Chapters 3-6

Question 1

What are the 4 classes of bio molecules

Question 2

Why is carbon a strong framework for functional groups (6 things)

Answer 2

-4 valence electrons
-can bond with functional groups
-bonds are strong and stable
-can form different shapes
-doesn’t dissolve in water
-no size limit

Question 3

What is the importance of functional groups

Answer 3

-They have specific chemical properties
-help determine the size of macromolecules and how they interact with other molecules
-has their own characteristics
-gives macromolecules shape, strength, names and classes they belong to

Question 4

Condensation reaction

Answer 4

-produces water
-requires energy
-water is produced when covalent bond is formed
-happens in water and gives off water

Question 5

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 5

-remove water
-energy releasing

Question 6

What is the most versatile macromolecule

Answer 6

Proteins

Question 7

How many different amino acids are there

Answer 7

20

Question 8

Structure of amino acid

Answer 8

-side chains (contains functional group, determines structure)
-n terminus (beginning of peptide chain)
-c terminus (end of polypeptide chain)

Question 9

What bond links amino acids together

Answer 9

Peptide bonds/linkages

Question 10

Polypeptide chain

Answer 10

Covalently linked amino acids

Question 11

Protein structures

Answer 11

-primary structure: loops and coils between functional groups (covalent bond)
-secondary structure: coils or sheets (hydrogen bond)
-tertiary structure: bending, twisting, folding that results in 3D shapes (hydrogen bond)
-quaternary structure: 2+ polypeptide chains that form a larger molecule

Question 12

What causes denaturation in a protein

Answer 12

-high temps
-pH changes
-high concentration of polar molecules
-nonpolar substances

Question 13

Most abundant macromolecule

Answer 13

Carbohydrate

Question 14

Biochemical role of carbs

Answer 14

-store energy
-transport stored energy
-carbon skeletons
-structure support

Question 15

What bond Coventry bonds disaccharide and polysaccharides

Answer 15

Glycosidic linkage (condensation reaction)

Question 16

Fatty acid chain

Answer 16

Nonpolar chain with a polar carboxyl group

Question 17

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 17

Bonds between carbon are single bonds (animal fat)

Question 18

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 18

2+ more bonds between chains (plants, liquid at room temp)

Question 19

Phospholipids

Answer 19

Phosphate group replacing a fatty acid, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic rain

Question 20

Ester linkages

Answer 20

Bonds between carboxyl’s and hydroxyls (lipids)

Question 21

Nucleotide strucutre

Answer 21

Made up of a pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen containing base

Question 22

What is a nucleic acid

Answer 22

A polymer made up of nucleotides and are used for storing and transmitting genetic info

Question 23

Spontaneous generation

Answer 23

Forms of life arising from decaying matter. Proven false because life comes from other life

Question 24

2 theories of how life arose

Answer 24

Chemical evolution: small molecules lead to life
Life came from outside Earth: meteorites

Question 25

Cell theory

Answer 25

• cells are the fundamental units of life
  -all organisms are made from 1+ cell
  -all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 26

All cells have

Answer 26

-plasma membrane
-cytoplasm
-region of DNA
-ribosomes

Question 27

Why is a cell so small

Answer 27

Cells have a surface area-to-volume ratio that increases cell productivity, and decides what kind of molecule is allowed to enter and leave

Question 28

What are the two types of cells

Answer 28

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Question 29

Prokaryote structures

Answer 29

Rigid cell wall, some swim with a flagella and mare made up of a cytoskeleton

Question 30

What does the nucleus do

Answer 30

-contains the cell’s DNA
-site of replication
-has a nuclear envelope

Question 31

What is a prokaryotic cell made up of

Answer 31

Nucleoid(region of dna), cell wall, ribosomes

Question 32

What makes up the endomembrane system

Answer 32

rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria,

Question 33

Structures found in plant cells

Answer 33

Plastids, chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts, vacuoles

Question 34

2 types of microtubules

Answer 34

Cilia and flagella

Question 35

3 compartments of cytoskeleton

Answer 35

-microfilaments: help the cell move
-intermediate filament: anchor the cell in place
-microtubules

Question 36

Extracellular structures in plants and animals

Answer 36

Plants: cell wall, help with structure
Animals: extracellular matrix (collagen and gel like substance that holds cell in tissue)

Question 37

What allowed cells to be more productive

Answer 37

Compartmentalization

Question 38

Theory of endosymbiosis

Answer 38

Mitochondria and plastids arose when one cell engulfed another

Question 39

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 39

Compartments care move freely and are made of discrete compartments

Question 40

Main component of membranes

Answer 40

Phospholipids

Question 41

What gives the membrane it’s functions

Answer 41

Proteins and lipids
Lipids are important for giving and receiving signals and cell recognition

Question 42

Types of membrane protein

Answer 42

-integral: partly inside bilateral
-peripheral: hydrophobic, doesn’t penetrate bilayer
-anchored: covalently attached

Question 43

How do cells arrange themselves

Answer 43

Recognizing and binding to another cell type
Cell adhesion strengthens their bond

Question 44

Cell junctions

Answer 44

Tight junctions: quilted seal, directional movement of materials
Desmosomes: keep cells together under stress (muscle)
Gap junctions: allows for substances to pass in and out cell

Question 45

Selective permeability

Answer 45

Membranes allowing some substances to move in and out cell and some can’t move through