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Biology 2150 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are characteristics of life

A

ability to adapt and change to environment
reproduction
complex organization
metabolism
homeostasis
capacity to evolve over many generations

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2
Q

the simplest self replicating entity that can exist as a independent unit of life

A

cell

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3
Q

what is cell theory

A

all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
all cells come from preexisting cells

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4
Q

what are the essential features of a cell

A

it can store and transmit info
it has a plasma membrane
it can harness energy from the environment

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5
Q

a selectively permeable barrier between the external environment and their internal environment

A

plasma membrane

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6
Q

contains genetic info that encodes instructions for making a cell like itself

A

DNA in chromosomes

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7
Q

factories that use energy and raw materials to build complex molecules called proteins

A

ribosomes

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8
Q

observable characteristics

A

phenotype

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9
Q

why can we see phenotype

A

the specific proteins of all the macromolecules and their interactions within the organism

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10
Q

what class of macromolecule is most responsibl for the phenotype

A

proteins are directly responsible for phenotype but their ability to function depends on instruction coded in DNA and RNA

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11
Q

how does DNA transmit info

A

protein synthesis

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12
Q

DNA encodes info to make RNA and proteins

A

transcription

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13
Q

RNA directs the synthesis of proteins

A

translation

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14
Q

what do enzymes do

A

regulate metabolism

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15
Q

what do transcription factors do

A

regulate the decoding of DNA

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16
Q

what do cytoskeletal proteins do

A

form rods and fibers that shape the cell

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17
Q

what do receptors do

A

sense the environment

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18
Q

what do channels and transporters do

A

regulate movement go materials in and out of cells

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19
Q

form barrier membranes around the cell

A

phospholipids

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20
Q

used for energy storage

A

carbohydrates

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21
Q

if you can’t ________ the hypothesis then it isnt science

A

falsify

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22
Q

a change in allele frequency in a population over time and results in a change in phenotypes in a population over time

A

evolution

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23
Q

a group of individuals that can exchange genetic material through interbreeding, or share alleles through reproduction

A

species

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24
Q

an interbreeding group of organisms of the same species living in the same geographic area

A

population

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25
Q

_______ from different species ____ ______ have the potential to interbreed

A

populations
do not

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26
Q

all the alleles present tin all individuals of a species or population

A

gene pool

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27
Q

what are the two sources of genetic variation

A

mutations
recombination

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28
Q

reshuffling of mutations into new combinations

A

recombination

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29
Q

how can we measure genetic variation

A

observable traits, gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing

30
Q

observable traits works well for traits that are

A

controlled by only one gene and not influenced by the environment

31
Q

what does DNA sequencing allow

A

look directly at and DNA sequence variation

32
Q

allele frequency=

A

number of times that allele is present in a population
_________________________________________
total number of alleles present in the same population

33
Q

populations that are not evolving are in

A

hardy Weinberg equilibrium

34
Q

hardy Weinberg conditions

A

all genotypes are equally well adapted
no gene flow
no mutation
no genetic drift
random mating

35
Q

genotype frequencies formula

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

36
Q

mutation increase

A

genetic variation

37
Q

selection favors

A

reproductive success of better adapted variants

38
Q

a mechanism for evolution in which the best adapted individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce

A

natural selection

39
Q

selection acts at the level of the

A

individual

40
Q

natural selection that increases the frequency of a favorable allele

A

positive selection

41
Q

natural selection that reduces the frequency of a harmful allele

A

negative slection

42
Q

natural selection that acts to maintain two or more alleles

A

balancing selection

43
Q

a form of balancing selection in which the heterozygous fitness Is higher than homozygotes

A

heterozygous advantage

44
Q

selects against extremes and therefore maintains the status quo

A

stabilizing selection

45
Q

selection that results in a shift of the mean value of a trait in a population

A

directional selection

46
Q

selection similar to natural selection but with selection done intentionally

A

artificial selection

47
Q

selection that promotes traits that increase a individuals access to reproductive opportunity

A

sexual selection

48
Q

selection that involves interactions between individuals of one sex competing

A

intrasexual selection

49
Q

selection involving interaction between males and females (females choose)

A

intersexual selection

50
Q

movement of individuals from one pop to another

A

migration

51
Q

the combination of traits and habitat in which a species exists

A

niche

52
Q

factors that prevent the fertilization of an egg

A

pre-zygotic

53
Q

factors that cause the failure of of the fertilized egg to develop into a fertile individual

A

postzygotic

54
Q

the random loss of alleles in a population, is associated with small population sizes and natural notation

A

genetic drift

55
Q

evolution of DNA level which results in genetic divergence of populations

A

molecular evolution

56
Q

energy source = sunlight
carbon source = CO2

A

photoautotorph

57
Q

energy source = organic compounds
carbon source = organic carbon

A

chemohetertroph

58
Q

energy source = inorganic compound
carbon source = co2

A

chemoautotroph

59
Q

energy source = sunlight
carbon source = organic carbon

A

photoheterotroph

60
Q

species are groups of actually or potentially populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

A

biological species concept

61
Q

organisms are __________- similar

A

morphologically

62
Q

what does allopatric speciation depend on

A

geographical seperation of the original populations

63
Q

speciation that results from blocking gene flow between populations in the same geographic area ( disruptive selection)

A

sympatric

64
Q

speciation by hybridization and polyploidy in plants

A

instantaneous

65
Q

what kid of traits does convergent evolution result in

A

analogous

66
Q

the permian extinction occurred how many millions of years ago

A

250

67
Q

peptidoglycan is a unique feature of the

A

bacteria

68
Q

cells that specialized for nitrogen fixation

A

heyerocysts

69
Q

what group do antibiotics come from

A

actinobacteria

70
Q

natural selection works ________ on genotype and ________ on phenotype

A

indirectly
directly

71
Q

veterbrates with well protected eggs that can be laid in dry places are known as

A

amniotes

Biology 2150 (3 decks)

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