Chapters 1-2

Question 1

Biology

Answer 1

The scientific study of organisms, both living and after death

Question 2

What common features do all life on earth share (8 things)

Answer 2

-made up of chemicals
-made of cells
-use molecules to synthesize new ones
-extract energy from the earth to do work
-contain DNA
- respond to stimuli in the environment
-homeostasis
-exists in populations that evolve

Question 3

Major prokaryote groups

Answer 3

Bacteria and archaea

Question 4

Eukaryotes

Answer 4

Organisms with cells that have membrane enclosed organelles

Question 5

Why are nucleic acids critical for evolution

Answer 5

They direct protein synthesis

Question 6

What changed the planet and the nature of earth

Answer 6

Photosynthesis

Question 7

Why is photosynthesis so important

Answer 7

-transforms light energy to chemical energy that can do work
-basis of life; provides food for other organisms

Question 8

What is the byproduct of photosynthesis

Answer 8

Oxygen

Question 9

Why is oxygen important

Answer 9

-oxygen allows for aerobic metabolism (chemical reactions that uses O)
-allowed life to move on land

Question 10

Why are cells specialized

Answer 10

-allows for the division of labor (different cell types doing different work)
-allows for the hierarchy of bio. Organization

Question 11

What are the levels of biological organization

Answer 11

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organisms
Populations community, ecosystem, biosphere

Question 12

Why are nucleotide sequences so important

Answer 12

Nucleotide sequences gives the amino acid sequence and then determines the shape of the protein (form=function)

Question 13

How to write binomials

Answer 13

2 words, the first one is capitalized, the second word is typed in italics or underlined if written (genus and species)

Question 14

Why is it important to understand biology

Answer 14

Allows us to live healthy and productive lives
Ag and medical practices require a basic understanding of bio
Public policy, gov calls on biologists advise the gov
Ecosystem function

Question 15

What 6 elements make up 98% of tissues

Answer 15

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur (common feature of life)

Question 16

What is so special about carbon

Answer 16

-4 valence electrons
-can form 4 bonds
-bonds to itself
-forms strong bond when bonded to itself

Question 17

What does the valence shell do

Answer 17

Determines how atoms combines (chemical behavior)

Question 18

How do reactive atoms become less reactive

Answer 18

-sharing electrons with other atoms
-losing or gaining an electron
- both of these can form a chemical bond

Question 19

Covalent bond

Answer 19

Sharing of electrons

Question 20

Ionic attraction

Answer 20

Opposite charges being attracted

Question 21

Hydrogen bond

Answer 21

Attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom

Question 22

What is electro negativity and what causes it

Answer 22

-electronegativity is the unequal sharing of electrons (atom pulls shared electron towards itself)
-it depends on if its a positive charge, the distance between nucleus and valence shell electrons (closer=more electronegative.)

Question 23

What is the most electronegative element

Answer 23

Oxygen

Question 24

Difference between polar and non polar covalent bond

Answer 24

Polar= greater electronegativity (unequal sharing of electrons)
Nonpolar= electrons are shared evenly

Question 25

Difference between cation and anion

Answer 25

Cation: pos charged ion (cat has paws)
Anion: neg charged ion
Ion: electrically charged particle that forms when losing or gaining an electron

Question 26

Difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Answer 26

Hydrophilic is water loving and is able to dissolve in water
Hydrophobic is water hating and don’t dissolve in water

Question 27

What is a oxidation-reduction reaction (redox reaction)

Answer 27

Electrons being transferred between 2 molecules, electron acceptor becomes reduced and the electron donator becomes oxidized

Question 28

What are water’s special properties

Answer 28

-water can float when frozen
-temp stays consistent (large bodies of water)
-water has cohesive strength due to hydrogen bonds between molecules

Question 29

What is a solution, solute, and solvent

Answer 29

Solution: combo of solute and solvent
Solute: dissolved substance
Solvent: fluid that dissolves the substance

Question 30

Why is pH important to bio

Answer 30

-shapes molecules (reactions between FG)
-determines the speed of reaction rates