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PSY 310 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is memory

A

Persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory?

A

encoding , storage, and retrieval

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3
Q

What were Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) major findings?

A
  1. List length
  2. Effect of time
  3. Savings
  4. Overlearning
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4
Q

______ _______ a meaningless syllable consisting of 2 consonants separated by a vowel ex: HAQ

A

nonsense syllable

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5
Q

List length:

A

Longer lists require more repetitions

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6
Q

Effect of time:

A

Time has a detrimental effect on performance

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7
Q

Savings:

A

Rapid mastery of material that has been previously learned

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8
Q

_____ is additional study of already mastered material improving performance in delayed test (increasing savings)

A

overlearning

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9
Q

What were the major findings of Fredric Barlett (1886-1969)

A
  1. We remember the overall theme of a story but we normally omit specific details
  2. “Recall of event” = actual memories + reconstructions of various memories of similar events
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10
Q

____ information are basic ideas or main points of a piece of discourse

A

Gist information

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11
Q

____ information is exact wording ex: a prayer

A

Verbatim

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12
Q

_____ mental frameworks or body knowledge about some topic (person, place, or event)

A

schema

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13
Q

______ is semantic knowledge that guides our understanding of ordered events

A

script

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14
Q

What is immediate memory?

A

Set of processes that allows for manipulation of information currently in consciousness

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15
Q

What are the 2 basic concepts of immediate memory?

A
  1. limits of duration
  2. limits of capacity
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16
Q

Immediate memory has ____ duration and it is normally demonstrated w the ___-____ task

A

Limited; Brown-Peterson

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17
Q

According to George Miller (1956), immediate memory can hold - items of information, also known as “____”

A

5-9 items; magical 7 plus or minus 2

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18
Q

___ are fundamental units of short-term memory and ___ is the process of combining those units of information

A

Chunks; chunking

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19
Q

Coding consists of

A

Auditory and verbal coding

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20
Q

___ coding is dominant

A

auditory coding

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21
Q

The ___ ___ is a human memory system as a series of memory systems through which information must pass: 1. Sensory memory 2. Short-term memory 3. Long-term memory

A

The modal model (stage model)

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22
Q

Amount of information is limited by the physical nature of the ____ ___

A

Sensory receptors

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23
Q

____ - information can be maintained for only a short period of time

A

duration

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24
Q

Braddeley’s Memory Model is the model in which working memory has 4 components:

A
  1. Phonological loop
  2. Visual-spatial sketch pad
  3. Episodic buffer
  4. Central visual
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25
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

Subsystem responsible for recycling information through rehearsal

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26
Q

____ ___ is the passive sire component of the phonological loop that holds on to verbal information (inner ear)

A

phonological store

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27
Q

___ ___ is the part of the phonological loop involved in the active refreshing of information in the phonological store (inner voice)

A

articulatory loop

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28
Q

____ effect - poorer recall of items when similar than similar

A

Similarity effect

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29
Q

____ ___ effect - reduction in recall lists of visually presented items brought by presence of irrelevant spoken material

A

Irrelevant speech effect

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30
Q

_____ ____ effect - memory span for words is inversely related to spoken duration-words that take longer to articulate (longer words) are more poorly remembered than words that take less to articulate

A

Word length effect

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31
Q

When the articulation of irrelevant information during verbal task affect the normal functioning of phonological loop

A

Articulatory suppression

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32
Q

The subsystem that is responsible for the storage and manipulation of visual and spatial information

A

Visual-spatial sketch pad

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33
Q

What is a mental rotation task

A

A spatial reasoning task where participants must encode a representation of an object and rotate it (360)

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34
Q

_____ ____ - the portion of working memory whereby information from different modalities and sources are bound together to form new episodic memories

A

Episodic buffer

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35
Q

The mechanism responsible for assessing the attentional needs to the different subsystems and directing attentional resources to those systems

A

Central executive

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36
Q

_____-____ Views- separate memory systems to explain memory function -> modal (stage) and working memory models

A

Multiple-system views

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37
Q

____ ____ - immediate memory is not a separate memory system - it is simply the activated part of the long term memory

A

Unitary view ( aka state models)

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38
Q

What 2 models make up unitary views?

A

Two state and three state models

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39
Q

In the two state model is the embedded-process view, which is?

A

Immediate memory represents the momentary and temporary activation of information in long term memory

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40
Q

What two factor play a role in ‘forgetting’

A
  1. Decay
  2. Interference
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41
Q

____ - information fading over time

A

decay

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42
Q

____ - information currently being processed is negatively influenced by the presentation of other information (garage example)

A

Interference

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43
Q

_____ interference - when old information interferes with new information

A

Proactive interference

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44
Q

____ interference - when new information interferes with old information

A

Retroactive interference

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45
Q

What is “displacement view”

A

When the new items “bumps” out previously stored item

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46
Q

____ view - the new item overrides a previously stored item

A

Overwriting view

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47
Q

True or false: according to unitary views, items in immediate memory blur into one another and become hard to “separate” during retrieval

A

true

48
Q

What is executive attention?

A

The process whereby we strategically control our attention in response to situational demands

49
Q

_____ _____ - mechanism that sets goals and priorities, choose strategies, and controls the sequence of cognitive processes

A

Executive control

50
Q

____-____ is a situation in which a person’s attention and thought wander from the primary task to some other line of thought

A

mind-wondering

51
Q

What are two ways to enhance executive function?

A

Exposure to nature & Mindfulness meditation - NOT MULTITASKING

52
Q

What are the two types of long term memories?

A

Declarative memories and procedural memories

53
Q

_____ memories - long-term memory knowledge that can be retrieved and then reflected consciously

A

Declarative memory

54
Q

What 2 types of memories make up declarative memories?

A

Episodic and semantic memories

55
Q

____ memories - memory for personally experienced events (stories, important events)

A

Episodic memories

56
Q

___ memories - knowledge or information about the world (facts)

A

Semantic memories

57
Q

_____ _____: this type of memory has no recollective experience at retrieval, it is relatively resistant to forgetting, and no affective component

A

Semantic memory

58
Q

____ _____: this type of memory has recollective experience at retrieval, are vulnerable to forgetting, and often include an affective component (good or bad)

A

Episodic memory

59
Q

What are procedural memories?

A

Nonconscious form of memory, such as priming and learning of skills and habits

60
Q

____ memory tests: test that requires person to consciously recollect some specific event from the past

A

Explicit (direct) memory test

61
Q

_____ memory test: successful performance does not depend on conscious recollection of some specific event or episode from the past

A

Implicit (indirect) memory test

62
Q

Free recall, cued recall, and recognition are all types of ____ memory test

A

Explicit

63
Q

Word fragment completion and word stem completion are examples of ___ memory tests

A

implicit

64
Q

____ ____ - the advantage of distributed repetitions over massed repetitions

A

Spacing effect

65
Q

____ practice is rehearsal that occurs in one long session; ____ practiced is rehearsal spread out across multiple, shorter occasions

A

Massed practice; distributed practice

66
Q

_____ of _____ is important for determining whether or not information is stored in long-term memory

A

types of rehearsal

67
Q

_____ ____ - mechanical process in which items are continually cycled through working memory merely by being repeated over and over

A

Maintenance rehearsal

68
Q

_____ ____ - the formation of links between material to be remembered and information already in memory

A

Elaborative rehearsal

69
Q

_____ of _____ - all information receives some amount of mental processing. Information that is processed to a deep level will be better remembered than information processed at a shallow level

A

Levels of processing

70
Q

___ - ____ : the finding the memory is better for information that you relate to yourself in some way

A

self-reference

71
Q

____ ___ - if people bring a survival perspective to bear on what they are learning, it can improve performance

A

Survival processing

72
Q

_____ - tendency to impose form of grouping or clustering of information being stored in or retrieved

A

organization

73
Q

____ - the hypothesis that the more distinctive the item, the easier it is to recall

A

Distinctiveness

74
Q

What is the Von Restorff Effect?

A

If one item in a set is different from the others than it will be more likely to be recalled

75
Q

____ effect - the finding of improved memory for participant-performed tasks, relative to those that are not acted out

A

Enactment effect

76
Q

____ effect - the finding that information someone generates or creates is better remembered than information read or heard

A

Generation effect

77
Q

_____-_____ ____: according to this view, no encoding task is inherently better than another. Memory is good to the extent that encoding processing are appropriate for retrieval task

A

Transfer-appropriate processing

78
Q

____ effect - the finding that testing one self produces far better memory than simply reading and rereading material

A

Testing effect

79
Q

____ memory - memory of specific, personal experiences that comprise a person’s life story

A

Autobiographical memory

80
Q

What are autobiographical episodes?

A

Mental representations of past events

81
Q

What is autobiographical knowledge?

A

General knowledge we have about our own life and self

82
Q

_____ ____ - inability to recall events from one’s life that occurred before the ages 3 or 4

A

Childhood amnesia

83
Q

Before age _ we have few or no memories

A

4

84
Q

Between ages - there is low rate of increase in memories

A

5-7

85
Q

After age _ there is a steady increase in memories

A

7

86
Q

What are ‘Accounts’ for encoding problems?

A
  1. Immaturity
  2. Lack of sophisticated language
  3. No established sense of self
  4. No consciousness about the past
  5. Inability to bind components of an event into meaningful whole
87
Q

What are the ‘accounts’ for retrieval problems?

A
  1. Memories that we encode in a non-symbolic way cannot be retrieved after language develops
  2. Mismatch between the sense of self at early age and later on
88
Q

_____ ____ view - encoding and retrieval component; encoding component refers to poor quality of encoding and retrieval component refers to children forgetting information quickly compared to adults

A

Complementary process view

89
Q

The ____ ____ - superior memory than would otherwise be expected for life events between the ages of 15 and 25

A

The reminiscence bump

90
Q

____ - standard forgetting curve after the reminiscence bump

A

forgetting

91
Q

Lack of rehearsal, interference, and routine events don’t stand out - are all accounts for ____

A

Forgetting

92
Q

____ autobiographical memories that come unbidden, often on response to awesome environmental cue (smell, object, taste)

A

Involuntary autobiographical memory

93
Q

____ memories of extraordinary clarity, typically for some highly emotional event that is retained despite the passage of many years

A

Flashbulb memory

94
Q

_________ - finding that given a particular encoding context, memory is better retrieval reinstates context

A

Context dependency effect

95
Q

______ - where people remember more information if their physician or mental state is the same at time of encoding and time of recall

A

State dependency effect

96
Q

_______ - refers to the idea that memory retrieval is improved when the encoding context is the same as the retrieval context

A

Encoding specificity

97
Q

_____ - the uncommon ability that allows a person to recall with great accuracy and detail a vast number of personal events associated with specific dates

A

Hyperthymesia

98
Q

The sins of memory are composed by what two groups?

A

Sins of omission and sins of commission

99
Q

Sins of ___ is failure to bring something to mind

A

Omission

100
Q

Sins of _____ is the presence of unwanted or inaccurate memories

A

Commission

101
Q

_____ - loss of information from memory w a passage of time

A

transcience

102
Q

____ - problems w interference between attention and long-term memory

A

absentmindedness

103
Q

____ - failure to retrieve information in long term memory

A

blocking

104
Q

____ - continued (unwanted) automatic retrieval of memories (PTSD)

A

persistance

105
Q

_____ - memory is ascribed to wrong source

A

misattribution

106
Q

_____ - false recollection perhaps due to leading questions or others’ suggestions

A

suggestibility

107
Q

___ - influence of who we are on what we remember

A

bias

108
Q

____ memory is a person’s episodic memory of witnessing a committed crime or dramatic event

A

Eyewitness memory

109
Q

Yerke-dodson law is -

A

The inverted u shaped function that shows that memory is best at moderate levels of emotional arousal but poorer at low and high levels of arousal

110
Q

_________ - (aka tunnel memory) at high levels of emotional arousal, people tend to have better memories central and poorer memories for peripheral details

A

Memory narrowing

111
Q

What is the weapon focus effect?

A

The finding that memory for peripheral details of an event are poorer when they are salient, emotionally charged object (weapon) that is drawing attention and processing

112
Q

___-___ effect: finding that people are better at recognizing faces of their own race relative to the faces of other races

A

Other race effect

113
Q

_____ _____ seems to be linked w detrimental effects on memory

A

Physical exertion

114
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

Incorrectly claiming to remember information that was not part of some original experience

115
Q

____ ____ - failure to distinguish between a target person and another person encountered at a different time (mistaking waiter for robber)

A

Unconscious transfer

PSY 310 (3 decks)

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