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Biology 2150 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what eukaryote superkingdom - a single flagella at the end of the organism

A

opisthokonts

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2
Q

what percent of known eukaryotic species are opisthotonos

A

75%

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3
Q

what super kingdom = chloroplasts surrounded by 2 membranes

A

archeoplastids

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4
Q

what group of eukaryotes are the 2nd most conspicuous and diverse group of eukaryotes

A

archeoplastids

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5
Q

what super kingdom is characterized by ameboid movement

A

amoebozoans

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6
Q

_______ _______ have 300,000 described species and dominate eukaryotic biomass on the planet

A

land plants

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7
Q

what super kingdom = small vesicles

A

alveolates

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8
Q

what are the advantages of a multicellular organism

A

larger organisms
cooperation between cells

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9
Q

what is the MOST important advantage of multicellular organisms

A

the ability of cell within the organism to specialize

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10
Q

no specialized cell types
adhesion between adjacent cells present
minimal communication and sharing of resources between cells
every cell in contact with the external environment

A

simple muticellulartiy

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11
Q

many specialized cell types
tissue and organ differentiation
a small subset of cells contribute to reproduction
highly developed mechanisms for adhesion between cells
specialized structures for cell communication
presence of both interior and exterior cells

A

complex multicellularity

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12
Q

red blood cells ______ oxygen

A

absorb

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13
Q

skeletal muscle cells allow _______ ________

A

muscle movement

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14
Q

neurons _______ info

A

communicate

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15
Q

intestinal epithelial cell are designed for ___________

A

absorbtion

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16
Q

what biological issues need to be solved for multicellular organisms to have evolved
- cells need to ________ to each other
- cells need to _________ with each other
- cells need to ________ with each other
- have a genetic program guide to growth and development of ____________

A

adhere
communicate
cooperate
differential cell types

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17
Q

what proteins are used in cell adhesion in a desmosome

A

cadherin proteins

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18
Q

what proteins are used in cell adhesion in a hemidesmosome

A

integrin

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19
Q

example of an animal cell-cell adhesive protein

A

cadherins

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20
Q

example of a animal cell-matrix adhesive protein

A

integrins

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21
Q

what cell adhesive protein is used in PLANTS and it allows plant cell walls to adhere to other plant cell walls

A

pectin

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22
Q

what cell releases the signaling molecules

A

signaling cell

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23
Q

what cell has receptor proteins that bind to the signaling molecule

A

responding cell

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24
Q

molecules in cells environment _____ - ______ - activated _______ - signal transduction _________

A

ligand
receptor
receptor
cascade

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25
Q

acetylcholine binding opens ______ channels allowing ____ to flow into the muscle cell

A

ion
Na+

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26
Q

what are intercellular connections made up of a ring of proteins and allow for fast communication ( animals)

A

gap junction

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27
Q

what are intercellular connection lined but extensions of the cell membrane that also contain a tubule connection the end-membrane systems of neighboring cells ( plants

A

plasmodesmata

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28
Q

how do molecules move within a cell
-_______ is a primary mechanism
- observed as a net movement of molecules from ________________

A

diffusion
regions of high to low concentration

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29
Q

random movement of molecules with net movement from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration of molecules

A

diffusion

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30
Q

prokaryotic cells essentially depend entirely on _______

A

diffusion

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31
Q

eukaryotic cells have properties that assist in the process of getting ______

A

oxygen

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32
Q

what are circumventing limits imposed but diffusion in multicellular organisms

A

location of cells relative to surface exposed environment

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33
Q

movement of molecules through organisms due to pressure differences

A

bulk flow

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34
Q

the circulatory system transports ______ and ______ to tissues and ________ and other _________ away from tissues

A

oxygen and nutrients
carbon dioxide and other wastes

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35
Q

vascular tissues (xylem) transport _____ and ______ upward from the soil to leaves, where photosynthesis takes place

A

water and nutrients

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36
Q

other vascular tissues (the phloem) transport ______ downward from leaves to other parts of the plant

A

sugars

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37
Q

plant cells _______ develop and _______ in the place they are born

A

develop and differentiate

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38
Q

specailaizd groups of _______ ____ ______ are located in the tips of the growing roots and shoots

A

undifferentiated stem cells (meristems)

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39
Q

animal development involves the ________ ______ ______ to from the body as the embryo develops

A

coordinated movement of cells

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40
Q

the early movement of cell from the “tube within a tube: shape of all bilateral groups

A

gastrulation

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41
Q

complex multicellularity spread through the oceans only as the ______ content of the atmosphere and oceans increased

A

oxygen

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42
Q

complex multicellular organisms radiated on lad later, as one line of __________ adapted photosynthesis on land

A

green algae

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43
Q

complex multicellular land plants originated about _______ million years ago, well after marine animals and algae

A

465

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44
Q

by _______ years ago plants had evolved specialized tissues for _________ of _____ and ______ and spread across the continents

A

400
bulk flow
water and nutrients

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45
Q

leaves are used for

A

carbon and energy uptake (photosynthesis)

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46
Q

roots are used for

A

water and nutrient uptake

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47
Q

what are the 3 major tissues of the leaf

A

epidermis, mesophyll, and veins

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48
Q

when open stomata allow ____ into the leaf they also allow _____ out via ______

A

CO2
water vapor out via transpiration

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49
Q

mesophyll cells near the upper surface of the leaf have a _______ arrangement that ______ light interception

A

columnar
maximizes

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50
Q

mesophyll cells close to the stomata have a ___________ like arrangement to allow _____ to spread easily throughout the leaf

A

honeycomb
CO2

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51
Q

plants need to allow ______ to enter the leaf but also to regulate the amount of __________ exiting the leaf

A

CO2
water vapor

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52
Q

the ________ difference driving the diffusion of ________ into the leaf is typically ______ times smaller than the concentration difference driving the diffusion of water vapor out of the leaf

A

concentration
CO2
100

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53
Q

what type of cell has hydromechanical valves, based on concentration of solutes in guard cell cytoplasm, default state is closed, open required energy

A

guard cell

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54
Q

plants _______ open stomata to let in _________ and let out ________

A

MUST
CO2
O2

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55
Q

what type of plant has the limitation of photorespiration and lives in a cool mouse habitat

A

C3

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56
Q

what type of plant has the limitation of ATP cost, light reactions and carbon reactions occur in separate cells

A

C4

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57
Q

what type of plant has the limitation of reduced carbon availability, CO2 is absorbed at night, light reactions and carbon reaction occur during the day

A

CAM

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58
Q
  • what support the leaves
  • contain vascular tissue for transport of materials between roots and leaves
A

stems

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59
Q

water and dissolved solutes (nutrients) from roots to the leaves (shoots)

A

xylem

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60
Q

sugars from source to “sink”
SOURCE TO SINK

A

phloem

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61
Q

what are dead at maturity and reinforced with lignin

A

xylem

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62
Q

tracheids

A

unicellular

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63
Q

vessel elements

A

multicellular

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64
Q

________ suck water upwards like a long straw

A

leaves

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65
Q

_________ of water is essential property that allows xylem transport

A

cohesion

66
Q

continuous column of water from water surrounding roots to water ___________ from leaves

A

transpiring

67
Q

water _______ from leaf
pulls on ______ in cells
pulls on water in ______
pulls water in from the ______ and surrounding ______

A

transpires
water
xylem
roots and surrounding soil

68
Q

the ________ of water from leaves causes water to flow from the soil

A

evaporation

69
Q

_________ _________ that form between water molecules allow water to be pulled through the xylem

A

hydrogen bonds

70
Q

the forces that develop in leaves must be _______ enough to overcome the ______ forces in the soil

A

large
capillary

71
Q

what are some risks to xylem transport

A

collapse - ligning resists
cavitation - air bubble disrupts continuity of column

72
Q

what transports sugar rich sap from source to sink as well as other organic molecules including hormones

A

phloem

73
Q

composed of living cells, the sieve elements

A

sieve tubes

74
Q

movement in phloem is generated by

A

loading of solutes at source and unloading of solutes at sink

75
Q

______ _______ between source and sink drives the movement of phloem sap

A

pressure difference

76
Q

movement in xylem is generated by

A

cohesion and transpiration

77
Q

pwhat does phloem transport for photosynthesis

A

sugar

78
Q

what does xylem transport for photosynthesis

A

wate

79
Q

what anchors plants to the substrate, absorbs water and nutrients form the soil, interacts with symbiotic fungi and bacteria in the “rhizosphere”

A

roots

80
Q

branching, root hairs =

A

large surface area in contact with soil

81
Q

water and dissolved mineral in soil enter through the roots

A

epidermis

82
Q

what regulate entry of water and mineral into the vascular tissue

A

endodermis

83
Q

water travels _____ and ______ cells and _______ ______ are carried in water

A

thought and between
dissolved mineral ions

84
Q

what blocks the entrance to endodermis

A

casparian strip

85
Q

water must go through _______ cells

A

endodermal

86
Q

plant gets enhanced nutrient uptake and fungi gets sugars

A

symbioses between plant and fungi

87
Q

root nodules =

A

bacterial symbiosis

88
Q

plant gets enhances nitrogen uptake and bacteria gets sugars

A

nitrogen fixing bacteria

89
Q

bryophytes

A

spore dispersing

90
Q

in land plants both ______ and _______ phases of alternation of generations are multicellular

A

haploid and diploid

91
Q

there are alternating multicellular haploid and diploid generations

A

alternation of generations

92
Q

the haploid generation is a _______

A

gametophyte (plant that produced gamete)

93
Q

the diploid generation is the _________

A

sporophyte (produces a spore)

94
Q

coat material that protects the spores, resists desiccation , resists UV, allows spores to disperse through air and gives life advantages

A

sporopollenin

95
Q

spore dispersing vascular plants

A

lycophytes and ferns and horsetails

96
Q

bryophytes

A

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

97
Q

seed plants

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms

98
Q

when spores germinate they release the _________ generation

A

gametophyte

99
Q

__________ generation is dominant generation in vascular plants

A

sporophyte

100
Q

vascular tissues allow the sporophyte generation to grow tall and become _______ _________ of the gametophyte

A

physiologically independent

101
Q

physically and physiologically dependent on sporophyte

A

gametophyte

102
Q

physically and pysicologically dependent on gametophyte

A

sporophyte

103
Q

in SEED producing plants
- fertilization is _______ of water
- seeds ____ _____ from the parent plant
- gametophyte is ____________________ dependent on the sporophyte

A

independent
disperse away
reduced to a few cells

104
Q

gymnosperm =

A

naked seed

105
Q

protect the flower as it develops

A

sepals

106
Q

serve to attract pollinators

A

petals

107
Q

produce pollen (male structure)

A

stamens

108
Q

produce ovules (female structure)

A

carpels

109
Q

the _________ female gametophyte develops within the very of the carpel

A

angiosperm

110
Q

the seed coat is the remnants of the _______

A

ovulue

111
Q

ripened ovary of a flower together with any associated accessory parts

A

fruit

112
Q

what give rise to all other cells in plants, stem cell populations found in plants

A

meristems

113
Q

shoot growth occurs from the ______ ________

A

apical meristem

114
Q

shoots remade up of repeating units of _______ and _______; one or more leaves are attached to each node

A

node and internodes

115
Q

stem elongation occurs in _________

A

internodes

116
Q

what kind of buds can form branches

A

axillary

117
Q

what produces secondary xylem toward the center of the stem
produces secondary phloem towards the outside
a cork cambium maintains a protective outer layer

A

formation of a continuous vascular cambium

118
Q

wide growth rings correlate with years with favorable conditions in these years
narrow growth rings indicate years with more stressful conditions

A

wood

119
Q

what provide both mechanical support and water transport and limits water flow and ultimate strength in gymnosperm wood

A

tracheids

120
Q

in angiosperm wood what provide mechanical support and what are specialized for water transport

A

fibers
vessels

121
Q

what produces the outer layer of the bark

A

cork cambium

122
Q

what allow O2 to diffuse into the cells of the stem

A

lenticles

123
Q

an organism classified as an animal could be which of the following

A

a chemoherterotroph

124
Q

stomata begin to open when K+

A

becomes concentrated, water enters guard cells, and the cells become turgid

125
Q

within vascular plants, the large, prominent plant is the ______; in bryophytes it is the _________

A

sporophyte
gametophyte

126
Q

the ________ contribute the most calories to the human diet

A

grasses

127
Q

angiosperms that have only one embryonic seed leaf are called

A

monocots

128
Q

the nutritious flesh of many fruits has the function of

A

attracting seed dispersers

129
Q

the extension of the pollen tube to the ovule is classes

A

pollination

130
Q

in angiosperms, a ________ in contained in the anthers or ovaries, and the ________ consists of the rest of the plant

A

gametophyte
sporophyte

131
Q

where on a neuron would you expect to find myelin

A

along the axon

132
Q

the initial depolarization associated with the action potential os the consequence of the opening of _________________________ at the axon hillcock

A

voltage gated sodium channels

133
Q

the reproductive structures found on the underside of a fern leaf are best described as:

A

sporangia

134
Q

double fertilization in angiosperms results in

A

the production of a diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm

135
Q

what is the basic functional unit of a nervous system

A

neuron

136
Q

what are holes in the cell wall through which the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells are connected

A

plasmodesmata

137
Q

is algae a opisthotonos

A

algae

138
Q

terrestrial plants must maintain a balance between the need for CO2 and the need to avoid desiccation. one response to these conflicting forces is that

A

guard cells shrink from water loss, causing stomata to open

139
Q

the dendrite is most closely associated with

A

receiving information

140
Q

chloroplasts are thought to have evolved

A

cyanobacteria

141
Q

the process of nitrogen fixation is the

A

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia

142
Q

water is transported from the soil to the leaves in the

A

xylem

143
Q

what happens during axon depolarization

A

sodium ions flow into the axon

144
Q

the role of an interneuron is to:

A

relay information from sensory to motor neurons

145
Q

undifferentiated cells of plants are most likely to be present in which of the following tissues

A

shoot tips (meristems)

146
Q

land plants evolved from which of the groups

A

green algae

147
Q

which ion is present at higher concentration inside than outside a neuron at rest

A

potassium

148
Q

the signal “rest and digest” comes from the

A

parasympathetic nervous system

149
Q

which brain region is associated with language in humans

A

temporal lobe

150
Q

vascular plants can grow quite tall compared with non-vascular plants, because unlike the non-vascular plants they

A

can grow on land

151
Q

the dominant generation in land plants is

A

diploid spore producing sporophytes

152
Q

tracheas and vessel elements

A

are dead cells that make up the xylem

153
Q

meristems are

A

groups of cells that give rise to all other cell types in the plants

154
Q

the fruit generally develops from which part of the flower

A

ovary

155
Q

when photoreceptors in the vertebrae of the eye are activated, they cause Na+ channels in the cell membrane to close the result is

A

hyper polarization of the cell membrane

156
Q

what is the physiological basis for the auditors systems ability to distinguish different sound frequencies

A

different section of the basilar membrane respond differently

157
Q

what feature is a synapomorphy of the animals

A

specialized cell junctions

158
Q

what group does not have a free living gametophyte generation

A

gymno and angio sperms

159
Q

the two major groups of angiosperms are the monocots and edicts these pants differ in the number of

A

embryonic cotyledons or seed leaves

160
Q

plants with active mycorrihizahe

A

benefit nutritionally from this arrangment and display enhanced absorption of water and minerals

Biology 2150 (3 decks)

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