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PSYCH 403: Personality Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

anatomy

A

functions of the parts of the brain

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2
Q

biochemistry

A

effects of neurotransmitters & hormones on brain processes

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3
Q

dendrites

A

projections on nerve cells that receive stimulation

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4
Q

axons

A

pass on stimulation from the nerve cell

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5
Q

afferent nerves

A

messages travel along these nerves from the body to the CNS via dendrites

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6
Q

efferent nerves

A

messages travel along these nerves from the body to the CNS via dendrites

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7
Q

interneurons

A

organize & regulate transmissions between nerve cells (biggest bundle of these is the brain)

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8
Q

hypothalamus

A

Connected to just about everything else
-Helps coordinate & regulate homeostatic systems
-Secretes several hormones

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9
Q

amygdala

A

important role in emotion

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10
Q

hippocampus

A

important in processing memories

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11
Q

cortex

A

outer layer of the brain

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12
Q

neocortex

A

outermost layer of the cortex & the most distinctive part of the human brain

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13
Q

frontal cortex

A

crucial part for uniquely human aspects of cognition (large size)

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14
Q

brain damage

A

allows us to track problems caused by damage to different parts of the brain

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15
Q

brain stimulation

A

Directly stimulate the brain to see the impacts on the person
-Difficult to research & relatively rare
-Some methods are growing in popularity
-Mostly in animals, but also conscious people (electrodes in scalp)

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16
Q

TMS & tDCS

A

Brain stimulation used to create “virtual lesions” (temporarily turn off parts of the brain to see how psychological processes are affected)

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17
Q

brain activity & imaging

A

Used to observe functioning directly

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18
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

electrodes on the scalp pick up electrical signals generated by the brain (WHEN brain working)

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19
Q

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

detects magnetic indications of brain activity (provides timing & spatial info)

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20
Q

computed tomography (CT) scans

A

creates representations of very thin slices of the brain (can examine small structures)

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21
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

maps brain activity based on blood flow

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22
Q

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

map brain activity based on magnetic impulses generated by oxygen in the blood

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23
Q

brain activity imaging that show WHEN the brain is working

A

-EEG
-MEG

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24
Q

brain activity imaging that show WHERE the brain is active

A

-CT scans
-PET
-fMRI

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25
Q

Issues with brain imaging

A

-All parts of the brain are always active to some degree (blood oxygenation level dependent)
-Brain activity in response to a stimulus doesn’t mean the same thing occurs every time that area is active
-Most researchers only look at small areas (neural context effect)
-Tech is difficult & expensive to use

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26
Q

neural context

A

The activities of individual areas may not mean much in the absence of knowledge about what other areas of the brain are doing simultaneously

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27
Q

amygdala

A

-Links perceptions & thoughts w/emotional meaning
-Negative & positive emotions
-Assessing whether stimuli is threatening or rewarding
-Detects novelty of stimulus
-Relevant for motivation

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28
Q

frontal lobes & neocortex

A

-Social & emotional understanding
-Self-control & regulation of impulses/feelings

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29
Q

relevant amygdala traits

A

anxiety, fearfulness, sociability, sexuality

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30
Q

Phineas Gages

A

Metal rod through skull, but survived. Personality changed (patience, obstinance, less emotional). Impairment in decision making. Social skills likely rebounded.

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31
Q

“Elliott”

A

Tumor in midline of brain & had a large portion of the cerebral cortex removed. Became unemotional. Unable to make appropriate decisions due to impairment in ability to use emotional reactions in decision-making.

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32
Q

somatic marker hypothesis

A

the bodily (somatic) emotional component of thought is a necessary part of problem solving & decision making

emotions enable people to make decisions that maximize good outcomes & minimize bad ones

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33
Q

capgras syndrome

A

Believe loved ones have been replaced by body doubles following injury to the right frontal lobe. Possibly bc people fail to respond emotionally to their loved ones & conclude they must not be the same people.

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34
Q

anterior cingulate

A

-Experiencing normal emotions
-Controlling emotional responses & behavior impulses
-Implications for extraversion & neuroticism

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35
Q

prefrontal leucotomy

A

Damages small areas of white matter behind each frontal lobe => Intended to decrease pathological levels of agitation & emotional arousal

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36
Q

prefrontal lobotomy

A

removes whole sectors of the frontal lobes

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37
Q

peristence

A

ability to complete a task in the face of obstacle & in the absence of immediate reward (two areas of the frontal cortex & middle brain behind frontal lobes)

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38
Q

c-system

A

effortful, reflective thinking about self & others

lateral prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, medial temporal lobe, posterior parietal cortex

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39
Q

x-system

A

effortless, reflexive social thought

ventromedial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, lateral temporal cortex

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40
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that travel across synapses between neurons, causing a chemical reaction that has an excitatory or inhibitory effect

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41
Q

excitatory

A

fires off a chemical message to the second neuron, which fires

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42
Q

inhibitory

A

block or prevent chemical message from being passed to second neuron

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43
Q

hormones

A

biological substances that affect the body in locations different from where they were produced

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44
Q

central nervous system

A

brain & spinal cord

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45
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

neuronal networks that extend throughout the body

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46
Q

endorphins

A

hormones that inhibit neuronal transmission of pain

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47
Q

dopamine

A

-Responding to rewards & approaching attractive objects/people
-Sociability, general activity level, novelty seeking
-Facilitates exploration, approach, learning
-Relation to Parkinson’s, bipolar, impulsivity
-Behavioral activation system
-Related to plasticity (extraversion & openness)

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48
Q

serotonin

A

-Inhibition of behavioral impulses
-Related to stability (conscientiousness, agreeableness, emotional stability)

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49
Q

hypothalamus

A

region of brain that secretes & is involved in regulating hormones

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50
Q

gonads

A

glands that produce sex hormones

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51
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer layer of the adrenal gland that secretes hormones

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52
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenaline (through body)

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53
Q

norepinephrine

A

adrenaline in brain

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54
Q

tend-and-befriend

A

-Female response to stress
-Calm others down & getting people to work together
-Based on evolutionary theory
-Oxytocin is important

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55
Q

testosterone

A

-10x higher in males
-Complex link to aggression (high levels linked, but not always)
-Fatherhood lowers levels
-Related to sociability, impulsivity, lower inhibition, conformity, stable extraversion

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56
Q

cortisol

A

-Released in response to stress
-Chronically high levels in those with severe stress, anxiety, depression
-Low levels related to PTSD & sensation seeking

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57
Q

oxytocin

A

-Mother-child bonding, romantic attachment, & sexual response
-Decreases fearfulness
-Increases perceptions of trustworthiness & attractiveness in others
-Facilitates approach behaviors

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58
Q

extraversion & brain

A

medial orbital-frontal zortex

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59
Q

Conscientiousness & brain

A

Middle frontal gyrus

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60
Q

neuroticism & brain

A

dorsomedial pre-frontal cortex, cingulate gyrus/caudate, medial temporal lobe

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61
Q

agreeableness & brain

A

superior temporal sulcus, posterior cingulate cortex

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62
Q

eugenics

A

idea that humanity could be improved through selective breeding

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63
Q

phenotype

A

observable traits

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64
Q

genotype

A

genetic structure

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65
Q

heritability coefficient

A

percentage of variance of a trait in the population that can be attributed to variance in genes

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66
Q

heritability coefficients in twin studies vs. non-twin studies

A

Twins => .40
Non-twins => .20

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67
Q

molecular genetics

A

determine whether differences in traits are correlated with differences in a particular gene

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68
Q

gene-environment interactions

A

genes provide an initial design, but there must be an environment in order for there to be a behavior (environments affect heritability)

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69
Q

genome-wide association studies

A

look for association between hundreds of thousands of genes/patterns of genes & personality in large samples

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70
Q

epigenetics

A

experience affects biology; nongenetic influences on a gene’s expression

early-life experiences can influence how or if genes are expressed during development

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71
Q

evolutionary personality psychology assumptions

A

behavioral patterns developed bc they were necessary for survival

characteristics with more survival value are more likely to appear in future generations

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72
Q

inclusive fitness

A

tendency to aid & protect people, especially close relatives, to ensure survival of one’s own genes into succeeding generations

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73
Q

sociometer theory

A

feelings of self-esteem evolved to monitor the degree to which a person is accepted by others

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74
Q

evolution & depression

A

pain signals that something is wrong & must be fixed

crying as a way to seek social support

fatigue & pessimism may prevent wasting resources

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75
Q

frequency dependent behaviors

A

adjust according to how common they are

only adaptive as long as only a few people do them

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76
Q

methodology of evolutionary psychology

A

backward speculation is difficult to empirically test

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77
Q

reproductive instinct

A

not everyone wants as many children as possible => people don’t have to consciously try to do what is evolutionarily adaptive

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78
Q

conservative bias

A

current behavioral order was inevitable & is unchangeable & appropriate

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79
Q

human flexibility

A

people are more flexible than evolution & genetically-determined behavior account for

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80
Q

biological reductionism

A

everything about the mind can be reduced to biology

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81
Q

free association

A

patient says whatever comes to mind => get people to talk about difficult topics

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82
Q

psychic determinism

A

everything that a person thinks & does has a specific cause that can be identified via psychoanalysis

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83
Q

id

A

irrational & emotional (unconscious)

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84
Q

ego

A

rational (at least partially conscious)

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85
Q

superego

A

moral (unconscious)

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86
Q

psychic conflict

A

one part of the mind being in conflict with another part of the mind

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87
Q

compromise formation

A

finding a compromise among the different structures of the mind & what the individual wants (ego’s main job)

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88
Q

mental energy

A

mental or psychic energy used by the mind (amount is fixed & finite)

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89
Q

psychoanalysis controversy

A

-Too much emphasis on sex & sexual energy
-Deals with things that can’t be seen or proven
-People don’t want to be told why they do certain things

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90
Q

libido

A

life drive, or sexual drive (creation, protection, enjoyment of life, creativity, productivity, growth)

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91
Q

thanatos

A

death drive (accounts for destructive activity & to deal with the fact that everyone dies)

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92
Q

doctrine of opposites

A

everything implies & requires its opposite

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93
Q

psychosexual physical focus

A

where energy is concentrated & gratification is obtained

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94
Q

psychosexual psychological theme

A

physical focus & the demands from the outside world

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95
Q

psychosexual adult character type

A

associated w/being fixated or not psychologically resolved in a stage (troublesome throughout life)

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96
Q

oral stage (birth-18 months)

A

Physical => Mouth, lips, tongue
Theme => Dependency, passivity
Character types => Overly independent (not fulfilled) vs. passive (fulfilled automatically/quickly)

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97
Q

anal stage (18 months-3 years)

A

Physical => Anus, organs of elimination
Theme => Self-control & obedience
Character types => Overcontrolled (unreasonable expectations) vs. undercontrolled (never needed to control urges)

98
Q

phallic stage (3.5 years-7 years)

A

Physical => Sexual organs
Theme => Coming to terms with physical sex differences & implications (oedipal crisis); gender identity & sexuality
Character types => Rigid moral code vs. lack of moral code

99
Q

latency stage (7 years-puberty)

A

break from development

concentrate on learning & being a kid

100
Q

genital stage (puberty on)

A

Physical => Genitals; Sexuality in context of mature relationship
Themes => Maturity
Character types => Psychologically well-adjusted/balanced

101
Q

fixation

A

energy is left behind at a stage if it is unresolved, leaving the person to continue struggling with issues from that stage

102
Q

regression

A

retreat to an earlier stage when under stress

103
Q

primary process thinking

A

-Irrational & fast
-Unconscious mind
-“no” doesn’t exist
-Goal of immediate gratification

104
Q

Secondary process thinking

A

-Rational, practical, prudent
-Able to delay or redirect gratification
-Conscious part of ego
-Develops second

105
Q

preconscious mind

A

ideas you aren’t aware of, but can be brought into awareness

106
Q

conscious mind

A

part of mental functioning you can observe when you turn your attention inward

107
Q

unconscious mind

A

those areas & processes of the mind which you are not aware of

108
Q

parapraxes

A

leakages from the unconscious mind that manifest as mistakes, accidents, omissions, or memory lapses

109
Q

parapraxes examples

A

-Forgetting
-Freudian slips

110
Q

forgetting

A

suppressing something in the unconscious mind affects life (avoiding thinking abt something painful/anxiety-inducing by not remembering it)

111
Q

freudian slips

A

unintended actions caused by leakage of suppressed thoughts or impulses (often in speech; more likely when someone is tired, not paying attention, in a hurry, or excited)

112
Q

defense mechanisms

A

techniques the ego uses to keep certain thoughts & impulses hidden to avoid or lessen anxiety

113
Q

denial

A

refuse to believe bad news or anything that might make you anxious

114
Q

repression

A

failure to acknowledge anything that might remind you of unwanted thoughts

115
Q

reaction formation

A

create the opposite idea to what may cause anxiety

116
Q

projection

A

think something (usually bad) about the self that would cause anxiety is instead true of others

117
Q

rationalization

A

create a rational, logical explanation that doesn’t acknowledge the real motivation

118
Q

intellectualization

A

translate anxiety-producing thoughts into cold, unemotional theories or jargon

119
Q

displacement

A

moving objects of emotions from a dangerous target to a “safe” target

120
Q

sublimation

A

providing a safe outlet for problematic desires, like work or art

121
Q

regression

A

using “childish” methods to deal with emotions

122
Q

compensation

A

flaunting or presenting as something you’re not to make people think you are

123
Q

goals of psychoanalysis in therapy

A

-Bring unconscious conflicts to the surface so the ego can deal with them
-Emotional bond with therapist who assists patient
-However => Low cure rate & takes time

124
Q

critiques of psychoanalysis

A

-Excessive complexity
-Used case studies
-Untestability
-Sexism
-Focused on ideas that are underemphasized or ignored elsewhere

125
Q

updates to Freud’s theory:

A

-Libido as life drive, not sex drive
-Altering the Oedipal crisis
-Development to include changing social demands

126
Q

neo-freudian psychology

A

general term for the psychoanalytically oriented work of many therapists & researchers who were closely influenced by freud’s theories

127
Q

common neo-freudian themes

A

-Less emphasis on & reinterpretation of libido
-Less emphasis on unconscious & more on conscious
-More focus on interpersonal relationships as source of psychological difficulties (rather than instinctual drives & mental life)

128
Q

alfred adler

A

-Inferiority & compensation
-Thought Freud focused too much on sex
-More importance on social interest

129
Q

masculine protest

A

act & seek to become powerful because of feeling inadequate or inferior as a child (also experienced by women, but acute for men)

130
Q

style of life

A

behaviors based on compensations for perceived childhood inferiorities

131
Q

carl jung

A

-Collective unconscious, persona, & personality
-Mystical & spiritual matters
-Archetypes
-Anima & animus
-Ways of thinking

132
Q

collective unconscious

A

memories & ideas that all humans share

133
Q

archetypes

A

images/ideas of how people think about the world, both consciously & unconsciously (appear in dreams, fantasies, mythology, & literature)

134
Q

persona

A

the social mask worn in public (everyone’s is false to some degree) => issue when identify more with persona than real self

135
Q

anima

A

idea/prototype of the female held in the mind of males

136
Q

animus

A

idea/prototype of the male held in the mind of females

137
Q

carl jung’s ways of thinking

A

rational, feeling, sensing, & intuiting

138
Q

karen horney

A

-Feminine psychology
-Basic anxiety

139
Q

feminine psychology

A

Women don’t have “penis envy,” but envy the freedom to pursue interests & freedom that men have in society

140
Q

basic anxiety

A

fear of being alone & helpless in a hostile world (adult energy often focused on efforts to overcome this)

141
Q

erik erikson

A

Psychosocial development

142
Q

psychosocial stage 1

A

-Basic trust vs. mistrust
-0-2 years
-Learn whether needs will be met, ignored, or overindulged
-Development of hope & confidence

143
Q

hope

A

a positive but arrogant attitude toward life

144
Q

confidence

A

that basic needs will be met

145
Q

psychosocial stage 2

A

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
3-4 years
Figuring out who is in charge (adult or child)

146
Q

psychosocial stage 3

A

Initiative vs. guilt
4-7 years
Anticipating & fantasizing about life as an adult
Sense of right & wrong (beginning of adult morality)

147
Q

psychosocial stage 4

A

Industry vs. inferiority
8-12 years
Develop skills & abilities to succeed in the world of work & to contribute to society
Controlling imagination & unfocused energy

148
Q

psychosocial stage 5

A

Identity vs. identity confusion
Adolescence
Figuring out who you are & what is important
Choosing consistent, meaningful, & useful values/goals

149
Q

psychosocial stage 6

A

Intimacy vs. isolation
Young adulthood
Finding an intimate life partner

150
Q

psychosocial stage 7

A

Generativity vs. stagnation
Middle age
True concerns to the next generation OR become passive

151
Q

psychosocial stage 8

A

Integrity vs. despair
Old age
Brought on by prospect of death
Based on feelings about one’s life

152
Q

melanie klein & d. w. winnicott

A

objects relations theory

153
Q

object relations theory

A

-The most important part of life is relationships
-Analyze our interpersonal relationships
-We relate to others via the images of them we have in our mind
-When they don’t match these images, there are problems
-Mental images/representations of an object can be assigned to lots of others in our lives

154
Q

objects

A

emotionally important people

155
Q

4 principle themes of ORT

A

-Every relationship has elements of satisfaction & frustration
-Often a mix of love & hate
-Distinction between parts of the love object & the whole person
-The psyche is aware of & distributed by these contradictory feelings

156
Q

perceptual defense

A

when the ego tries to prevent stimuli, that the superego finds overly threatening, from entering awareness

157
Q

parallel distributed processing

A

-Mind does many different things at once
-Only a small fraction of this activity becomes conscious
-Conscious thoughts & behaviors are a compromise of unconscious processes

158
Q

catharsis

A

freely expressing the issues that trouble you

159
Q

humanistic psychology

A

the psychological study of awareness, free will, happiness, & the many related aspects of the mind that are uniquely human & give life meaning

160
Q

8 elements of humanistic psychology

A

Humanistic (only humans)
Holistic (whole person)
Phenomenological (experience of the individual & existential aspects)
Real life (ppl in their real environments)
Positivity (positive experiences, prosocial, virtuous)
Will (ability to make choices & decisions)
Value (philosophy of life)

161
Q

goal of humanistic psychology

A

overcome the paradox of studying humans

ppl have internal drives that are outside of the researcher’s awareness or control

162
Q

implications of self-awareness

A

addresses the uniquely human phenomena that awareness results in (free will, willpower, mindfulness, imagination, etc.)

163
Q

phenomenology

A

one’s conscious experience of the world (at the center of humanity)

164
Q

construal

A

a person’s particular experience of the world

165
Q

introspection

A

observation of one’s own perceptions & thought processes

166
Q

existentialism

A

a broad philosophical movement, that began in the mid-1800s, as a reaction to rationalism, science, & the industrial revolution

167
Q

purpose of existentialism

A

regain contact with the experience of being alive & aware

168
Q

parts of experience (3)

A

Biological experience (umwelt)
Social experience (mitwelt)
Psychological experience (eigenwelt)

169
Q

umwelt

A

the sensations you feel as a biological organism (pleasure, cold, heat, hunger, etc.)

170
Q

mitwelt

A

what you think & feel as a social being

171
Q

eigenwelt

A

how you feel & think when you try to understand yourself, your mind, & your existence

172
Q

thrown-ness

A

the time, place, & circumstances into which you happened to be born (important basis of experience)

173
Q

angst (existential anxiety)

A

the unpleasant feeling caused by contemplating the meaning of life & how one should spend one’s time

174
Q

parts of angst

A

anguish, forlornness, despair

175
Q

anguish

A

everyone feels this because choices are never perfect & lead to both good & bad outcomes

176
Q

forlornness

A

each person must make their own choices (desolate, lonely, sad, forsaken)

177
Q

despair

A

the awareness that many outcomes are beyond your own control

178
Q

bad faith

A

living while ignoring the existential & moral questions of life

179
Q

problems with bad faith

A

Living a cowardly life, unhappiness, impossible

180
Q

authentic existence

A

coming to terms with existence (honest, insightful, & morally correct; alternative to bad faith)

181
Q

eastern alternative to existentialism

A

anatta, anicca, enlightenment, & nirvana

182
Q

anatta

A

no unchanging, independent, singular self or soul is at the center of each person (who you sense in your mind is an illusion & everyone is connected)

183
Q

anicca

A

idea that all things must pass (good & bad)

184
Q

enlightenment

A

caring for others the same as for yourself (leads to universal compassion)

185
Q

nirvana

A

a serene, selfless state (result of enlightenment)

186
Q

carl rogers & abraham maslow

A

optimistic humanism, people are basically good, existential assumptions of free will & phenomenology

187
Q

carl rogers

A

-Self-actualization
-People can only be understood from one perspective of their phenomenal field (entire conscious existence)

188
Q

actualization

A

goal of existence is to satisfy the basic needs

189
Q

phenomenal field

A

the entire panorama of conscious experience

190
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

how human motivation is characterized (lower needs met first, but self-actualization is the ultimate need)

191
Q

personal constructs

A

the individual theories of each person based on how their construals are assembled

192
Q

maximizers

A

people who believe one should always seek to get the best/most they possibly can (perfectionism, depression, regret)

193
Q

satisficers

A

people who believe that some outcomes are good enough (happier, more optimistic, & higher life satisfaction)

194
Q

positive psychology

A

focuses on positive subjective experience & individual traits

195
Q

virtues

A

character strengths

196
Q

core virtues (to many/all cultures)

A

Courage
Justice
Humanity/Compassion
Temperance
Wisdom
Transcendence

197
Q

courage

A

emotional strengths that involve the exercise of one’s will (accomplishing goals in the face of opposition)

198
Q

examples of courage

A

bravery, perseverance, honesty

199
Q

justice

A

strengths that underlie healthy community life

200
Q

examples of justice

A

fairness, leadership, teamwork

201
Q

humanity/compassion

A

strengths that involve protecting & taking care of others

202
Q

examples of humanity/compassion

A

love (deep affection), kindness

203
Q

temperance

A

strengths that protect against excess

204
Q

examples of temperance

A

forgiveness, humility, prudence, self-control

205
Q

wisdom

A

strengths that entail the acquisition & use of knowledge

206
Q

examples of wisdom

A

creativity, curiosity, judgment, perspective

207
Q

transcendence

A

strengths that give meaning to life by connecting to the larger universe

208
Q

examples of transcendence

A

gratitude, hope, spirituality

209
Q

mindfulness

A

being alert & aware of one’s thoughts, sensations, & experiences in the moment (calmly acknowledging & accepting one’s feelings, thoughts, & bodily sensations)

210
Q

flow

A

the subjective experience/enjoyment of an autolectic activity

211
Q

autolectic activity

A

ones that are enjoyable for their own sake

212
Q

consequences of flow

A

concentration, lack of distractibility, focus on only one activity at hand

mood slightly elevated & time seems to pass quickly

213
Q

awe

A

encountering an entity that is vast & challenges their worldview (some people more prone to)

214
Q

happiness components

A

Overall satisfaction with life
Satisfaction with how things are going in particular domains
High levels of positive emotions & low levels of negative emotions

215
Q

hedonic well-being

A

seek to maximize pleasure & minimize pain (leads to excluding other goals)

216
Q

eudaimonic well-being

A

seeking a meaningful life (leads to finding & seeking valuable goals)

217
Q

sources of happiness

A

-Individual set point (moderately stable)
-Objective life circumstances
-Intentional activity
-Various interventions can increase

218
Q

positive consequences of happiness

A

good health, occupational success, supportive relationships, more confident, optimistic, likeable, sociable, & energetic

219
Q

consequences of too much happiness

A

failure to recognize risky situations, make it harder for things to get better, trying to hard to be happy can lead to disappointment if one fails, harm to others, may lead to the individual’s downfall

220
Q

broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions

A

use positive emotions as a foundation for creating & maintaining better life circumstances

broaden an individual’s momentary thought-action tendencies

build an individual’s personal resources

221
Q

toxic positivity

A

the act of rejecting or denying stress, negativity, or other negative experiences that exist

222
Q

cross-cultural psychology

A

research that compares cultures with one another

223
Q

cultural psychology

A

seeks to understand individual cultures in their own terms & avoids making comparisons

224
Q

culture

A

psychological attributes of groups (customs, habits, beliefs, & values) that shape emotions, behaviors, & life patterns

225
Q

enculturation

A

learning the culture into which one is born

226
Q

acculturation

A

picking up a new culture

227
Q

etics

A

universal aspects of culture

228
Q

emics

A

unique aspects of culture

229
Q

tightness

A

degree of tolerance of deviation from proper behavior (social norms)

230
Q

collectivism

A

importance of needs & rights of the GROUP

231
Q

individualism

A

importance of needs & rights of the INDIVIDUAL

232
Q

vertical cultures

A

assume individuals are importantly different from each other (more social hierarchy)

233
Q

horizontal cultures

A

view individuals as essentially equal

234
Q

allocentrism

A

believes group > individual

235
Q

ideocentrism

A

believes individual > group

236
Q

ecological approach to cultural difference origins

A

Exist bc different cultures developed in difference circumstances with the need to deal with different problems

ecology => culture => socialization => personality => behavior

237
Q

genetics & culture

A

Typical assumption that cultural differences are learned, not innate

Some issues with this:
-Genetic differences across cultures
-Cultural groups defined based on more than just ethnic or linguistic similarity
-People within cultures differ

238
Q

ethnocentrism

A

judging another culture from the POV of one’s own

239
Q

outgroup homogeneity bias

A

bias to see members of groups to which one doesn’t belong as similar to each other

240
Q

cultural relativism

A

all cultural views of reality are equally valid

PSYCH 403: Personality Psychology (3 decks)

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