Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
- multicellularity
- heterotrophism
- lack of cell walls
- specialized types of cell junctions and matrix molecules (synapomorphies)
- hox genes ( development)
A
characteristics of animals
2
Q
what type of symmetry has a body axis that runs from mouth to base, but planes of symmetry around the axis and what animal is an example of that
A
radial symmetry
cnidaria
3
Q
what type of symmetry displays a single plane of symmetry runs from mouth to tail and have a distinct front, back, top, bottom, right, and left
A
bilateral
crab
4
Q
what is the concentration of sense organs at the “head end” and an anterior brain and what type of symmetry displays this
A
cephalization and bilateral symmetry
5
Q
what is segmentation and who displays it
A
segmented body plans along the anterior and posterior axis
most prominent in anthropoids, annelids, and vertebrates
6
Q
in diploblastic organisms such as cnidarians the ________ __________ and the ________ __________ layers give rise to the adult body
A
inner endoderm
outer ectoderm
7
Q
in triploblastic organisms such as the frog a third germ tissue called the __________ differentiates along with the ______ and _______
A
mesoderm
ectoderm
endoderm
8
Q
what is the difference in deuterostomes and protostomes and where are their CNS located
A
what the blastopore becomes
Deut = anus CNS on posterior
Prot= mouth CNS on anterior
9
Q
what basic tissue type is a sheet of cells, forms coverings on body organs and act as barriers to selectively transport materials
A
epithelial
10
Q
what type of basic tissue is loosely organized tissue with cells embedded in a matrix . matrix contains specific proteins and other molecules that give tissue its properties
A
connective
11
Q
what type of basic tissue is contractual tissue
A
muscle tissue
12
Q
what type of basic tissue is electrically active tissue that generate and transmits signals
A
nervous tissue
13
Q
what epithelium Is 1 layer thickness of the cells and the cells sit on a tough basal lamina
A
simple epithelium
14
Q
what epithelium are cells in several cells and the human epidermis is an example of this
A
stratified epithelium
15
Q
epithelia tissue provides barrier between ________ and ________
A
outside and inside
16
Q
cartilage is _______ tissue and the cells are embedded in a _______ matrix
A
connective
collagen
17
Q
bone is ________ tissue with a _______ matrix
A
connective
mineralized
18
Q
adipose is ________ tissue and the matrix is a _______
A
connective
liquid
19
Q
blood is a ______ tissue
A
connective
20
Q
_______ tissue contains fibers of actin and myosin that drive the contraction
A
muscle
21
Q
cardiac muscle is ______ and contracts in _____ direction
A
striated
one
22
Q
smooth muscle is not _________ and contracts in ______ directions
A
striated
all
23
Q
nervous tissue is _______ active tissue that generates and transmits signals
A
electrically
24
Q
________ are structures that carry out a discrete function, can be composed several tissues
A
organs
25
what keeps the internal environment of an organism actively maintained in a stable state and is maintained even if external environment varies
homeostasis
26
homeostasis is maintained by ______ ______ _______
negative feedback loops
27
_______ fossils are earliest multicellular animal and the body plans are __________ to modern animal groups
ediacaran
not similar
28
what is electrically wired with local chemical release at target cell and wired to target cells, fast acting, and usually immediate and short duration response
animal nervous system
29
what are the basic cell unite of the nervous system
neurons
30
3 types of nerve cell
sensory neurons
interneurons
motor neurons
31
what do dendrites do
bring info into neuron
32
what does an axon do
sends info away from cell body to target cell
33
mammalian inner ear contains a vestibular system that senses
motions if the head and its orientation
34
light sensing receptor ________: a G-protein coupled receptor
opsin
35
what are bound to the light sensitive pigment retinal
opsins
36
activated _______ activates a g-protein signal cascade
opsin
37
what are reduced in light
neurotransmitters
38
invertebrate _____ _____ shut ______ channels when excited leading to ________ which means less neurotransmitters are released
cone receptors
sodium
hyperpolarization
39
in the dark _____ are constantly being created
neurotransmitters
40
what are stimulated by chemicals in environment and are associated with smell and taste
chemoreceptors
41
what are stimulated by stretch of pressure and associated with touch, balance, and hearing
mechanoreceptors
42
what are stimulated by light and associated with vision
photoreceptors
43
what contains the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus
forebrain
44
what contains the midbrain (part of brainstem)
midbrain
45
what contains pong and medulla, and cerebellum
hindbrain
46
what system is the basic drives and emotions
limbic system
47
what muscle does the voluntary nervous system contain
skeletal
48
what muscle does the autonomic nervous system contain
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle and
secretory glands
49
what are composed of elongated cells called muscle fibers that are embedded in surrounding connective tissue
skeletal muscles
50
individual fibers have many _______ with striated appearance due to their regular molecular organization
myofibrils
51
the _______ is the unit of contraction
sacromere
52
_______ forms filimants containing many individual actin units which form the basic structure of the ______ ______
actin
thin filaments
53
________ froms the thick filaments and is also a _____ _____ that uses ATP energy to walk along actin filaments
myosin
motor protein
54
what allow graded contraction of a muscle
the frequency of twitches in a single motor unit and number of motor units activated in the muscle
55
what are the three types of skeletons
hydrostatic fluid skeleton
endoskeleton
rigid exoskeleton
56
humans and other vertebrates rely on __________ support in the disks of the vertebral columns
hydrostatic
57
what is a hydrostatic tissue that cushions joints and allows them to move smoothly
articular cartialge
58
initially future bone is formed from ______ and eventually the bone Strats to form where _______ ______ penetrate, causing cartilage to degenerate locally
cartilage
blood vessels
59
as cartilage is further transformed into bone, new ______ continues to be added at the _____ ________, causing the bone to grow in length
cartilage
growth plate
60
the biceps _______ to flex the ______ _______
biceps
elbow joint
61
the triceps ________ to _________ the elbow joint
shorten
extend
62
appendicular skeleton =
appendages
63
highly mobile ball and socket joints allow motion along ______ _____ ______
all three axes
64
hinge joints limit motion to _____ ______ ______
one primary axis
65
cells that lay down new mineral bone (calcium phosphate material
osteoblasts
66
what break down existing bone and remodel it which is an important role in calcium homeostasis
osteoblasts
67
where is blood cell production constantly happening
marrow cavity
68
very compact and hard bone
diaphysis
69
spongy strong bone
epiphysis
70
what is chemically based, hormones are secreted into body fluids
target cells are scattered throughout the body, of they have receptor the cell will respond
slower acting
response typically longer duration
endocrine system
71
endocrine and nervous system act together through ______________ cells
neurosecretory cells
72
where are neurosecretory cells
hypothalamus
73
steroid sex hormones
testosterone estradiol progesterone
74
steroid stress hormones
cortisol and aldosterone
75
what type pf hormones are hydrophobic, and diffuse into their target cells, where they bind a cytoplasmic or bucker receptor that allows them to act as transcription factors to alter the gene expression of a cell
steroid hormones
76
receptors for steroid hormones will
move to nucleus when bound to hormone
77
peptide hormones =
protein hormones
78
oxytocin and ADH are ______ _______ that are 9 amino acids long
peptide hormones
79
what are oxytocin and ADH released from
posterior pituitary gland
80
what hormones are big, hydrophilic and do not pass straight through the cell membrane
peptide hormones
81
what hormones are derived from amino acids, do not pass straight through cell membrane, and bind to surface receptors
amine hormones
82
what two hormones are involved in immediate stress response
norepinephrine and epinephrine
83
_____ and _____ hormones are hydrophilic and bind to cell membrane receptors activation ______ _____ pathways which change the ______ state or can affect _______ ______ of the target cell
peptide and amine
second messenger
metabolic
gene expression
84
endocrine cells can be organized into ______ glands or as scattered cells within other _______ or _______
discrete
organs or tissues
85
hypothalamus to
pituitary
86
sympathetic nervous system to
adrenal medulla
87
PTTH to
prothoracic gland (in insects)
88
major connect between nervous system and endocrine system
hypothalamus
89
neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus secrete hormones:
1. into bloodstream through the ________ _________
2. into the bloodstream to act directly in endocrine cells in the _______ __________
posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
90
the hypothalamus of the midbrain communicate the the _____ ____ located below
pituitary gland
91
what hormones does the PP release
ADH (kidney, peripheral blood vessels) and it helps blood pressure homeostasis
Oxytocin (uterus and mammary glands) stimulates contraction and lactation
92
_______ _______ responds to releasing hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
93
what secreted tropic hormones that act directly on endocrine glands
anterior pituitary
94
tropic hormones
ACTH - adrenal cortex - cortisol production and release
Thyrotopin - thyroid - realizes thyroxin
LH and FSH - gonads- sex hormone release, gamete production/ maturation
95
______ _______ prodcuces _____ in response to tropic hormone of AP
adrenal cortex
glucocrtoids
96
what is the major glucocorticoid
cortisol - multiple tissues- stress response: reduces glucose use in many tissues, down regulates immune function
97
why are there so many steps in the release of some hormones
helps amplify the effect of the signal
98
at each step the ______ ____ is amplified so that a small amount of corticotropin releasing hormone leads to a large effect
hormonal signal
99
what limits hormonal response once desired endpoint in met
negative feedback
100
some hormones are involved in ______ _______ loops which the response triggers additional release of hormone and example
positive feedback
oxytocin
101
non tropic hormones of the AP
growth hormone - multiple tissues - body size
prolactin - mammary glands- stimulates milk productioj
102
adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids
aldosterone - kidney- sodium homeostasis, blood pressure, stimulate sodium reuptake in kidney
103
adrenal medulla secretes two hormones when stimulated by sympathetic nervous system
epinephrine and norepinephrine - multiple tissues- fight or flight arousal
104
pancreatic hormones that maintain glucose homeostasis
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
105
what controls glucose homeostasis: glucose uptake by cells, conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver, fat in adipose tissue
insulin
106
what controls glucose homeostasis: conversion of glycogen to glucose
glucagon
107
what slows digestion, inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
somastostatin
108
what type of pancreas cells decrease blood glucose levels, produce insulin in response to high glucose levels in body
beta cells
109
what type of pancreas cells increase blood glucose levels and produce glucagon to break down glycogen
alpha cells
110
thyroid and parathyroid hormones include those involved in ________ _______
calcium homeostasis
111
thyroid hormones
thyroxine - temp homeostasis and stimulates basal metabolic rate
calcitonin - calcium homeostasis: bone formation
112
parathyroid hormones
parathyroid hormone (PTH)- calcium homeostasis; bone break down, calcium reuptake by kidney and absorption by gut
113
PTH is secreted in response to
low Ca2+ levels
114
PTH simulates
Ca2+ reabsorption form bone = breakdown of bone by osteoclasts
Ca2+ reabsorption from kidney filtrate
Vitamin D mediated Ca3+ absorption from the gut
115
PTH secretion is inhibited by
high blood Ca2+
116
calcitonin secretion stimulated by
high blood Ca2+ levels
117
calitonin inhibits
Ca2+ reabsorption by bone and kidney and osteoclasts are inhibited from breaking down bone
118
responses to a stimulus can include both _____ and _______ components
neuronal and hormonal
shot term and long term
119
in what signaling do a cell signals neighboring cells by releasing a chemical, such as a growth factor THAT ACTS LOCALLY
paracrine signaling
120
species-specific odors with properties of hormones and can signal physiological state of an individual to other individuals of the same species
pheremones
121
how are materials in complex multicellular animals exchanges with the environment
diffusion
122
_______ _____ of either atmosphere or water into or through the respiratory organs
________ of gasses over the respiratory surface
typically linked to ______ ______ via a _______ system inside the animal
________ of O2 from the circulatory system into cells and _________ of CO2 out
bulk flow
diffusion
bulk flow circulatory
diffusion
diffusion
123
pO2 is atmosphere
in lungs
in cells
160mmHg at sea level
100mmHg
<40mmHg
124
pCO2 in atmosphere
in cells
o.2mmHg
45mmHG
125
what are these? large respiratory surface
a very short distance between respiratory surface and circulatory system
hemoglobin (O2 carrier in blood )
adaptations at the respiratory surface to maximize diffusion
126
fish breathe by bringing _______ in through the mouth and it passes through the ______ openings which is ____ ______
water
gill
bulk flow
127
blood flow to the gills is _____ in O2
poor
128
blood flow from the gills is ______ in O2
rich
129
air breathing comes with three major advantages
_______ ______ diffusion in air versus water
higher _____ content, lower ______ content in air
less dense: ______ _____ needed to ventilate the respiratory surface
faster gas
o2 co2
less work
130
blood flow to the lungs is ____ in o2
poor
131
blood flow from the lungs is _______ in o2
rich
132
high ______ and low _____ are detected by chemosensors in the medulla help control of breathing in mammals and _____ _____ detect low O2
co2
ph
carotid bodies
133
why is the bird respiratory system highly efficient
one way flow of air through lungs
134
what a parabronuhi
bird lungs where air change occurs
135
air flow to lungs in birds is ______ in o2
rich
136
air flow from lungs is ______ in o2
poor
137
ways respiratory exchange occurs in invertebrates
skin gills
gills
lungs
tracheal system
138
o2 carriers bind ________ and effectively _________ po2 in the tissue
o2
lower
139
circulatory system parts
pump
arteries
veins
capillaries
140
what is often a discrete heart
a pump
141
what vessel pumps blood away from heart
arteries
142
what vessel pumps blood towards the heart
veins
143
what vessel connects arteries and veins in closed systems
capillaries
144
blood flows through a vessel with muscular thickenings that act as a pump. blood empties into an open body cavity to supply the tissues with nutrients and is returned to the circulation
open circulation
145
blood flows through connected blood vessels, pumped by the muscular hearts. the blood flows through vessels to supply tissues with nutrients
closed circulation
146
flow away from heart, elastic walls, endothelium , elastic layer contains elastin, starchiness allows pressure to smooth out, arterioles lead to capillary bed
artery
147
flow towards heart, contain valves to prevent back flow, not stretchy, meet arterioles in capillary bed
veins
148
total _____ _______ area of capillaries results in ____ blood flow in the beds
cross-sectional
slow
149
right half of the heart drives this circuit
pulmonary circuit
150
left half of the heart drives this circuit
systemic circuit
151
what are advantages of the pulmonary and systemic circuits
no missing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
also maximizes pressure in systemic circuit
152
deoxygenated blood enter the right atrium from the inferior and superior vena cavae
first step
153
deoxygenated blood passes through the right AV valve and enters the right ventricle
second step
154
deoxygenated blood is pumped into pulmonary arteries through the pulmonary valve
third step
155
oxygenated blood returns from the lungs though the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
fourth step
156
oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle through the left AV valce
fifth step
157
oxygenated blood is pumped by the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the systemic circulation
sixth step
158
in ________ the atria contract, filling the ventricles with blood. what is closed and open
diastole
aortic and pulmonary valves are closed and the AV are open
159
in ________ the ventricles contract, pumping blood out of the heart. what is closed
systole
AV are closed and aortic and pulmonary valves are open
160
aorta mean pressure
95mmHG
161
pulmonary arteries mean pressure
14mmHg
162
why lower pressure in pulmonary circuit
prevent fluid leaking from capillaries into alveoli
163
control of cardiac function
sympathetic : _______ rate of SA firing
parasympathetic: __________ rate of SA firing
increased
decreased
164
circulatory system picks up ________ from the gut and takes it to other parts of the body
nutrients
165
animals eat for three reasons
1. acquire compounds that cane broken down to generate energy
2. acquire compounds that can build biomolecules
3. acquire essential nutrients they cannot make themselves
166
3 major nutrients provide both energy and carbon for biosynthesis
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
167
_______ is the major direct source of chemical energy and is used for three things
ATP
muscle contraction
active transport
biosynthetic reactions
168
what is the rate at which an animal consumes energy
metabolic rate
169
what is used first when exercising
stored glucose in muscles
170
energy in resting animals is used for
biosynthesis
maintenance of homeostasis
171
larger animals have an overall ________ resting metabolic rate but metabolic rate per unit mass is _______ for larger animals
higher
lower
172
what generate internal metabolic heat production to maintain a constant body temp
endotherms
173
what depend on environmental heat to maintain their internal body temp
ectotherms
174
at any given temp ________ have a higher metabolic rate than the same sized __________
endotherms
ectotherms
175
energy in food in excess of metabolic needs can be stored for later use as
fat in adipose tissue
glycogen in liver
and under fasting conditions these can be used to generate energy
176
what are organic compounds that animals require in small quantities that must be acquired through diet
vitamins
177
what are elements that are required for essential functions
essential minerals
178
macronutrients ex
na, k, ca
179
micronutrients ex
Fe, I
180
what type of feeding mass capture of very small food objects suspended in water
suspension feeding
181
what have a diverse array of teeth adapted for eating meat and plants
omnivores
182
what have large canines for gripping and killing prey
carnivores
183
what have premolars and molars for shearing and grinding leaves and stems
herbivores
184
what captures food, mechanically breaks it down and initiates enzymatic digestion
foregut
185
what is the major site of enzymatic digestion and food absorption
midgut
186
where foes reabsorption of water and minerals and waste elimination take place
hindgut
187
_________ from salivary glands Strats to break down starches
amylase
188
what is a connective tissue layer that contains blood vessels that transport material put of the gut
submucosa
189
what holds the gut together
mesentary
190
which layer of the digestive tract covers and protects the gut on the OUTSIDE
serosa
191
how many hours does it take to empty the stomach
4
192
the stomach is separated from the rest of the gut by esophageal and pyloric __________
sphincters
193
pepsin and HCl are secreted by
mucosal cells
194
muscle layers churn contents to form
chyme (partially digested food material)
195
what hormone controls the release of digestive enzymes
gastrine
196
what is the major site of digestion
duodenum
197
what are secreted by the pancreas and break down lipids
lipases
198
what is secreted by the pancreas and breaks down proteins
tripsin
199
bile is secreted in the duodenum by the
gall bladder
200
what is secreted in response to chyme entering duodenum and stimulates release of bile and pancreatic enzymes
CCK
201
many digestive enzymes are secreted as inactive precursors that are activated in the gut which prevent
self digestion
202
trypsin becomes activated in gut when with
trypsinogen
203
what is secreted by the pancreas and breaks down carbohydrates
pancreatic amylase
204
what is the major site of nutrient absorption
ileum and jejunum
205
mucosa is __________ folded making huge absorptive surface
highly folded
206
nutrients are passed through the ________ to blood vessels in the ___________
mucosa
submucosa
207
what is the major sight of carbohydrate storage
liver
208
lipids do not go into blood stream instead of
lymphatic system
209
fatty acids and glycerols diffuse _________ across the epithelial cell membrane
directly
210
what is glucose using in the intestine to go from lower to higher concentration
sodium ions
211
what does microbiota do in the gut
breakdown indigestible foodstuff
production of essential nutrients
212
__________ stomachs have modified fermentation chambers that support symbiotic microbiota
ruminant
213
___________ fermenters have enlarged cecum that support symbiotic microbiota
hindgut
214
solute permeability is controlled through channels
passive channels
pumps(actively transporting the solute)
215
water permeability can be increased through type of channel known as an
aquaporin
216
what are the three steps in urine formation
filtration
reabsorbtion
secretion
217
_______ of the blood is when fluids and smaller dissolved solutes enter tubule of kidney
filtration
218
what removes useful solutes form the filtrate and returns them to the blood
reabsorbtion
219
what adds solutes to the filtrate
secretion
220
what is the kidneys filtration unit
glomerulus
221
blood is filtered under pressure through a _________ barrier into the extracellular space formed by _________ capsule
filtration
bowmans
222
what reabsorbs most of filtrate and does not change overall osmolarity
proximal covulated tubule
223
where does the reabsorption of Na and Cl continue, secretion of K, water is differentially reabsorbed
distal convoluted tubule
224
what generates a solute concentration gradient in the tissues of the renal medulla
loop of henle
225
descending limp is permeable to ________ but not _______
water but not salt
226
ascending limb is impermeable to _________ but actively transports ________
water
salt
227
longer loops of henley can
set up greater maximum osmolarity ar the bottom of the loop with resulting ability to make more concentrated urine
228
how does a drop in blood pressure affect kidney function
it would cause a decrease in filtration rate
229
what is released in response to low blood pressure in glomerulus
renin
230
what is activated by renin
angiotensin
231
what is released in response to angiotensin
aldosterone
232
ADH _________ the permeability of the collecting ducts to water
increases
233
in the absence of ADH the collecting duct is _________ permeable to water
less
234
what is released in response to high blood pressure by the atria and it is the reverse of aldosterone
atrial patriotic peptide
235
animals are ________ from time fertilization occurs and to adult
diploid
236
all cell division is _______ except germ cells use ________
mitosis
meiosis
237
what are set aside in embryogenesis end used to create next generation of gametes
germ cells
238
what reproductive strategy uses a lot of parental energy
k strategy
239
what reproductive strategy uses little parental energy
r strategy
240
what is is called when direct transfer of nutrients via placenta and well provisioned amniotic eggs
parental provisioning
241
what is swimming pool for an embryo called
amnion
242
what is it called when leave food in nest for young, parents bring food to young, lactation mammals
postnatal provisioning
243
what is the sex steroid hormone for men
testosterone
244
what is the sex steroid hormones for women
estradiol and progesterone
245
what maintains uterine endometrium in appropriate condition for pregnancy
progesterone
246
what develops female secondary sexual characteristic at puberty
estrogen
247
what is FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
248
what is LH
luteinizing hormone
249
how many oocytes are made at fetal development
20,000
250
what is the source of progesterone during pregnancy
corpus luteum
251
what does LH surge cause
ovulation
252
what do follicle cells secrete
estradiol
253
what is the track that sperm passes through called
vas deferens
254
where does spermatogenesis occur
testes
255
what contain enzymes to help sperm get. through the membrane of the egg
acrosome
256
what is cleavage
early cell division
257
what acts on corpus lieudium when progesterone levels are high
hCG
258
the inner cell mass differentiates into 2 layers
epiblast
hypoblast
259
during gastrulation the _______ will become the embryo itself while the _________ and other tissue become extra embryonic membranes
epiblast
hypoblast
260
what embryo does not stay flat/ rolls up and pulls up
trilaminar embry
261
top/ outside germ layer
ectoderm
262
bottom/inside germ ;ayer
endoderm
263
middle germ layer
mesoderm
