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bio 110 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

4 events of cell division

A
  1. Extra/internal signals initiate cell division
  2. Cells must have a full set of genetic info during DNA replication
  3. Each daughter cell receives a full copy of all chromosomes during DNA segregation
  4. Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm to form membranes)
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2
Q

Cell division signals- prokaryote v eukaryote

A

Prokaryotes- external factors tells cell to reproduce
Eukaryotes- division related to function of body

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3
Q

Chromosomes- prokaryotes v eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes- 1 main chromosome
Eukaryotes- multiple chromosomes

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4
Q

DNA segregation- prokaryotes v eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes- Cells move to one side
Eukaryotes- mitosis separates chromatids into 2 nuclei

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5
Q

Cytokinesis- prokaryotes v eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes- new cell wall materials are deposited
Eukaryotes- plant cells have cell wall and animal cells have no cell wall

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6
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

Interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis

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7
Q

What happens during interphase

A

The cell is doing its work; nucleus is visible

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8
Q

What are the subphases of interphase

A

G1, S phase, and G2

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9
Q

G1

A

Chromosomes are single

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10
Q

R-point

A

Initiation spot of cell division, committing to replication (r point= replication point)

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11
Q

S Phase

A

DNA replication

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12
Q

G2

A

Cell prepping for mitosis

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13
Q

M phase

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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14
Q

Cyclin- dependent kinases

A

DNA checkpoints to make sure there’s no damage

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15
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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16
Q

Homologous pair

A

Matching chromosomes made of each set (same length and shape)

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17
Q

Sister chromatid

A

Identical DNA, replicated chromosomes

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18
Q

Chromatin

A

Protein involved in replication and transcription

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19
Q

Cohesion

A

Protein that regulates separation of sisters; gone by the end of metaphase (keeps sisters together until they are able to separate)

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20
Q

Centromere

A

Region where sisters join

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21
Q

Histones

A

Packages and orders DNA

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22
Q

Spindle apparatus

A

Microtubules that help move the chromosomes

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23
Q

Centrosome

A

Poles where chromosomes go during separation

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24
Q

Prophase

A

Nucleus breaks down, sisters condense, spindles form

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25
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromatids line up in middle of cell

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26
Q

Prophase

A

Spindles pull sisters apart

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27
Q

Telophase

A

Membrane is reassembled around chromosmes

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28
Q

of parent- sexual v asexual

A

Sexual- 2
Asexual- 1

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29
Q

Gametes- sexual v asexual

A

Sexual- yes
Asexual- no

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30
Q

Fertilization- sexual v asexual

A

Sexual- yes
Asexual- no

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31
Q

of chromosomes- sexual v asexual

A

Sexual- 2
Asexual- 1

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32
Q

Type of cell division- sexual v asexual

A

Sexual- meiosis
Asexual- mitosis

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33
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Based on mitosis
Off-spring from a single parent
Genetically identical
Clones

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34
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Requires 2 parents to create genetically unique off-spring
Not identical

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35
Q

Fertilization

A

2 haploid gametes fuse to form diploid (zygote)

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36
Q

How many rounds of division are in meiosis v mitosis

A

Meiosis- 2 (46 chromosomes)
Mitosis-1 (23 chromosomes)

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37
Q

Difference in 2 rounds of meiosis

A

Round 1- homologous pairs separate
Round 2 sisters separate

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38
Q

How many gametes does meiosis produce

A

4 haploid gametes
Genetically unique daughter ccells

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39
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchanging of genetic info between 2 non-sister chromatids
Provides genetic diversity

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40
Q

Necrosis

A

Premature cell death
Cell swells and bursts
Mechanical means or toxins, starved of oxygen or nutrients

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41
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death
Cell may no longer be needed

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42
Q

Benign tumor

A

Reassemble the tissue they come from
Not cancerous

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43
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Does not resemble parent tissue
Cancerous
Can move and grow in other parts of the body

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44
Q

What are the 2 regulatory systems of cell division

A

Oncogene protein: gas petal, tells cells to grow
Tumor suppressors: brakes, stops cells from growing, not in cancer cells

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45
Q

Hereditary

A

Passing of characteristics genetically

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46
Q

2 hypothesis of breeding results

A

Blending inheritance: genes blend to zygote
Particulate inheritance: genes are distinct

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47
Q

Characteristic

A

Observable physical feature

48
Q

Trait

A

Form of character

49
Q

Gene

A

Unit of heredity

50
Q

Allele

A

Different version of genes

51
Q

Locus

A

Specfic place on chromosome

52
Q

Homozygous

A

Having identical alleles of a given gene

53
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different alleles of a given gene

54
Q

Genotype

A

Exact description of genetic makeup

55
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable properties
Relates to genotype

56
Q

Diploid

A

Having 2 copies of a gene

57
Q

Haploid

A

A single copy of each gene

58
Q

Mutation

A

Change in genetic makeup

59
Q

Wild-type

A

Allele that is in most people

60
Q

Recombinant

A

Chromosome in which genetic material comes from 2 individuals in the same haploid gene

61
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

Female- XX
male- XY

62
Q

Conjugation

A

How bacteria exchange genes

63
Q

Function of plasmids in bacteria

A

Metabolic function
Antibiotic resistant genes
Genes for reproduction
Exchanged during conjunction

64
Q

What is DNA made of

A

Deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

65
Q

What are the 4 bases

A

Purines: adenine and guanine (2 rings)
Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine (1 ring)

66
Q

What are the base pairs

A

Adenine and thymine
Cytosine and guanine

67
Q

Nucleotide backbone

A

Made from a phosphate and helps keep its shape

68
Q

4 key features of DNA structure

A
  1. Double helix
  2. Right-handed helix
  3. Anti parallel strands
  4. Major and minor groves
69
Q

Double helix

A

Phosphate backbone and bases in center

70
Q

What bonds are between the bases

A

Hydrogen bonds

71
Q

Why is double helix important to DNA

A

Variations in sequences account for differences between species

72
Q

Semiconservitive

A

How DNA is replicated; 1/2 of the molecule is from original DNA strand and other 1/2 is new

73
Q

3 steps in DNA replication

A
  1. Initiation: double helix is unwound
  2. Elongation: nucleotides form complementary bases with template
  3. Termination: DNA synthesis ends; 2 stands of DNA
74
Q

DNA helicase

A

Unwinds DNA double helix

75
Q

Single-stranded binding proteins

A

Binds to help keep 2 strands of DNA separate during replication

76
Q

DNA primase

A

RNA primer (starting point, complementary to DNA)

77
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Linking nucleotides together and removes primer

78
Q

DNA ligase

A

Connect Okazaki fragments to on another

79
Q

Where does DNA replication start

A

The origin of replication (ori)

80
Q

leading strand v lagging strand

A

Leading strand grows at 3’ end
Lagging strand has Okazaki fragments (fragments of nucleotides)

81
Q

Telomeres

A

Repeated DNA sequences at end of chromosomes
Prevents DNA repair system from recognizing end of chromosomes

82
Q

How does DNA change

A

DNA polymerase makes mistakes in assembling the nucleotide strands
chemicals, UV radiation and other threats

83
Q

Cells repair mechanisms

A

Proofreading: DNA polymerase makes sure bases match
Mismatch repair: new DNA is scanner for mismatching pairs
Excision repair: damaged nucleotides are removed and replaced with new ones

84
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A

Raid production of DNA to help with lab work

85
Q

One-gene, one polypeptide relationship

A

Each gene corresponds with one polypeptide

86
Q

2 steps of gene expression

A

Transcription and translation

87
Q

Transcription

A

DNA sequence being arranged differently for RNA to read

88
Q

Translation

A

RNA sequence being used to make polypeptide chains

89
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA (messenger RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

90
Q

How is RNA differnet from DNA

A

RNA uses uracil instead of thymine
RNA uses ribose instead of deoxyribose

91
Q

Components of transcription

A

1 DNA strand to use as template
4 ribonucleocide triphosphates (ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP)
RNA polymerase enzyme

92
Q

What do all RNA polymerase share

A

Catalyze the synthesis of RNA
Share common structure
Build in 5’ to 3’ direction
Don’t need a primer (DNA polymerase needs primer)

93
Q

Steps in RNA transcription

A
  1. Initiation: promoter initiates transcription
  2. Elongation: RNA polymerase reads DNA in 3’ to 5’ direction. Builds by adding nucleoside triphosphates in the 5’ to 3’ direction
  3. Termination: RNA polymerase reaches termination site, polymerase and RNA sequence is released
94
Q

Precursor mRNA

A

First transcript, needs to be modified

95
Q

Introns

A

Part of gene that’s transcribes, but sliced out

96
Q

Exon

A

Presented in mature RNA

97
Q

mRNA processing

A

Modifying transcript before leaving the nucleus

98
Q

5’ cap

A

Added on 5’ end to protect mRNA from being broken down

99
Q

Poly A tail

A

Added to 3’ end to allow mRNA recognition

100
Q

RNA splicing

A

Last step in mRNA processing where the introns are removed

101
Q

Genetic code

A

Specifies what amino acid will be used to build a protein
AAG (3 letters)
Universal

102
Q

Start codon

A

Initiation site for translation (AUG)

103
Q

Stop (nonsense) codon

A

Termination site (UAA, UAG, UGG)

104
Q

Sense codons

A

61 codons can “spell” 20 amino acids

105
Q

Functions of tRNA

A

Bind to particular amino acids
Bind to mRNA
Interacts with ribosomes

106
Q

What bond forms between amino acids

A

Polypeptide bond

107
Q

When is tRNA charged

A

When it is bonded to an amino acid

108
Q

What does the ribosome do

A

Holds mRNA and charged tRNA to allow polypeptide chain to form
Can make any type of protein, gets used over and over agin

109
Q

3 sites tRNA can bond to

A
  1. A site: charged tRNA anticodon bonds to mRNA codon
  2. P site: tRNA adds amino acids to polypeptide chain
  3. E site: uncharged tRNA is released into cytoplasm to be used over again
110
Q

Fidelity function

A

Hydrogen bonds between bases between mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon (double checking)

111
Q

3 steps of translation

A
  1. Initiation: charged tRNA bonds to start codon in
  2. Elongation: tRNA is A site, bond between tRNA and amino acid is broken and steps repeat (protein synthesis )
  3. Termination: when stop codon enters A site; everything is released including polypeptide chain and protein release factor
112
Q

Signal sequence

A

Added to polypeptide chain to show it where it goes

113
Q

Proteolysis

A

Polypeptide is cut by enzyme proteasase

114
Q

Glycoslyation

A

Glucose is adde to polypeptide chain to make glycoproteins

115
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Addition of phosphate groups to polypeptide chain

bio 110 (3 decks)

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