Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY 310 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are concepts?

A

Mental representations of a category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aspects of _____ memory allow us to categorize stimuli we have already encountered

A

Semantic (general world knowledge we have accumulated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Downsides of concepts are “_____”

A

stereotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

One way we learn concepts: ______ strategy - responding to all attributes of a conceptual class or category

A

wholist strategy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

One way we learn concepts: ____ strategy - focusing on a single attribute of a conceptual class or category

A

partist strategy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

_____- hypothesis testing about a concept by making guesses about which attributes are essential for defining the concept

A

concept learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Categorize novel stimuli, fast and efficient understanding, inferences of knowledge not explicitly stated, relationship to language? - _____ of concepts

A

functions of concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____ - concepts in which members must posses both of two separate attributes

A

conjunctive concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_____- concepts in which members must posses either one of two separate attributes

A

disjunctive concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Members of a concept share in common - _____ resemblances; for example birds

A

family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

____ level: the most generic and inclusive of conceptual category: for example a plant

A

superordinate level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

____ level: the most useful level of a concept, characterized by neither too much not too little information: for example a tree

A

basic level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

___ level: the most restrictive, specific level of conceptual category: for example a palm tree

A

subordinate level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

___ view - where people create and use categories based on a system of rules; necessary and sufficient features

A

classical view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two theories that make up ‘probabilistic approaches’

A

Prototype theory and exemplar theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_____ theory - people abstract the common elements of a particular concept and then store abstracted prototypical representation in memory

A

prototype theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The pros of ______: No set rules, generability - account for individual differences - fast decisions

A

the prototype theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The cons of ____: hard to explain categories when individuals are very different

A

prototype theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

______- people take into account each encounter that they experienced w the members of that category; based on similarity among members and comparison to standards

A

exemplar theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the pros of exemplar theory?

A

very good at explaining broad concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the cons of exemplar theory

A

need a lot of time to describe a concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are semantic networks?

A

Structure for how info is stored in long term memory, semantic memory specifically. Concepts are nodes and connected by links and pathways. Activation of pathways spread from one concept to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The strength activation of nodes, which are concepts in the semantic network, depend on what?

A

Time, distance, and # of concepts activated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

___- when concepts are activated in memory, activation spreads to semantic related concepts, making them easier to fully activate if needed

A

semantic priming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the four types of categories?

A

natural, artifact, ad hoc, and metaphorical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are natural categories?

A

Occur naturally in the world, members of category share characteristics and features - plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are artifact categories?

A

Objects designed or invested by humans to serve particular functions - bowls and plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are ad hoc categories

A

Formed to meet a special demand - what to pack on vacation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are metaphorical category

A

Category where there is a common underlying “theme” that unites members of category - things that are a “waste of time”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

____- natural and essential characteristics that are inherited, innate, and unchanging

A

essentialist approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_____ - highly structure symbol that allows for creative and meaningful communication

A

language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

_____- discipline devoted to understanding the properties of human language and the mechanisms responsible for language acquisition

A

psycholinguistics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

____- all the words (symbols) that allow for communication and comprehension - dimension of semantic memory - each representation include more than the meaning like the sound, written form

A

mental lexical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

____ - process by which an individual produces a specific word from his or hers mental lexical or recognizes when used by others

A

lexical access

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

____- elements of a language that convey meaning

A

semanticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

___- the connections bt linguistic units and concepts or meanings are not predictable

A

arbitrariness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

____- language allows us to talk about times other the immediate present

A

displacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

_____- the ability that language allows us for misrepresentation and deception

A

prevarication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

_____- the ability that language allows to reflect on language itself

A

reflectiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

____ - an infinite # of sequences can be produced by applying the rules of language

A

productivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

______ - features and characteristics that universally true of all human languages - universals are used to distinguish human language from animal communication

A

linguistic universal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

_____- made up of phonology, pragmatics, morphology, semantics and syntax (think of diagram)

A

levels of analyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

_____ - analyses of the sounds of language as they are articulated and comprehended in speech

A

phonology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are phonemes?

A

basic sounds that compose a language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

_____- involves continuous flow of air through the vocal tract

A

vowel phonemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

___- differ in place of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing

A

consonant phonemes

47
Q

What is morphology?

A

Analysis of how we manipulate and change phonemes to produce different words and word forms

48
Q

_____- smallest units of language that have meaning

A

Morphemes

49
Q

What are free morphemes?

A

Morphemes that can stand alone like walk-ed (walk)

50
Q

What are bound morphemes?

A

Prefix or suffix morphemes; need company like un-happy (un)

51
Q

When combining phonemes to produce morphemes, regular forms (system of rules) use ____ - and irregular forms (pairs committed to memory and used to retrieve each other) use _____

A

Procedural knowledge; semantic memories

52
Q

What is word frequency?

A

Frequent words in a language are processed more rapidly than infrequent words

53
Q

What is lexical ambiguity?

A

When a words that has 2 possible meaning is encountered like pool - swimming pool & 8 ball pool

54
Q

____ - the rules governing the orders of words in a sentence

A

syntax

55
Q

____- meaning or interpretation given to the spoken or written word

A

semantic

56
Q

What is pragmatics?

A

Social rules of a language; the social context of a language

57
Q

In language production ______ is deciding what we want to say

A

conceptualization

58
Q

In language production ____ is the organization of throughs in terms of language

A

planning

59
Q

In language production _____ is putting the linguistic plan into action

A

articulation

60
Q

In language production ___ is keeping track of what we are saying and changing it if necessary

A

self - monitor

61
Q

_______ - Chomsky’s theory of the structure of language - idea that we are all born w foundations and build different house w what we’re exposed to

A

transformational (universal) grammar

62
Q

_____- the innate mechanism that allows the developing child to understand and produce

A

Language acquisition device (LAD)

63
Q

_____ - sounds or words than can be combined to communicate a set of ideas

A

Discreteness

64
Q

____- system of rules on how to combine individual units properly

A

grammar

65
Q

_____ - evaluation of conclusion based on given information; does it make sense

A

reasoning

66
Q

_____- the use and application of reasoning processes about on given info arrive at a conclusion

A

judgment

67
Q

______ - process that involves evaluation of info, making judgements so a choice among alternatives can be made

A

decision making

68
Q

What is the dual process view?

A

View that decision making is composed by two systems: one that is unconscious and automatic and the other being conscious and controlled

69
Q

______ - the process of reasoning in which particular conclusions are drawn from more general principals (premises)

A

deductive reasoning

70
Q

____ - in deductive reasoning, consistent of 2 premises and conclusion

A

syllogism

71
Q

Premise: all psy 310 student are uk students
premise : all uk students are wildcat fans
conclusion : all psy 310 students are wildcat fans

A

example of a syllogism

72
Q

________- evaluating whether a conclusion is valid given that certain conditions hold

A

conditional reasoning (if then reasoning)

73
Q

clause : if i am taking psy 310(antecedent), i have to turn in hw assignment (consequent)
Evidence: i am taking psy 310
conclusion : therefore, i have to turn in hw assignment

A

example of conditional reasoning

74
Q

______ - tendency to ignore the form of an argument and focus instead or prior knowledge

A

belief bias

75
Q

_____- tendency to revert the elements in an “if then statement” and then evaluating the evidence against the reversed conditional for example ‘if I attend UK, I live in Lexington”

A

illicit conservation

76
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

The tendency to only look for evidence that support what you already believe

77
Q

What is the purpose of the wason selection task?

A

You are given an if then statement, depending on the statement you’re gonna turn different cards over to prove or disprove the if then statement.

78
Q

_____ - drawing conclusion based on given info

A

inductive reasoning

79
Q

What is the problem that comes with inductive reasoning?

A

People tend to look for evidence that is consistent w their hypothesis

80
Q

What is availability heuristic?

A

The probability of something based one how easily examples can be recalled

81
Q

______- judging the likelihood of something by deciding how representative the event seems of larger group or population for example thinking all people from texas wear tejanas

A

Representative heuristic

82
Q

What is failing to consider base rate?

A

Failing to consider how often something tends to occur

83
Q

_____- the mistaken belief that a compound (2 characteristics) outcome is more likely than one (one characteristic) outcome

A

conjunction fallacy

84
Q

What is the “misperception of event clusters”?

A

Tendency to misinterpret what a random sample should look like

85
Q

_____ - a choice between alternative; involves risk and uncertainty

A

decision making

86
Q

_____ - a choice between alternative; involves risk and uncertainty

A

decision making

87
Q

_______- when decisions are made based on expected utility of outcomes and their probabilities; rational decision making

A

Expected utility theory

88
Q

What does the prospect theory propose?

A

That humans are not rational; we base decisions on amount of gains and losses

89
Q

______- the way alternatives are presented, changing the effects

A

framing effects

90
Q

______ - field of study that uses psychological principles to account for why people do not always make optimal or rational decisions

A

behavioral economics

91
Q

_____ - asymmetry around a neutral point where losses are perceived to be 2.5 times more powerful than gains

A

loss aversion

92
Q

______- we adjust our level of ownership, and it becomes the baseline by which we judge future gains and losses (think of graph)

A

endowment effect

93
Q

______- goal directed sequence of steps and cognitive operations used to work through a problem in the face of constraints that must be observed and obstacles must be overcome

A

problem solving

94
Q

What are the four components of problem solving?

A

Initial state, goal state, set of rules or constraints, and set of obstacles

95
Q

one way to study problem solving: _______- transcription and analysis of people’s verbalizations as they could solve the problem

A

verbal protocol

96
Q

What are the problems that come with ‘verbal protocol’?

A
  1. Depends on people’s verbal ability
  2. Assumes what is said is accurate
  3. Thinking out loud may interfere or change the nature of thought processes
97
Q

An approach to study problem solving: _____- belief that behavior can be explained through conditioning, without thoughts and feelings - trial and error - law of effect - stimulus response - Edward Thornlike

A

behaviorism

98
Q

An approach used to study problem solving: ____ - looking at humans’ mind and behavior as a whole - insight: deep useful understanding of the nature of something - Kohler

A

Gestalt Psychology

99
Q

Approach to study problem solving: ______- general problem solving (gps): model of human problem solving that can be applied to any problem - problem solving seen a sequence of choices of steps, each creating an intermediate state

A

cognitive revolution

100
Q

______ - branch of psychology focused on how people think

A

cognitive psychology

101
Q

_____ - all the possible states that could occur when solving a problem - different layouts or approaches

A

problem space

102
Q

______- strategy that involves repeated comparisons between the current state and the goal state, in attempt to reduce the distance between the two

A

Mean-end analyses

103
Q

A way to arrive to a solution: ________- set of rules that can be applied systematically to solve certain types of problems

A

algorithms

104
Q

Another way to describe _____ - leads to solution if correctly applied, cognitive and time demanding, usually used when the problem is well defined and has a single correct solution

A

algorithms

105
Q

A way to arrive to a solution: _____ - rule of thumb - mental shortcuts that can facilitate problem solving

A

heuristics

106
Q

Another way to describe _____ - is that it may lead to errors, does not guarantee a solution, and normally is not cognitively demanding

A

heuristics

107
Q

What are three different heuristics?

A
  1. Trial and error
  2. Means-end-analyses
  3. Analogies
108
Q

______ - strategy that involves generating a possible solution, trying that solution and repeating the process - works well when there are few possible solutions and/or only one correct goal state

A

trial and error

109
Q

_____- strategy that involves repeated comparison between the current state and the goal state, in attempt to reduce the distance between the two - requires creation of subgoals

A

mean end analyses

110
Q

_____ - problems that have already been solved for representing and solving a current problem in a similar fashion

A

analogies

111
Q

Increases knowledge, automate some components of problem solving to take up less cognitive, follow a systematic plan, develop subgoals, search for connections among problems, change the way the problem is presented, try and practice: these are all ways to improve ________

A

problem solving

112
Q

______- tendency to become used to a single approach or way of thinking about a problem making it difficult to recognize or generate alternative approaches

A

mental set

113
Q

_____ - tendency to use objects and concepts in the problem environments in only their customary usual way - “think outside the box” - empty space as a positive

A

functional fixedness

PSY 310 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions