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PSY 310 > Cognitive Psychology - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cognitive psychology?

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

______ is a collection of mental processes and actives used in perception, remembering, solving problems, thinking, and understanding.

A

cognition

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3
Q

what are the principal research areas of cognitive psychology?

A

attention, consciousness, memory, representation of knowledge, imagery, language, cognitive developmental, thinking and concept formation, cognitive neuroscience, sensation and perception, and pattern recognition

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4
Q

what can cognitive psychology teach us?

A

implement results from research into laws for our safety and influences other areas in psychology

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5
Q

true or false: most careers in cognitive psychology require a masters or doctoral degree

A

true

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6
Q

where can cognitive psychologists find employment?

A

academic settings such as universities or nonacademic settings such as private sectors, government or private research, treatment centers, consulting

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7
Q

_____ studies the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli and the psychological (mental phenomena)

A

psychophysics

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8
Q

_____ establishes the basic elements of consciousness: sensation, feelings, and images

A

structuralism

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9
Q

who was known as the ‘father of psychology’, was behind the first psychology lab in Germany, and concept of “Atoms of the Mind”

A

Wilhem Wundt

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10
Q

who was known to popularize the concept of structuralism in the US and attempted to discover the basic elements (structures) of the human mind?

A

Edward Titchener

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11
Q

______ is the concept behind the emphasis on mental processing rather than mental structure

A

functionalism

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12
Q

who was behind the movement of functionalism - attempting to discover the functions of the human mind?

A

William James

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13
Q

____ is the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained through conditioning without appeal towards mental conditions

A

behaviorism

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14
Q

John B. Watson is known for methodological behaviorism which is what?

A

belief that private events (inside the the organism) are not possible, DENIED THE EXISTENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS

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15
Q

B.F. Skinner is known for radical behaviorism which is what?

A

that private events could be studied and one day they would be necessary - BELIEVED IN CONSCIOUSNESS, JUST DID NOT HOW TO MEASURE IT

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16
Q

who were the 2 individuals behind ‘experiments on memory’?

A

Ebbinghaus and Barlett

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17
Q

what were Ebbinghau’s major discoveries on memory?

A

list size- longer list more repetition, savings - less repetitions needed 2nd time around, forgetting curve

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18
Q

what were Barlett’s major discoveries on memory?

A

schema-concepts, reconstruction-what we tend to remember and tend to forget

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19
Q

_____ ______ concept where we have the tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes

A

Gestalt Psychology

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20
Q

learning without responding, learning without reinforcement, cognitive maps, complex behaviors, and language: were all concepts that led to what?

A

failure of behaviorism

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21
Q

what technological influences were used as a comparison of how human process information?

A

communication systems and computers

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22
Q

failure of behaviorism, new tech, linguistics Noam Chomsky, Info Theory & Computer Metaphor, RAND conference(1958), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Symposium on Info Theory, MIT (1956) - all led to what?

A

cognitive revolution

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23
Q

what are the key ideas behind the cognitive revolution?

A

we cannot study mental processes directly, but we must study them to understand behavior, so we’re gonna study mental processes indirectly since processes have visible consequences - like measuring reaction time

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24
Q

cognitive psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, AI, linguistics, anthropology are all _______ ________ to understand the mind

A

interdisciplinary efforts

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25
Q

the “computer metaphor” is used to model how we _____ ______

A

process information

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26
Q

parallel distributed processing (PDP) models where the brain is the basis in order to understand complex cognitive functions

A

connectionism

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27
Q

what is sensation?

A

sensation is receiving physical stimulation and encoding it into our nervous system

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28
Q

what is perception?

A

perception is interpreting and understanding sensory information we take in

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29
Q

what is bottom up processing?

A

bottom up processing is taking in information and then assembling and interpreting it

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30
Q

what is top down processing?

A

top down processing is using models, ideas, and expectations, to interpret sensory memory

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31
Q

what is the principle of proximity?

A

the tendency for objects that near one another to be grouped together

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32
Q

what is the principle of similarity?

A

the tendency to group together objects because they are similar

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33
Q

what is the principle of good continuation?

A

the tendency to perceive lines as flowing naturally, in a single direction

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34
Q

principle where there is a tendency to fill the gaps to create a complete whole object

A

principle of closure

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35
Q

principle where we have the tendency to group elements together if they are moving in the same direction or at the same speed

A

principle of common fate

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36
Q

What is the principle of common region?

A

the tendency to group together elements that belong to a common designated area or region

37
Q

the principle where we have the tendency to group elements that occur at the same time

A

synchrony

38
Q

the principle where we have the tendency to group together elements if they are connected to other elements

A

element connectedness

39
Q

what is the figure-ground principle?

A

the tendency to segregate visual scenes into a background and a figure that appears to be superimposed against that background

40
Q

what is the global precedence effect?

A

principle with the tendency to perceive global features over local features

41
Q

idea that the state of our bodies affect our interpretation of the world

A

embodied perception

42
Q

what is consciousness?

A

the state of being aware of internal events and stimuli in the environment

43
Q

what is authorship processing and what is an example?

A

attributing events to the entities that are thought to have caused them, an example is the Quiji Board

44
Q

what is blindsight?

A

a condition where an individual is unable to see part of their field of vision but can often correctly respond to visual inputs

45
Q

____ ______ is a stimulus that is so weak or brief that although it is received by the senses, it cannot be perceived consciously

A

subliminal stimulus

46
Q

what is synesthesia?

A

synesthesia is a condition in which sensations from one modality produce conscious experience not only that modality but in another as well, multiple senses

47
Q

what are some examples of cross modal associations

A

warm color, sharp taste, bright sound

48
Q

what is the McGurk Effect?

A

a speech perception effect where visual information conflicts w auditory signals, changing speech we perceive

49
Q

what is it called when a visual cue is presented simultaneously as an auditory stimulus then you are led to believe they both originate from the same place

A

ventriloquist effect

50
Q

what is the rubber hand illusion?

A

the feeling of ownership of a rubber hand caused by the sight of brushing the fake hand at the same time than brushing the person’s real hidden hand

51
Q

what is attention?

A

the concentration of mental effort on sensory or mental events

52
Q

what are the 3 features regarding attention?

A

attention has limited capacity, attention is flexible, and attention requires voluntary control

53
Q

___-______ _______ occurs before the focus of attention is brought to a stimulus

A

pre-attentive processing

54
Q

___-_____ _____ occurs after attention has been focused on a stimulus

A

post-attentive processing

55
Q

what is subtizing?

A

quicker than counting

56
Q

pop-out effect corresponds to ____-attentive processing

A

pre-attentive

57
Q

what is goal driven attention?

A

goal driven attention is when the individual has goals in minds and pays attention to things that service that goal

58
Q

what is spaced-based attention?

A

spaced-based attention is attention focused on a region of space

59
Q

the ‘spotlight’ metaphor pertains to ____-_____ attention

A

spaced-based attention

60
Q

what is feature/object - based attention?

A

type of attention that is focused on particular objects

61
Q

what is stimulus driven attention?

A

attention that is “grabbed” by some aspect of the visual scene or environment

62
Q

____ _____ tasks where participants have to report is a target stimulus is present or absent

A

visual search task

63
Q

what is the first step of the Feature Integration Theory?

A

basic perceptual features are registered quickly and efficiently (pre-attentive)

64
Q

what is the second step of Feature Integration Theory?

A

attention must be focused on each item (post-attentive)

65
Q

____ ____ is when target differs from distractors by a single, salient feature

A

feature search

66
Q

_____ _____ is when target differs from distractors by a combination of features that are individually present among distractors

A

conjunction search

67
Q

when feature is present it is __-attentive

A

pre-attentive

68
Q

when a feature is absent it is ___-attentive

A

post-attentive

69
Q

a moving object within stationary objects is ___-____

A

pre attentive

70
Q

a stationary object within moving objects is ___-___

A

post-attentive

71
Q

what is a guided search?

A

a search where an observer is looking for a target among distractors

72
Q

true or false: when searching for multiple targets you perform more poorly than when you search for a single target

A

true

73
Q

____ _____ is the period of time after the detection of a visual stimulus during which another stimulus cannot be detected

A

attentional blink

74
Q

_____ blindness is failure to notice an obvious but unexpected object, because attention is engaged in some other task

A

inattention blindness

75
Q

____ blindness is observers’ inability to detect changes in scenes they are looking at

A

change blindness

76
Q

_____ attention is the ability to attend to one source of information while ignoring other ongoing stimuli around us

A

selective attention

77
Q

what does the ‘early selection theories’ say?

A

early selection theory says that we ‘select’ what information moves from perceptual processing stage to meaningful processing

78
Q

what does the ‘late election theories’ say?

A

late selection theory says that incoming information is picked up but only selected information emerges in conscious awareness

79
Q

____ theory states that level of perceptual load in a task determines the efficiency of selective attention

A

Load Theory

80
Q

divided attention can also be known as ?

A

multitasking

81
Q

what is divided attention?

A

the ability to pay attention to two tasks at once

82
Q

what is bottleneck approach?

A

the idea that there is only one path through which information can pass through one at a time

83
Q

_____ theory that says there is a limited capacity pool of attentional resources that is allocated to different tasks

A

capacity theory

84
Q

_____ processing is the ability to perform a task w little to no attention

A

automatic processing

85
Q

what are advantages of automatic processing

A

multitasking and tasks are able to be performed more quickly

86
Q

what are the disadvantaged of automatic processing

A

automatic processes tend to be hard to abort or modify, absent minded mistakes, and action slips

87
Q

____ ____ is an error in which someone performs some behavior or makes some response that is different from the behavior or response intended

A

action slips

88
Q

what is an in-group?

A

any group to which one belongs to or identifies with

89
Q

true or false: we are more likely to pay attention to individuals that belong to an out-group

A

false-more likely to say attention to individuals that belong to an in-group

PSY 310 (3 decks)

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