic
-Narcissistic
-Antisocial
-Borderline
84
old system cluster c
anxious & avoidant emotional styles
-Dependent
-Avoidant
-Obsessive-compulsive
85
new system disorders (6)
Schizotypal
Narcissistic
Antisocial
Borderline
Avoidant
Obsessive-compulsive
86
psychopathy
Personality construct, not a disorder
87
psychopathy traits
Impulsive
Manipulative
Dishonest & cunning
Inconsiderate of others’ feelings
Lack empathy
Higher than avg rates of illegal activities
Risky sexual behaviors
Irresponsible
Superficial charm
Belief in superiority over others
Emotionally cold
Shallow affect
Emotions are more focused inward/self-focused
Need for stimulation
Disregard social norms
Early behavior problems
Many short-term relationships
88
schizotypal PD
Extreme pattern of odd beliefs & behaviors, & difficulties relating to others
89
narcissistic PD
Extreme pattern of arrogant, exploitative, entitled, & damaging behavior combined with a notable lack of empathy
90
antisocial PD
Extreme pattern of deceitful, manipulative, & sometimes dangerous behavior
91
BPD
Extreme & sometimes dangerous patterns of emotional instability, unstable & confused behavior, emotional emptiness, confused identity, & tendencies toward self-harm
Dialectical behavior therapy
Most stable PD
92
avoidant PD
Fear of failure, criticism, or rejection that leads to avoidance of normal activities
93
OCPD
An extreme pattern of rigidly conscientiousness behavior, including an anxious & inflexible adherence to rules & rituals, perfectionism, & a stubborn resistance to change
94
the "bad five"
-Negative affectivity
-Detachment
-Antagonism
-Disinhibition
-Psychoticism
95
negative affectivity
Tendency to feel negative emotions (neuroticism)
96
detachment
Tendency to withdraw from & avoid emotional contacts with others (very low extraversion)
97
antagonism
Including deceitfulness, grandiosity, callousness, & manipulativeness (very low agreeableness)
98
disinhibition
Careless & impulsive behavior (very low conscientiousness)
99
psychoticism
Tendency to have bizarre thoughts or experiences; Eccentric behavior (very high openness)
100
three steps of PD diagnosis:
-Assess whether personality functioning is seriously impaired & rate the degree of dysfunction
-Assess whether at least one of the defined types of personality disorder is present
-Assess degree of the five maladaptive personality traits (Bad Five)
101
pathologizing
Describing behaviors as the result of mental illness
102
substance use disorder (SUD)
Mental disorder that affects a person’s brain & behavior
103
possibilities for co-occurrence of SUDs & mental disorder:
-Common risk factors
-Mental disorders can contribute to SUDs
-Substance use may trigger changes in brain structure & function that make a person more likely to develop a mental disorder
104
reasons people seek treatment for PDs:
-Self
-Family & friends
-Work-related issues
-Involvement in the CJS
105
antidepressants for PDs
Useful for depressed moods, anger, impulsivity, irritability, & hopelessness
Affective dysregulation (BPD, antisocial, dependent) & impulsive-behavior dyscontrol (BPD, antisocial, OCPD)
106
mood stabilizers for PDs
Can help reduce mood swings, irritability, impulsivity, & aggression
BPD, antisocial, OCPD
107
antipsychotic medications for PDs
May be helpful if symptoms include losing touch with reality (psychosis) or (in some cases) if there are anxiety & anger problems
Schizotypal, avoidant
108
anti-anxiety meds for PDs
May help if a person has anxiety, agitation, or insomnia
Affective dysregulation (BPD, antisocial, dependent)
109
psychodynamic therapy
To increase reflective capacity & emotional & interpersonal understanding
110
CBT
To alter dysfunctional core beliefs
111
DBT
To reduce self-harm & improve emotion regulation
112
behavior therapy
To improve maladaptive behavior
113
therapeutic community
To effect attitudinal & behavioral change
114
cognitive analytic therapy
To achieve greater self-understanding
115
steps of traditional CBT:
-Identify troubling situations or conditions (problems) in life
-Become aware of thoughts, emotions, & beliefs about these problems
-Identify negative thinking
-Change negative or inaccurate thinking
116
dialect
Two seemingly opposite things can be true at the same time
117
type A personality
Jittery, overreactive, hyper-competitive, obsessive ambition, hostility
Correlated with blood & cardiovascular indications of risk for heart disease (little evidence, though)
Hostility => Stress on system
118
emotionality
Related to extraversion (+) & neuroticism (-)
Negative emotionality is associated with poor physical health
119
conscientiousness & health
-Are better able to handle stress
-Tend to make more careful, considered decisions
-Tend to be more risk averse
120
deal-makers
Traits that promote good relationships
-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Being liked/communal traits
-Number of friends
-Success in relationships
-Success in speed-dating
121
deal-breakers
Traits that prevent or undermine relationships
-Untrustworthy & anger issues
-Dispositional contempt
-Rejection sensitivity
122
mate selection & attraction
What one looks for in the opposite sex
123
mating strategies
How one handles heterosexual relationships
124
attraction & evolutionary theories
-Males place higher value on physical attractiveness & prefer younger mates
-Females place higher value on economic security & prefer older mates
-Both males & females want the highest likelihood of healthy offspring who will survive
125
men vs women in mating strategies
Desired # of sexual partners => Males higher
Faithfulness to partner => Males lower
Selectivity of partners => Males lower
Thoughts that the opposite sex is sexually interested => Males higher
Desire for monogamous & stable relationships => Males lower
126
sex differences in jealousy
Men report they would be more upset at sexual infidelity
Women would be more upset at emotional infidelity
127
sociosexuality
Willingness to engage in sexual relations in the absence of a serious relationship (males generally higher than females)
128
attachment theory
Focus on patterns of relationships with others that are consistently repeated with different partners throughout life
129
anxious-ambivalent attachment
-Caregivers’ behaviors are “inconsistent, hit-or-miss, or chaotic”
-In the strange situation, children are watchful about the mother’s presence & grow very upset when she disappears for even a few minutes
-In school, often victimized by other children & unsuccessfully attempt to cling to teachers & peers
-Drives these people away
-Leads to further hurt feelings, anger, & insecurity
-As adults, they tend to cling to others & this drives them away
130
avoidant attachment
-Caregivers dislike bodily contact & push child away when they attempt to initiate contact or seek reassurance
-Tend to be emotionally unavailable & unresponsive
-In the strange situation, children don’t appear distressed, but their heart rate reveals tension & anxiety when mother leaves
-When mother returns, they tend to be distant & ignore her
-In school => Hostile & deviant
-Alienate teachers & peers
-As adults, they tend to be cold & distant from others
131
secure attachment
-Have a confident faith in self & caregivers
-Parents are emotionally available, reassuring, & consistent
-They are “secure” about their caregiver’s support
-In the strange situation, when mother returns, they greet her happily
-They are easily soothed when upset & comfortably explore their environment, returning to caregiver for reassurance
-As adults, they tend to be secure & confident in relationships
132
human capital formation
The development of knowledge & skills
133
holland's typology (six)
Realistic (active, stable, hands-on)
Ex) Engineer
Investigative (analytic, intellectual)
Ex) Scientist
Artistic (original, imaginative, creative)
Ex) Artist, musician
Social (humanistic, idealistic, responsible)
Ex) Teacher, therapist
Enterprising (energetic, ambitious, adventurous, sociable, self-confident)
Ex) Entrepreneur, business owner
Conventional (efficient, careful, conforming, organized, conscientious)
Ex) Accountant
