Exam 3 Flashcards
- multicellularity
- heterotrophism
- lack of cell walls
- specialized types of cell junctions and matrix molecules (synapomorphies)
- hox genes ( development)
characteristics of animals
what type of symmetry has a body axis that runs from mouth to base, but planes of symmetry around the axis and what animal is an example of that
radial symmetry
cnidaria
what type of symmetry displays a single plane of symmetry runs from mouth to tail and have a distinct front, back, top, bottom, right, and left
bilateral
crab
what is the concentration of sense organs at the “head end” and an anterior brain and what type of symmetry displays this
cephalization and bilateral symmetry
what is segmentation and who displays it
segmented body plans along the anterior and posterior axis
most prominent in anthropoids, annelids, and vertebrates
in diploblastic organisms such as cnidarians the ________ __________ and the ________ __________ layers give rise to the adult body
inner endoderm
outer ectoderm
in triploblastic organisms such as the frog a third germ tissue called the __________ differentiates along with the ______ and _______
mesoderm
ectoderm
endoderm
what is the difference in deuterostomes and protostomes and where are their CNS located
what the blastopore becomes
Deut = anus CNS on posterior
Prot= mouth CNS on anterior
what basic tissue type is a sheet of cells, forms coverings on body organs and act as barriers to selectively transport materials
epithelial
what type of basic tissue is loosely organized tissue with cells embedded in a matrix . matrix contains specific proteins and other molecules that give tissue its properties
connective
what type of basic tissue is contractual tissue
muscle tissue
what type of basic tissue is electrically active tissue that generate and transmits signals
nervous tissue
what epithelium Is 1 layer thickness of the cells and the cells sit on a tough basal lamina
simple epithelium
what epithelium are cells in several cells and the human epidermis is an example of this
stratified epithelium
epithelia tissue provides barrier between ________ and ________
outside and inside
cartilage is _______ tissue and the cells are embedded in a _______ matrix
connective
collagen
bone is ________ tissue with a _______ matrix
connective
mineralized
adipose is ________ tissue and the matrix is a _______
connective
liquid
blood is a ______ tissue
connective
_______ tissue contains fibers of actin and myosin that drive the contraction
muscle
cardiac muscle is ______ and contracts in _____ direction
striated
one
smooth muscle is not _________ and contracts in ______ directions
striated
all
nervous tissue is _______ active tissue that generates and transmits signals
electrically
________ are structures that carry out a discrete function, can be composed several tissues
organs
what keeps the internal environment of an organism actively maintained in a stable state and is maintained even if external environment varies
homeostasis
homeostasis is maintained by ______ ______ _______
negative feedback loops
_______ fossils are earliest multicellular animal and the body plans are __________ to modern animal groups
ediacaran
not similar
what is electrically wired with local chemical release at target cell and wired to target cells, fast acting, and usually immediate and short duration response
animal nervous system
what are the basic cell unite of the nervous system
neurons
3 types of nerve cell
sensory neurons
interneurons
motor neurons
what do dendrites do
bring info into neuron
what does an axon do
sends info away from cell body to target cell
mammalian inner ear contains a vestibular system that senses
motions if the head and its orientation
light sensing receptor ________: a G-protein coupled receptor
opsin
what are bound to the light sensitive pigment retinal
opsins
activated _______ activates a g-protein signal cascade
opsin
what are reduced in light
neurotransmitters
invertebrate _____ _____ shut ______ channels when excited leading to ________ which means less neurotransmitters are released
cone receptors
sodium
hyperpolarization
in the dark _____ are constantly being created
neurotransmitters
what are stimulated by chemicals in environment and are associated with smell and taste
chemoreceptors
what are stimulated by stretch of pressure and associated with touch, balance, and hearing
mechanoreceptors
what are stimulated by light and associated with vision
photoreceptors
what contains the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus
forebrain
what contains the midbrain (part of brainstem)
midbrain
what contains pong and medulla, and cerebellum
hindbrain
what system is the basic drives and emotions
limbic system
what muscle does the voluntary nervous system contain
skeletal
what muscle does the autonomic nervous system contain
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle and
secretory glands
what are composed of elongated cells called muscle fibers that are embedded in surrounding connective tissue
skeletal muscles
individual fibers have many _______ with striated appearance due to their regular molecular organization
myofibrils
the _______ is the unit of contraction
sacromere
_______ forms filimants containing many individual actin units which form the basic structure of the ______ ______
actin
thin filaments
________ froms the thick filaments and is also a _____ _____ that uses ATP energy to walk along actin filaments
myosin
motor protein
what allow graded contraction of a muscle
the frequency of twitches in a single motor unit and number of motor units activated in the muscle
what are the three types of skeletons
hydrostatic fluid skeleton
endoskeleton
rigid exoskeleton
humans and other vertebrates rely on __________ support in the disks of the vertebral columns
hydrostatic
what is a hydrostatic tissue that cushions joints and allows them to move smoothly
articular cartialge
initially future bone is formed from ______ and eventually the bone Strats to form where _______ ______ penetrate, causing cartilage to degenerate locally
cartilage
blood vessels
as cartilage is further transformed into bone, new ______ continues to be added at the _____ ________, causing the bone to grow in length
cartilage
growth plate
the biceps _______ to flex the ______ _______
biceps
elbow joint
the triceps ________ to _________ the elbow joint
shorten
extend
appendicular skeleton =
appendages
highly mobile ball and socket joints allow motion along ______ _____ ______
all three axes
hinge joints limit motion to _____ ______ ______
one primary axis
cells that lay down new mineral bone (calcium phosphate material
osteoblasts
what break down existing bone and remodel it which is an important role in calcium homeostasis
osteoblasts
where is blood cell production constantly happening
marrow cavity
very compact and hard bone
diaphysis
spongy strong bone
epiphysis
what is chemically based, hormones are secreted into body fluids
target cells are scattered throughout the body, of they have receptor the cell will respond
slower acting
response typically longer duration
endocrine system
endocrine and nervous system act together through ______________ cells
neurosecretory cells
where are neurosecretory cells
hypothalamus
steroid sex hormones
testosterone estradiol progesterone
steroid stress hormones
cortisol and aldosterone
what type pf hormones are hydrophobic, and diffuse into their target cells, where they bind a cytoplasmic or bucker receptor that allows them to act as transcription factors to alter the gene expression of a cell
steroid hormones
receptors for steroid hormones will
move to nucleus when bound to hormone
peptide hormones =
protein hormones
oxytocin and ADH are ______ _______ that are 9 amino acids long
peptide hormones
what are oxytocin and ADH released from
posterior pituitary gland
what hormones are big, hydrophilic and do not pass straight through the cell membrane
peptide hormones
what hormones are derived from amino acids, do not pass straight through cell membrane, and bind to surface receptors
amine hormones
what two hormones are involved in immediate stress response
norepinephrine and epinephrine
_____ and _____ hormones are hydrophilic and bind to cell membrane receptors activation ______ _____ pathways which change the ______ state or can affect _______ ______ of the target cell
peptide and amine
second messenger
metabolic
gene expression
endocrine cells can be organized into ______ glands or as scattered cells within other _______ or _______
discrete
organs or tissues
hypothalamus to
pituitary
sympathetic nervous system to
adrenal medulla
PTTH to
prothoracic gland (in insects)
major connect between nervous system and endocrine system
hypothalamus
neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus secrete hormones:
1. into bloodstream through the ________ _________
2. into the bloodstream to act directly in endocrine cells in the _______ __________
posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
the hypothalamus of the midbrain communicate the the _____ ____ located below
pituitary gland
what hormones does the PP release
ADH (kidney, peripheral blood vessels) and it helps blood pressure homeostasis
Oxytocin (uterus and mammary glands) stimulates contraction and lactation
_______ _______ responds to releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
what secreted tropic hormones that act directly on endocrine glands
anterior pituitary
tropic hormones
ACTH - adrenal cortex - cortisol production and release
Thyrotopin - thyroid - realizes thyroxin
LH and FSH - gonads- sex hormone release, gamete production/ maturation
______ _______ prodcuces _____ in response to tropic hormone of AP
adrenal cortex
glucocrtoids
what is the major glucocorticoid
cortisol - multiple tissues- stress response: reduces glucose use in many tissues, down regulates immune function
why are there so many steps in the release of some hormones
helps amplify the effect of the signal
at each step the ______ ____ is amplified so that a small amount of corticotropin releasing hormone leads to a large effect
hormonal signal
what limits hormonal response once desired endpoint in met
negative feedback
some hormones are involved in ______ _______ loops which the response triggers additional release of hormone and example
positive feedback
oxytocin
non tropic hormones of the AP
growth hormone - multiple tissues - body size
prolactin - mammary glands- stimulates milk productioj
adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids
aldosterone - kidney- sodium homeostasis, blood pressure, stimulate sodium reuptake in kidney
adrenal medulla secretes two hormones when stimulated by sympathetic nervous system
epinephrine and norepinephrine - multiple tissues- fight or flight arousal
pancreatic hormones that maintain glucose homeostasis
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
what controls glucose homeostasis: glucose uptake by cells, conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver, fat in adipose tissue
insulin
