Chapters 3-6 Flashcards
What are the 4 classes of bio molecules
Why is carbon a strong framework for functional groups (6 things)
-4 valence electrons
-can bond with functional groups
-bonds are strong and stable
-can form different shapes
-doesn’t dissolve in water
-no size limit
What is the importance of functional groups
-They have specific chemical properties
-help determine the size of macromolecules and how they interact with other molecules
-has their own characteristics
-gives macromolecules shape, strength, names and classes they belong to
Condensation reaction
-produces water
-requires energy
-water is produced when covalent bond is formed
-happens in water and gives off water
Hydrolysis reaction
-remove water
-energy releasing
What is the most versatile macromolecule
Proteins
How many different amino acids are there
20
Structure of amino acid
-side chains (contains functional group, determines structure)
-n terminus (beginning of peptide chain)
-c terminus (end of polypeptide chain)
What bond links amino acids together
Peptide bonds/linkages
Polypeptide chain
Covalently linked amino acids
Protein structures
-primary structure: loops and coils between functional groups (covalent bond)
-secondary structure: coils or sheets (hydrogen bond)
-tertiary structure: bending, twisting, folding that results in 3D shapes (hydrogen bond)
-quaternary structure: 2+ polypeptide chains that form a larger molecule
What causes denaturation in a protein
-high temps
-pH changes
-high concentration of polar molecules
-nonpolar substances
Most abundant macromolecule
Carbohydrate
Biochemical role of carbs
-store energy
-transport stored energy
-carbon skeletons
-structure support
What bond Coventry bonds disaccharide and polysaccharides
Glycosidic linkage (condensation reaction)
Fatty acid chain
Nonpolar chain with a polar carboxyl group
Saturated fatty acid
Bonds between carbon are single bonds (animal fat)
Unsaturated fatty acid
2+ more bonds between chains (plants, liquid at room temp)
Phospholipids
Phosphate group replacing a fatty acid, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic rain
Ester linkages
Bonds between carboxyl’s and hydroxyls (lipids)
Nucleotide strucutre
Made up of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen containing base
What is a nucleic acid
A polymer made up of nucleotides and are used for storing and transmitting genetic info
Spontaneous generation
Forms of life arising from decaying matter. Proven false because life comes from other life
2 theories of how life arose
Chemical evolution: small molecules lead to life
Life came from outside Earth: meteorites
Cell theory
- cells are the fundamental units of life
-all organisms are made from 1+ cell
-all cells come from pre-existing cells
All cells have
-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-region of DNA
-ribosomes
Why is a cell so small
Cells have a surface area-to-volume ratio that increases cell productivity, and decides what kind of molecule is allowed to enter and leave
What are the two types of cells
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Prokaryote structures
Rigid cell wall, some swim with a flagella and mare made up of a cytoskeleton
What does the nucleus do
-contains the cell’s DNA
-site of replication
-has a nuclear envelope
What is a prokaryotic cell made up of
Nucleoid(region of dna), cell wall, ribosomes
What makes up the endomembrane system
rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria,
Structures found in plant cells
Plastids, chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts, vacuoles
2 types of microtubules
Cilia and flagella
3 compartments of cytoskeleton
-microfilaments: help the cell move
-intermediate filament: anchor the cell in place
-microtubules
Extracellular structures in plants and animals
Plants: cell wall, help with structure
Animals: extracellular matrix (collagen and gel like substance that holds cell in tissue)
What allowed cells to be more productive
Compartmentalization
Theory of endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and plastids arose when one cell engulfed another
Fluid mosaic model
Compartments care move freely and are made of discrete compartments
Main component of membranes
Phospholipids
What gives the membrane it’s functions
Proteins and lipids
Lipids are important for giving and receiving signals and cell recognition
Types of membrane protein
-integral: partly inside bilateral
-peripheral: hydrophobic, doesn’t penetrate bilayer
-anchored: covalently attached
How do cells arrange themselves
Recognizing and binding to another cell type
Cell adhesion strengthens their bond
Cell junctions
Tight junctions: quilted seal, directional movement of materials
Desmosomes: keep cells together under stress (muscle)
Gap junctions: allows for substances to pass in and out cell
Selective permeability
Membranes allowing some substances to move in and out cell and some can’t move through
