Cognitive Psychology - Exam 1

Question 1

what is cognitive psychology?

Answer 1

the science of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

______ is a collection of mental processes and actives used in perception, remembering, solving problems, thinking, and understanding.

Answer 2

cognition

Question 3

what are the principal research areas of cognitive psychology?

Answer 3

attention, consciousness, memory, representation of knowledge, imagery, language, cognitive developmental, thinking and concept formation, cognitive neuroscience, sensation and perception, and pattern recognition

Question 4

what can cognitive psychology teach us?

Answer 4

implement results from research into laws for our safety and influences other areas in psychology

Question 5

true or false: most careers in cognitive psychology require a masters or doctoral degree

Answer 5

true

Question 6

where can cognitive psychologists find employment?

Answer 6

academic settings such as universities or nonacademic settings such as private sectors, government or private research, treatment centers, consulting

Question 7

_____ studies the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the psychological (mental phenomena)

Answer 7

psychophysics

Question 8

_____ establishes the basic elements of consciousness: sensation, feelings, and images

Answer 8

structuralism

Question 9

who was known as the ‘father of psychology’, was behind the first psychology lab in Germany, and concept of “Atoms of the Mind”

Answer 9

Wilhem Wundt

Question 10

who was known to popularize the concept of structuralism in the US and attempted to discover the basic elements (structures) of the human mind?

Answer 10

Edward Titchener

Question 11

______ is the concept behind the emphasis on mental processing rather than mental structure

Answer 11

functionalism

Question 12

who was behind the movement of functionalism - attempting to discover the functions of the human mind?

Answer 12

William James

Question 13

____ is the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained through conditioning without appeal towards mental conditions

Answer 13

behaviorism

Question 14

John B. Watson is known for methodological behaviorism which is what?

Answer 14

belief that private events (inside the the organism) are not possible, DENIED THE EXISTENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS

Question 15

B.F. Skinner is known for radical behaviorism which is what?

Answer 15

that private events could be studied and one day they would be necessary - BELIEVED IN CONSCIOUSNESS, JUST DID NOT HOW TO MEASURE IT

Question 16

who were the 2 individuals behind ‘experiments on memory’?

Answer 16

Ebbinghaus and Barlett

Question 17

what were Ebbinghau’s major discoveries on memory?

Answer 17

list size- longer list more repetition, savings - less repetitions needed 2nd time around, forgetting curve

Question 18

what were Barlett’s major discoveries on memory?

Answer 18

schema-concepts, reconstruction-what we tend to remember and tend to forget

Question 19

_____ ______ concept where we have the tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

Answer 19

Gestalt Psychology

Question 20

learning without responding, learning without reinforcement, cognitive maps, complex behaviors, and language: were all concepts that led to what?

Answer 20

failure of behaviorism

Question 21

what technological influences were used as a comparison of how human process information?

Answer 21

communication systems and computers

Question 22

failure of behaviorism, new tech, linguistics Noam Chomsky, Info Theory & Computer Metaphor, RAND conference(1958), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Symposium on Info Theory, MIT (1956) - all led to what?

Answer 22

cognitive revolution

Question 23

what are the key ideas behind the cognitive revolution?

Answer 23

we cannot study mental processes directly, but we must study them to understand behavior, so we’re gonna study mental processes indirectly since processes have visible consequences - like measuring reaction time

Question 24

cognitive psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, AI, linguistics, anthropology are all _______ ________ to understand the mind

Answer 24

interdisciplinary efforts

Question 25

the "computer metaphor" is used to model how we _____ ______

Answer 25

process information

Question 26

parallel distributed processing (PDP) models where the brain is the basis in order to understand complex cognitive functions

Answer 26

connectionism

Question 27

what is sensation?

Answer 27

sensation is receiving physical stimulation and encoding it into our nervous system

Question 28

what is perception?

Answer 28

perception is interpreting and understanding sensory information we take in

Question 29

what is bottom up processing?

Answer 29

bottom up processing is taking in information and then assembling and interpreting it

Question 30

what is top down processing?

Answer 30

top down processing is using models, ideas, and expectations, to interpret sensory memory

Question 31

what is the principle of proximity?

Answer 31

the tendency for objects that near one another to be grouped together

Question 32

what is the principle of similarity?

Answer 32

the tendency to group together objects because they are similar

Question 33

what is the principle of good continuation?

Answer 33

the tendency to perceive lines as flowing naturally, in a single direction

Question 34

principle where there is a tendency to fill the gaps to create a complete whole object

Answer 34

principle of closure

Question 35

principle where we have the tendency to group elements together if they are moving in the same direction or at the same speed

Answer 35

principle of common fate

Question 36

What is the principle of common region?

Answer 36

the tendency to group together elements that belong to a common designated area or region

Question 37

the principle where we have the tendency to group elements that occur at the same time

Answer 37

synchrony

Question 38

the principle where we have the tendency to group together elements if they are connected to other elements

Answer 38

element connectedness

Question 39

what is the figure-ground principle?

Answer 39

the tendency to segregate visual scenes into a background and a figure that appears to be superimposed against that background

Question 40

what is the global precedence effect?

Answer 40

principle with the tendency to perceive global features over local features

Question 41

idea that the state of our bodies affect our interpretation of the world

Answer 41

embodied perception

Question 42

what is consciousness?

Answer 42

the state of being aware of internal events and stimuli in the environment

Question 43

what is authorship processing and what is an example?

Answer 43

attributing events to the entities that are thought to have caused them, an example is the Quiji Board

Question 44

what is blindsight?

Answer 44

a condition where an individual is unable to see part of their field of vision but can often correctly respond to visual inputs

Question 45

____ ______ is a stimulus that is so weak or brief that although it is received by the senses, it cannot be perceived consciously

Answer 45

subliminal stimulus

Question 46

what is synesthesia?

Answer 46

synesthesia is a condition in which sensations from one modality produce conscious experience not only that modality but in another as well, multiple senses

Question 47

what are some examples of cross modal associations

Answer 47

warm color, sharp taste, bright sound

Question 48

what is the McGurk Effect?

Answer 48

a speech perception effect where visual information conflicts w auditory signals, changing speech we perceive

Question 49

what is it called when a visual cue is presented simultaneously as an auditory stimulus then you are led to believe they both originate from the same place

Answer 49

ventriloquist effect

Question 50

what is the rubber hand illusion?

Answer 50

the feeling of ownership of a rubber hand caused by the sight of brushing the fake hand at the same time than brushing the person's real hidden hand

Question 51

what is attention?

Answer 51

the concentration of mental effort on sensory or mental events

Question 52

what are the 3 features regarding attention?

Answer 52

attention has limited capacity, attention is flexible, and attention requires voluntary control

Question 53

___-______ _______ occurs before the focus of attention is brought to a stimulus

Answer 53

pre-attentive processing

Question 54

___-_____ _____ occurs after attention has been focused on a stimulus

Answer 54

post-attentive processing

Question 55

what is subtizing?

Answer 55

quicker than counting

Question 56

pop-out effect corresponds to ____-attentive processing

Answer 56

pre-attentive

Question 57

what is goal driven attention?

Answer 57

goal driven attention is when the individual has goals in minds and pays attention to things that service that goal

Question 58

what is spaced-based attention?

Answer 58

spaced-based attention is attention focused on a region of space

Question 59

the 'spotlight' metaphor pertains to ____-_____ attention

Answer 59

spaced-based attention

Question 60

what is feature/object - based attention?

Answer 60

type of attention that is focused on particular objects

Question 61

what is stimulus driven attention?

Answer 61

attention that is "grabbed" by some aspect of the visual scene or environment

Question 62

____ _____ tasks where participants have to report is a target stimulus is present or absent

Answer 62

visual search task

Question 63

what is the first step of the Feature Integration Theory?

Answer 63

basic perceptual features are registered quickly and efficiently (pre-attentive)

Question 64

what is the second step of Feature Integration Theory?

Answer 64

attention must be focused on each item (post-attentive)

Question 65

____ ____ is when target differs from distractors by a single, salient feature

Answer 65

feature search

Question 66

_____ _____ is when target differs from distractors by a combination of features that are individually present among distractors

Answer 66

conjunction search

Question 67

when feature is present it is __-attentive

Answer 67

pre-attentive

Question 68

when a feature is absent it is ___-attentive

Answer 68

post-attentive

Question 69

a moving object within stationary objects is ___-____

Answer 69

pre attentive

Question 70

a stationary object within moving objects is ___-___

Answer 70

post-attentive

Question 71

what is a guided search?

Answer 71

a search where an observer is looking for a target among distractors

Question 72

true or false: when searching for multiple targets you perform more poorly than when you search for a single target

Answer 72

true

Question 73

____ _____ is the period of time after the detection of a visual stimulus during which another stimulus cannot be detected

Answer 73

attentional blink

Question 74

_____ blindness is failure to notice an obvious but unexpected object, because attention is engaged in some other task

Answer 74

inattention blindness

Question 75

____ blindness is observers' inability to detect changes in scenes they are looking at

Answer 75

change blindness

Question 76

_____ attention is the ability to attend to one source of information while ignoring other ongoing stimuli around us

Answer 76

selective attention

Question 77

what does the 'early selection theories' say?

Answer 77

early selection theory says that we 'select' what information moves from perceptual processing stage to meaningful processing

Question 78

what does the 'late election theories' say?

Answer 78

late selection theory says that incoming information is picked up but only selected information emerges in conscious awareness

Question 79

____ theory states that level of perceptual load in a task determines the efficiency of selective attention

Answer 79

Load Theory

Question 80

divided attention can also be known as ?

Answer 80

multitasking

Question 81

what is divided attention?

Answer 81

the ability to pay attention to two tasks at once

Question 82

what is bottleneck approach?

Answer 82

the idea that there is only one path through which information can pass through one at a time

Question 83

_____ theory that says there is a limited capacity pool of attentional resources that is allocated to different tasks

Answer 83

capacity theory

Question 84

_____ processing is the ability to perform a task w little to no attention

Answer 84

automatic processing

Question 85

what are advantages of automatic processing

Answer 85

multitasking and tasks are able to be performed more quickly

Question 86

what are the disadvantaged of automatic processing

Answer 86

automatic processes tend to be hard to abort or modify, absent minded mistakes, and action slips

Question 87

____ ____ is an error in which someone performs some behavior or makes some response that is different from the behavior or response intended

Answer 87

action slips

Question 88

what is an in-group?

Answer 88

any group to which one belongs to or identifies with

Question 89

true or false: we are more likely to pay attention to individuals that belong to an out-group

Answer 89

false-more likely to say attention to individuals that belong to an in-group