Exam 1

Question 1

what are characteristics of life

Answer 1

ability to adapt and change to environment
reproduction
complex organization
metabolism
homeostasis
capacity to evolve over many generations

Question 2

the simplest self replicating entity that can exist as a independent unit of life

Answer 2

cell

Question 3

what is cell theory

Answer 3

all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
all cells come from preexisting cells

Question 4

what are the essential features of a cell

Answer 4

it can store and transmit info
it has a plasma membrane
it can harness energy from the environment

Question 5

a selectively permeable barrier between the external environment and their internal environment

Answer 5

plasma membrane

Question 6

contains genetic info that encodes instructions for making a cell like itself

Answer 6

DNA in chromosomes

Question 7

factories that use energy and raw materials to build complex molecules called proteins

Answer 7

ribosomes

Question 8

observable characteristics

Answer 8

phenotype

Question 9

why can we see phenotype

Answer 9

the specific proteins of all the macromolecules and their interactions within the organism

Question 10

what class of macromolecule is most responsibl for the phenotype

Answer 10

proteins are directly responsible for phenotype but their ability to function depends on instruction coded in DNA and RNA

Question 11

how does DNA transmit info

Answer 11

protein synthesis

Question 12

DNA encodes info to make RNA and proteins

Answer 12

transcription

Question 13

RNA directs the synthesis of proteins

Answer 13

translation

Question 14

what do enzymes do

Answer 14

regulate metabolism

Question 15

what do transcription factors do

Answer 15

regulate the decoding of DNA

Question 16

what do cytoskeletal proteins do

Answer 16

form rods and fibers that shape the cell

Question 17

what do receptors do

Answer 17

sense the environment

Question 18

what do channels and transporters do

Answer 18

regulate movement go materials in and out of cells

Question 19

form barrier membranes around the cell

Answer 19

phospholipids

Question 20

used for energy storage

Answer 20

carbohydrates

Question 21

if you can’t ________ the hypothesis then it isnt science

Answer 21

falsify

Question 22

a change in allele frequency in a population over time and results in a change in phenotypes in a population over time

Answer 22

evolution

Question 23

a group of individuals that can exchange genetic material through interbreeding, or share alleles through reproduction

Answer 23

species

Question 24

an interbreeding group of organisms of the same species living in the same geographic area

Answer 24

population

Question 25

_______ from different species ____ ______ have the potential to interbreed

Answer 25

populations do not

Question 26

all the alleles present tin all individuals of a species or population

Answer 26

gene pool

Question 27

what are the two sources of genetic variation

Answer 27

mutations recombination

Question 28

reshuffling of mutations into new combinations

Answer 28

recombination

Question 29

how can we measure genetic variation

Answer 29

observable traits, gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing

Question 30

observable traits works well for traits that are

Answer 30

controlled by only one gene and not influenced by the environment

Question 31

what does DNA sequencing allow

Answer 31

look directly at and DNA sequence variation

Question 32

allele frequency=

Answer 32

number of times that allele is present in a population _________________________________________ total number of alleles present in the same population

Question 33

populations that are not evolving are in

Answer 33

hardy Weinberg equilibrium

Question 34

hardy Weinberg conditions

Answer 34

all genotypes are equally well adapted no gene flow no mutation no genetic drift random mating

Question 35

genotype frequencies formula

Answer 35

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Question 36

mutation increase

Answer 36

genetic variation

Question 37

selection favors

Answer 37

reproductive success of better adapted variants

Question 38

a mechanism for evolution in which the best adapted individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce

Answer 38

natural selection

Question 39

selection acts at the level of the

Answer 39

individual

Question 40

natural selection that increases the frequency of a favorable allele

Answer 40

positive selection

Question 41

natural selection that reduces the frequency of a harmful allele

Answer 41

negative slection

Question 42

natural selection that acts to maintain two or more alleles

Answer 42

balancing selection

Question 43

a form of balancing selection in which the heterozygous fitness Is higher than homozygotes

Answer 43

heterozygous advantage

Question 44

selects against extremes and therefore maintains the status quo

Answer 44

stabilizing selection

Question 45

selection that results in a shift of the mean value of a trait in a population

Answer 45

directional selection

Question 46

selection similar to natural selection but with selection done intentionally

Answer 46

artificial selection

Question 47

selection that promotes traits that increase a individuals access to reproductive opportunity

Answer 47

sexual selection

Question 48

selection that involves interactions between individuals of one sex competing

Answer 48

intrasexual selection

Question 49

selection involving interaction between males and females (females choose)

Answer 49

intersexual selection

Question 50

movement of individuals from one pop to another

Answer 50

migration

Question 51

the combination of traits and habitat in which a species exists

Answer 51

niche

Question 52

factors that prevent the fertilization of an egg

Answer 52

pre-zygotic

Question 53

factors that cause the failure of of the fertilized egg to develop into a fertile individual

Answer 53

postzygotic

Question 54

the random loss of alleles in a population, is associated with small population sizes and natural notation

Answer 54

genetic drift

Question 55

evolution of DNA level which results in genetic divergence of populations

Answer 55

molecular evolution

Question 56

energy source = sunlight carbon source = CO2

Answer 56

photoautotorph

Question 57

energy source = organic compounds carbon source = organic carbon

Answer 57

chemohetertroph

Question 58

energy source = inorganic compound carbon source = co2

Answer 58

chemoautotroph

Question 59

energy source = sunlight carbon source = organic carbon

Answer 59

photoheterotroph

Question 60

species are groups of actually or potentially populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Answer 60

biological species concept

Question 61

organisms are __________- similar

Answer 61

morphologically

Question 62

what does allopatric speciation depend on

Answer 62

geographical seperation of the original populations

Question 63

speciation that results from blocking gene flow between populations in the same geographic area ( disruptive selection)

Answer 63

sympatric

Question 64

speciation by hybridization and polyploidy in plants

Answer 64

instantaneous

Question 65

what kid of traits does convergent evolution result in

Answer 65

analogous

Question 66

the permian extinction occurred how many millions of years ago

Answer 66

250

Question 67

peptidoglycan is a unique feature of the

Answer 67

bacteria

Question 68

cells that specialized for nitrogen fixation

Answer 68

heyerocysts

Question 69

what group do antibiotics come from

Answer 69

actinobacteria

Question 70

natural selection works ________ on genotype and ________ on phenotype

Answer 70

indirectly directly

Question 71

veterbrates with well protected eggs that can be laid in dry places are known as

Answer 71

amniotes