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Biochemistry > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Critical hormones that signal for glycogen breakdown are:

A

Epinephrine, glucagon

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2
Q

Acyl groups generated during metabolic processes involving carbohydrates and fatty acids are activated by attachment to ____

A

coenzyme A

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3
Q

The major sites of glycogen storage are:

A

liver and skeletal muscle

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4
Q

Large enzyme complex that links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions is____

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

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5
Q

The electron-transport chain and ATP synthase are effectively coupled. Which statement best describes how this occurs?
Through a series of conformational changes, ATP synthase generates ATP.
The electron-transport chain reoxidizes reduced cofactors.
ATP synthase utilizes oxidized cofactors.

A

The electron-transport chain generates an electrochemical gradient that provides energy for the production of ATP

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6
Q

The citric acid cycle runs only in the presence of oxygen, but no oxygen is required for the cycle. What is the link between Citric Acid Cycle and oxygen?

A

The citric acid cycle depends on steady supply of NAD+, which is generated from NADH by reaction with oxygen. Oxygen serves as a final electron acceptor.

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7
Q

Electron flow down the electron-transport chain leads to the ____

A

Transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane from inside the matrix to the intermembrane space

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8
Q

Where is the place for pyruvate decarboxylation in the cell?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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9
Q

The bonds connecting glucose residues in the glycogen molecule are

A

Mostly glucosidic alpha 1 –> 4 bond with some alpha 1 –> bonds at branching points

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10
Q

What would be the limiting factor for ATP production by glycolysis in strenuously exercising muscle that lacks lactate dehydrogenase?

A

The supply of NAD+

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11
Q

The degradation of an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid would be expected to yield how many NADH and FADH2 per fatty acid molecule?

A

8

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12
Q

What reactions of glycolysis are bypassed by the 4 steps of gluconeogenesis?
Reaction catalyzed by pyruvate carboxylase.
Reaction catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxikinase.
Reaction catalyzed by pryuvate kinase.
Reaction catalyzed by phosphofructokinase.
Reaction catalyzed by hexokinase.

A

Reaction catalyzed by pryuvate kinase.
Reaction catalyzed by phosphofructokinase.
Reaction catalyzed by hexokinase.

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13
Q

The molecule ____ stimulates lipolysis when level of blood glucose is low

A

glucagon

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14
Q

If skeletal muscles work to the point of fatigue, the muscle cells may not have sufficient oxygen to carry out aerobic respiration. What processes do muscle cells use if oxygen is not available?

A

Lactic acid fermentation
Glycolysis

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15
Q

Surplus amino acids are ____.

A

Used as metabolic fuel

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16
Q

What are the precursors of glucose? Select all that apply.
Fatty acids.
Glycerol.
Amino acids.
Lactate.
Acetyl CoA.

A

Glycerol
Amino acids
Lactate

17
Q

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate can be converted into

A

Pyruvate or glucose in the liver

18
Q

When glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, how many ATP molecules are made by oxidative phosphorylation relative to the maximum yield?

A

36 out of 30

19
Q

Select the statement that best describes the purpose of the urea cycle in the cells of land mammals.
To convert highly toxic free ammonia into less toxic urea.
To convert highly toxic urea into less toxic free ammonia.
To produce NADPH for fatty acid synthesis.
To produce fumarate for the citric acid cycle.

A

To convert highly toxic free ammonia into less toxic urea

20
Q

In aerobic organisms, this is the ultimate acceptor of electrons

A

O2

21
Q

Choose the statement that sums up reciprocal regulation of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis:
When glucose is abundant, glycolysis will be stopped.
When glucose is abundant, glycolysis will predominate.
When glucose is abundant, gluconeogenesis will predominate.
When glucose is scarce, glycolysis will predominate.
When glucose is abundant, glycogenolysis will predominate.

A

When glucose is abundant, glycolysis will predominate

22
Q

Almost all of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in breathing is converted to ____

A

Water

23
Q

Which of the following is not a component of the citric acid cycle?

A

Propionyl Co-A

24
Q

What type of bond is glycogen phosphorylase able to cleave?

A

Alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at a glycogen brunch

25
Q

What donates electrons to the ETC?

A

NADH and FADH2

26
Q

Triacylglycerols are stored in ____ cells in animals.

A

Adipose

27
Q

Which of the following is not true of glycolysis?
It requires an input of ATP to begin.
It produces NADH.
It is anaerobic.
It occurs in the cytoplasm.
It produces 4 net ATP.

A

It produces 4 net ATP

28
Q

Which of the following molecule(s) have a higher phosphoryl-transfer potential than ATP?
Glucose-6 phosphate.
Pyrophosphate (PPi).
Glycerol phosphate.
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG).
Creatine phosphate.
Phosphoenolypyruvate (PEP)

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG).
Creatine phosphate.
Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

29
Q

This is the product of the complete oxidation of carbon in the citric acid cycle

A

CO2

30
Q

What metal is present in ALL complexes of electron transport chain?

A

Iron

31
Q

Select the urea cycle reactions that occur in the mitochondria:
Ammonia + bicarbonate –> carbamoyl phosphate.
Citrulline + aspartate –> argininosuccinate.
Ornithine + carbamoyl phosphate –> citrulline.
Arginie –> urea + ornithine.
Argininosuccinate –> fumarate + arginine

A

Ornithine + carbamoyl phosphate –> citrulline.
Ammonia + bicarbonate –> carbamoyl phosphate

32
Q

The product found by the condensation of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA is ____.

A

Citrate

33
Q

What is the statement of chemiosmotic theory?

A

Energy needed to phosphorylate ADP is provided by the flow of protons down the electrochemical gradient.

34
Q

Which amino acid is the metabolite in the urea cycle, but is not used as a building block of proteins?

A

Ornithine

35
Q

During sustained exercise, the ATP/AMP ration in muscle cells decreases. What effect does this decreased ATP/AMP ratio have on the activity of glycolysis enzymes phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase?

A

The activity of both enzymes increases due to a lack of allosteric binding of ATP

36
Q

There are 3 major stages in the process of cellular respiration: stage one is [a], stage 2 is [b], and stage 3 is [c].

A

[a] acetyl-coA production
[b] acetyl-coA oxidation (Citric Acid Cycle)
[c] electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation

37
Q

Where does the final step in the generation of free glucose primarily take place?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells

Biochemistry (18 decks)

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