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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What organisms are considered primitive Actinopterygii?

A

bicher and chondrostei (paddlefish & sturgeon)

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2
Q

What is the group Neopterygii known as?

A

modern ray-finned fishes

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3
Q

What are the 2 groups of Neopterygiians?

A

primitive & teleostei

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4
Q

What 2 groups of primitive Neopterygiians still exist?

A

the gars and the bowfin

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5
Q

What group of fish were abundant in the middle of the Mesozoic Era, but then most went extinct by the end of the same era?

A

primitive neopterygii

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6
Q

What kind of skeleton & scales do primitive neopterygiian fish have?

A

bony skeletons and ganoid/cycloid scales

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7
Q

What kind of gas bladder do primitive neopterygiian fish have?

A

they are physostomes (gas bladder that functions as an accessory lung)

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8
Q

What kind of digestive tract and tail do primitive neopterygiian fish have?

A

digestive tract with a spiral valve and abbreviated heterocercal tail

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9
Q

How many species of gar are there?

A

7

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10
Q

Describe a gar’s body.

A

long body with long snout (jaws); snout varies based on species

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11
Q

What does the gar’s body shape allow for?

A

quick acceleration

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12
Q

What kind of scales does a gar have?

A

ganoid scales

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13
Q

What does a gar feed on?

A

it is carnivorous and feeds on other fishes

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14
Q

What kind of teeth does a gar have?

A

sharp needlelike teeth

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15
Q

How do gars catch their prey?

A

they are camouflaged; wait quietly for fish to approach & then quickly accelerate and strike rapidly

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16
Q

In what environments are gar found?

A

rivers, lakes, estuaries & occasionally coastal waters

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17
Q

What coastal waters are gars found in?

A

eastern north America, Central America, and the Caribbean

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18
Q

Where are gars found in AL?

A

rivers, lakes, and bays

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19
Q

What is an example of the diversity seen in gars?

A

the alligator gar

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20
Q

Describe an alligator gar.

A

largest of the gars
name is due to its alligator like snout and mouth

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21
Q

Where do alligator gars live?

A

bays, estuaries, coastal waters and travels up rivers

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22
Q

How large can alligator gars grow to be?

A

3 m (9.8 ft) and 137 Kg (300 lbs)

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23
Q

What is the largest recorded freshwater alligator gar found in AL?

A

over 150 lbs

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24
Q

How many species of bowfins are there?

A

1

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25
Q

What are the common names of the bowfin fish?

A

grinnal, mudfish, dogfish, cotton fish

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26
Q

What is the body of a bowfin covered in?

A

head is covered in bony plates, body is covered in cycloid scales

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27
Q

How large can a bowfin get?

A

2 ft and 20 lbs

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28
Q

Where are bowfin found?

A

lakes, streams, and they thrive in swamps

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29
Q

What places are bowfins found?

A

eastern & southeastern America including alabama

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30
Q

Where were 8500 lbs of bowfin caught in a single year?

A

lower tombigbee & mobile delta area of alabama

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31
Q

Why are bowfin fish usually called “trash fish”?

A

they are not good to eat

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32
Q

What do bowfin feed on?

A

they are carnivores and feed on other fish

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33
Q

What are bowfin used for in some areas of the southeast U.S.?

A

their egg; “bowfin caviar” or “cajun caviar”

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34
Q

What group of fish are the most advanced and specialized bony fishes?

A

teleostei

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35
Q

When did teleost fish first appear in the fossil record?

A

triassic period

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36
Q

When did teleost fish become abundant?

A

by the end of the cretaceous

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37
Q

How many living species of teleosts are there?

A

over 26,000 (96% of living fish species)

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38
Q

What percentage of all vertebrate species do teleosts account for?

A

40%

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39
Q

What kind of scales do teleost fish have?

A

cycloid or ctenoid scales

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40
Q

What kind of gas bladders do teleosts have?

A

most have bladder specialized for buoyancy control & most are physoclists

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41
Q

What kind of tails do teleosts have?

A

homocercal

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42
Q

How are teleosts the most highly diverse group of fish?

A

diverse in size, shape, habitat, feeding style, behavior, & reproduction

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43
Q

How has the diversity affected the teleosts?

A

allowed them to adapt to a wide variety of niches in the aquatic environment

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44
Q

How does shape vary in teleosts?

A

depends on ecology & behavior of the fish

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45
Q

What are fusiform shaped fish specialized for?

A

fast prolonged cruising; the body shape decreases resistance to water when cruising

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46
Q

How fast can dolphin fish (mahi mahi) accelerate?

A

35 mph

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47
Q

How fast can tuna accelerate?

A

40-50 mph

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48
Q

How fast can a swordfish accelerate?

A

60 mph

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49
Q

What are long, thin & streamlined body shapes specialized for?

A

acceleration

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50
Q

What are examples of fish with long, thin, and streamlined bodies?

A

pike
barracuda

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51
Q

What is a compressed body shape (laterally compressed) used for?

A

they are normally slow but they are good at maneuvering

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52
Q

How do fish with a compressed body shape confuse predators?

A

they silhouette changes drastically with change of direction

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53
Q

What are examples of fish with compressed body shapes?

A

angelfish
butterfly fish
flounder

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54
Q

How are flounders different from other compressed fish?

A

both eyes are on one side of the body
shape allows them to blend in with the bottom
they continually change color to match the background

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55
Q

What does a depressed body shape (dorsal/ventral depression) help with?

A

helps some species blend in with the bottom

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56
Q

What are examples of depressed fish?

A

scorpion fish
anglerfish

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57
Q

How do depressed fish catch their prey?

A

lay on bottom & wait for prey to approach

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58
Q

Since most fish are intermediate with the depressed body shape, how good are their movements?

A

they are moderately good at all 3 types of movements

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59
Q

What are the 3 different types of movement can a fish do?

A

cruising
acceleration
maneuvering

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60
Q

What fish show extreme specialization of fins?

A

mudskipper
flying fish

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61
Q

How do mudskippers “walk” out of the water?

A

using heir strong specialized pectoral fins

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62
Q

Do mudskipper’s eyes focus better in the air or in water?

A

in the air

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63
Q

Why is a mudskipper’s skin and mouth highly vascularized?

A

for oxygen exchange

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64
Q

How long can a mudskipper live outside of the water?

A

up to 30 hours

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65
Q

Where do mudskippers inhabit and what do they feed on?

A

inhabit the shoreline; feed on algae, insects, marine invertebrates, etc.

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66
Q

What is an example of a fish similar to the mudskipper?

A

leaping blenny from the south pacific

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67
Q

How does the flying fish glide through the air?

A

use their pectoral fins as wings

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68
Q

How do flying fish get out of the water in order to glide?

A

use their tail fin to accelerate and propel themselves out of the water

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69
Q

How far can a flying fish glide for?

A

90 m (300 ft) or more

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70
Q

Define simultaneous hermaphrodite.

A

both sexes at the same time

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71
Q

Define sequential hermaphrodites.

A

changes sex during lifetime

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72
Q

Are there some teleosts that are hermaphrodites?

A

yes

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73
Q

Define protogynous;

A

females to males

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74
Q

What is an example of a protogynous fish?

A

bluehead wrasse

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75
Q

Define protandrous.

A

males to females

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76
Q

What is an example of a protandrous fish?

A

anemone fish

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77
Q

Most teleosts lay eggs and use external fertilization, but some are _______.

A

live-bearing (guppies)

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78
Q

How do seahorses reproduce?

A

female deposits eggs in males “brood pouch” and the fish hatch in the brood pouch

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79
Q

How many species of freshwater fish does alabama have?

A

300 species

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80
Q

Why does alabama and Tennessee have so many freshwater fish species?

A

due to the diverse geographic regions and abundance of rivers and lakes

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81
Q

When do the first amphibian like tetrapods appear in the fossil record?

A

in the Devonian: “age of fishes”

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82
Q

What was present in the Devonian period?

A

fish were abundant and the terrestrial environment had plants, trees, and invertebrates

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83
Q

What are the possible advantages (selective pressures) of being able to survive on land?

A

food availability
avoidance of competition
avoidance of predators
survival during dry seasons

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84
Q

Was the terrestrial environment initially predator free for vertebrates?

A

yes

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85
Q

What are the major changes seen in amphibians that reflect their adaptation to the terrestrial environment?

A

efficient lungs
well developed limbs for terrestrial movement
shift in sense organs

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86
Q

What did most terrestrial forms of amphibians lose?

A

lateral line system
electric sensors & organs

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87
Q

What senses increases for amphibians?

A

hearing and vision

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88
Q

What extinct group of fish were very structurally similar to amphibians?

A

osteolepiforms a group of sarcoptrygiian fish (subgroup of rhipidistia)

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89
Q

What are similar characteristics between amphibians and the osteolepiforms?

A

well developed lobed fins with homologous bones
fin structure
bony skeleton
skull similarities
similar tooth structure ( sharp and sturdy)

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90
Q

What are the early amphibian like tetrapods also known as?

A

non amniotic tetrapods

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91
Q

What vertebrates are amniotic?

A

reptiles, birds, and mammals

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92
Q

When are the earliest fossils of tetrapods found and what are they associated with?

A

late Devonian; they are associated with freshwater

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93
Q

What were Ichthyostega and Acanthostega?

A

two of the earlier tetrapods

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94
Q

How big were Ichthyostega and Acanthostega?

A

0.5-1.0 m in length

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95
Q

Ichthyostega had characteristics of what?

A

osteolepiform fish and amphibians

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96
Q

What are the characteristics of Ichthyostega?

A

caudal fin on tail supported by bone & ray
scales on tail
internal gills (and lungs)
operculum
sharp sturdy teeth
advanced vertebral column
well developed limbs & girdle
distinct “neck” & elongated snout

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97
Q

Do tetrapods immediately radiate?

A

no

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98
Q

When did tetrapods begin to radiate?

A

mid carboniferous period (30 million years after appearance)

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99
Q

When did amphibian like tetrapods rule the terrestrial environment?

A

mid to late carboniferous period

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100
Q

What are some characteristics of the amphibian like tetrapods that ruled the terrestrial environment?

A

probably stayed close to water while some were primarily aquatic
some were stocky, short legged, heavy bodied, and large headed

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101
Q

What is an example of a stocky, short headed amphibian like tetrapod?

A

eryops, could grow to 2 m or more in length (6.5)

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102
Q

What was the largest of early amphibian like tetrapods?

A

mastodonsaurus (4 m or 13 ft in length)

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103
Q

When did the Mastodonsaurus occur?

A

start of the mesozoic era

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104
Q

When was there a decline in the number of amphibian like tetrapod species?

A

mid to late permian period

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105
Q

Was there a time when reptiles were increasing and may have out competed many of the early amphibian like tetrapods?

A

yes

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106
Q

What was the result of environmental conditions being harsh during the late permian?

A

mass extinctions (permian/triassic extinction)

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107
Q

When do the first fossil frogs and salamanders date back to in the fossil record?

A

jurassic period (mid mesozoic era)

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108
Q

What are the 3 groups (orders) of amphibians that have survived to present day?

A

Anura
caudata
apoda

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109
Q

What organisms are in the order Anura?

A

frogs and toads

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110
Q

What does Anura mean?

A

without tail

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111
Q

What organisms are in the order Caudata?

A

salamanders and newts

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112
Q

What does Caudata mean?

A

tailed

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113
Q

What organisms are in the order Apoda?

A

legless burrowing amphibians

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114
Q

What are Apoda commonly known as?

A

caecilians

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115
Q

What does Apoda mean?

A

no limbs

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116
Q

What does Caecilian refer to?

A

blind

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117
Q

What are the characteristics of amphibian skin?

A

no scales
smooth, moist, permeable to water

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118
Q

How can amphibians lose water through their skin?

A

evaporation

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119
Q

Why is the skin very important for respiration in amphibians?

A

primary site of gas exchange because of the thin epidermis and well vascularized dermis

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120
Q

What is an example of why the skin is the primary site of gas exchange in amphibians?

A

some adult salamanders have no lungs or gills

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121
Q

What does the epidermis molting do for amphibians?

A

allows for growth and new outer layer of skin for optimal respiration and protection

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122
Q

What does the skins dermis of an amphibian contain?

A

contains glands and chromatophores

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123
Q

What do mucous glands do in amphibians?

A

help waterproof skin and prevents desiccation, also helps prevent infection

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124
Q

What do poison glands do for amphibians?

A

produces watery poisons that prevent predation, some amphibians have very toxic poison

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125
Q

What does the rough skinned newt or Californian newt secrete?

A

tetrodotoxin (TTX)

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126
Q

What is TTX?

A

very poisonous toxin that acts by blocking Na+ channels in cell membranes

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127
Q

Does the red spotted newt also produce TTX?

A

yes

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128
Q

What does the poison arrow frog secrete?

A

batrachotoxin

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129
Q

What does batrachotoxin do?

A

extremely toxic, opens Na+ channels in the cell membranes

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130
Q

Can batrachotoxin be lethal to humans?

A

yes, if it enters an open wound and gets into the blood

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131
Q

Where are poison arrow frogs found?

A

central and south America

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132
Q

What is batrachotoxin used for historically?

A

used on the tips of hunting arrows/darts by South American natives

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133
Q

What do can frogs secrete?

A

bufotoxin

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134
Q

What is bufotoxin?

A

contains a variety of substances that can be toxic to pets and humans; on toxin is a serotonin agonist and appears to be hallucinogenic

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135
Q

When are gills present in amphibians?

A

during larval development/larval stage

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136
Q

Are gills normally internal or external in amphibians?

A

normally external

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137
Q

How are the gills gotten rid of in amphibians?

A

they usually degenerate during metamorphosis

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138
Q

Do some amphibians retain gills throughout life?

A

yes

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139
Q

How is most carbon dioxide removed from the body of amphibians?

A

via the skin

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140
Q

How do some salamanders (plethodontid salamanders) respire?

A

entirely through their skin and mouth because they lack both lungs and gills as an adult

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141
Q

Describe the lungs in salamanders.

A

composed of smooth walls

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142
Q

Describe lungs in frogs and toads.

A

numerous folds and alveoli to increase surface area and increased vascularization

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143
Q

Amphibians are positive pressure breathers, how does this work?

A

they pump air into lungs by a swallowing process; there is no diaphragm

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144
Q

What structure do many amphibians have that contains the vocal cords?

A

larynx

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145
Q

Salamanders and caecilians generally don’t vocalize, however then can do what?

A

produce squeaks or clicks by exhaling

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146
Q

Where is the larynx in frogs located?

A

upper end of trachea

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147
Q

How do frogs make sounds?

A

by passing air back and forth over vocal cords between lungs & 1 or 2 vocal sacs in the floor of the mouth

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148
Q

Male frogs make what kind of call to attract females and maintain territory?

A

advertisement calls

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149
Q

What other kinds of sounds do frogs produce?

A

warning sounds or screams

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150
Q

Describe a fishes circulatory system.

A

all blood entering the heart is deoxygenated and pumped to gills and then the body; no separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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151
Q

How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?

A

3 chambers, one ventricle and two atria

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152
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood enter the amphibian heart?

A

the right atrium

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153
Q

Where does oxygenated blood enter the amphibian heart?

A

the left atrium

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154
Q

What is the advantage of having 2 atria?

A

blood only partially mixes in ventricle
majority of deoxygenated blood goes to lungs
majority of oxygenated blood goes to body

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155
Q

What does a double circulation pattern increase?

A

the efficiency of the circulatory system

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156
Q

Adult amphibians are normally ______.

A

carnivorous; some larval amphibians are herbivores

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157
Q

What kind of feeders are frogs and toads?

A

sight feeders

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158
Q

Many amphibians have what that are attached to the front floor of the mouth?

A

well developed tongues

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159
Q

The free end of the tongue has glands that produce what?

A

sticky secretions

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160
Q

What does a frog/toads digestive system encompass?

A

stomach
small intestine
large intestine
cloaca
liver
pancreas

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161
Q

Are the cerebrum and cerebellum large or small and simple in amphibians?

A

small and simple

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162
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves to amphibians have?

A

10

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163
Q

Where is the most activity in the brains of amphibians?

A

in the midbrain

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164
Q

What is the anterior portion of the brains of amphibians oriented to?

A

most olfactory oriented

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165
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ (VNO)?

A

accessory olfactory organ

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166
Q

Where is the VMO located?

A

in an invagination of nasal passage in some salamanders and on the floor of the nasal cavity in frogs

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167
Q

What is the VNO used for?

A

sense specific airborne molecules, in particular pheromones

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168
Q

What are pheromones?

A

chemicals released by one individual that influences the behavior or physiology of another individual

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169
Q

What is the VNO important for?

A

mate ID and triggering reproductive behaviors in some amphibians (many salamanders)

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170
Q

Is vision well developed in many amphibians?

A

yes, especially in frogs and toads

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171
Q

What is the retina specialized for in frogs and toads?

A

detecting movement of objects across the retina

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172
Q

Since frogs and toads contains rods and cones in the retina, what does this mean?

A

have both low light and color vision

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173
Q

Do amphibian eyes accommodate?

A

yes, they do this by moving the lens

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174
Q

What is the Harderian glands used for in amphibians?

A

located in the medial corned of the eye that produces oily secretions that lubricate the eyes

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175
Q

What do terrestrial forms of amphibians also have?

A

eyelids to cover and protect the eyes

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176
Q

What does the lower eyelid of amphibians contain?

A

nictitating membrane that can mover across and wash the eyes with secretions

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177
Q

Do some amphibians contain a pineal eye?

A

yes

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178
Q

Is the pineal eye important in seasonal cycles (reproduction)?

A

yes

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179
Q

Are frog and toad ears well developed?

A

yes

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180
Q

Since there is no external ear flap or canal, how do they hear?

A

they have large tympanic membranes and an ear bone in the middle ear

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181
Q

What is the single middle ear bone called?

A

columella; homologous to stapes in mammals

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182
Q

What does the columella do?

A

connects tympanic membrane to the inner ear

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183
Q

What is the ear used for in amphibians?

A

hear mating calls used in territorial behavior and mate ID, also alarm calls

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184
Q

Is hearing important to salamanders and caecilians?

A

no

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185
Q

Do salamanders and caecilians have a tympanic membrane?

A

no, but they do have inner eats and some have a columella

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186
Q

How many pairs of semicircular canals do amphibians have and what are they used for?

A

3 pairs; detecting movements and body position

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187
Q

Is the lateral line system present in larval and adult amphibians?

A

no only larval, however can be seen in adults

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188
Q

What is an example of an amphibian that retains its lateral line system into adulthood?

A

Xenopus (African clawed frog)

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189
Q

What does the amphibian endocrine system encompass?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid

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190
Q

What does the thyroid gland produce in amphibians?

A

thyroxine which is important for stimulating metamorphosis and molting

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191
Q

Why do amphibians need a moist environment to reproduce?

A

because amphibians eggs are composed of embryo, yolk, and a jelly layer; they lack the protective membranes so without the moist environment they will dry out

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192
Q

What is metamorphosis in amphibians?

A

where they change from aquatic larval form to a more terrestrial adult form

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193
Q

What is metamorphosis stimulated by in amphibians?

A

the hormone thyroxine

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194
Q

Do some amphibians undergo metamorphosis iin the egg and hatch directly as adults?

A

yes (direct development)

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195
Q

How many living species are there from the 3 surviving groups of amphibian like tetrapods?

A

7000

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196
Q

What percentage of the 7000 species are frogs?

A

90%

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197
Q

What order are the caecilians?

A

Apoda

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198
Q

What are the Apoda?

A

limbless amphibians with reduced vision; able to only detect light from dark

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199
Q

What is the size range for Apoda?

A

10 cm to over a meter in length

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200
Q

Does Apoda lack both limbs and girdles?

A

yes

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201
Q

What is the lifestyle of Apoda?

A

most burrow, a few are aquatic

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202
Q

How does Apoda move?

A

worm like comments or by undulating their bodies form side to side

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203
Q

Can Apoda adults see?

A

they have small eyes and most adults are blind

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204
Q

What does Apoda feed on?

A

worms and small invertebrates

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205
Q

How many species of Apoda are there?

A

over 190

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206
Q

Where can Apoda be found?

A

tropical forests of central and South America, Africa, and Asia

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207
Q

How does Apoda reproduce?

A

utilize internal fertilization

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208
Q

What are the other variable aspects of Apoda reproduction?

A

deposit eggs in moist soil in burrow or near water
some produce aquatic larva that go through metamorphosis
some produce direct development
some bear live young

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209
Q

What organisms are part of Caudata (Urodela)?

A

salamanders, newts, sirens, amphiuma

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210
Q

How many species of Caudata are there?

A

650

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211
Q

Where does Caudata majorly occur?

A

northern hemisphere

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212
Q

How long can Japanese and Chinese giant salamanders get?

A

1.5 m or more

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213
Q

Describe Caudata limbs.

A

to the side of their body so they can move in an undulating fashion

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214
Q

Does Caudata have gills?

A

yes at some stage in life but most degenerate when they undergo metamorphosis

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215
Q

What do Caudata feed on?

A

small invertebrates; insects, worms, mollusks

216
Q

What is an example of Caudata that produces tetrodotoxin?

A

rough skinned newt and red spotted newt

217
Q

Do Caudata make sounds?

A

no

218
Q

Do Caudata have tympanic membranes? If not what do they have?

A

no; they have inner ear and sometimes a middle ear bone, so they hear but not well

219
Q

How long can Caudata live for?

A

many live for 10-20 years, but can live longer

220
Q

What is the record life for a Japanese salamander?

A

52 years

221
Q

Where does Caudata inhabit?

A

freshwater or moist terrestrial habitats

222
Q

Can some Caudata live their entire life in an aquatic environment?

A

yes

223
Q

Where else can Caudata live?

A

completely terrestrial and metamorphosis occurs in the egg

224
Q

When and where does Caudata normally breed?

A

early spring in or near ponds, streams, and lakes

225
Q

Do some Caudata have strong homing abilities when migrating to ponds?

A

yes

226
Q

When does Caudata normally migrate?

A

first warm rainy nights of late winter/early spring

227
Q

What do the courtship behaviors of Caudata look like?

A

visual cues like body movement (circling and tail wagging)

228
Q

What else can courtship include?

A

chemical cues (pheromones)

229
Q

How do male Caudata use their pheromones?

A

some have chin glands and other have cloaca glands which release pheromones that stimulate females

230
Q

What is the sexual behavior of Caudata?

A

amplexus

231
Q

Describe what happens after amplexus among Caudata.

A

male releases spermatophore and female picks it up with cloaca
female deposits eggs, often in groups

232
Q

Where do some species of Caudata deposit their eggs?

A

moist leaves, logs, rocks, small holes, or burrow in moist mud

233
Q

Do some species of salamanders exhibit parental care of eggs?

A

yes

234
Q

What is the “egg”?

A

fertilized egg with gelatinous coat

235
Q

What happens during metamorphosis in Caudata?

A

larva reabsorb gills, develop lungs, reabsorb fin on tail, eyelids develop, and take on adult coloration and body form

236
Q

What is paedomorphosis also known as?

A

neoteny

237
Q

What is neoteny?

A

maintaining larval characteristics into adulthood

238
Q

When does sexual maturity develop?

A

in larval body form

239
Q

What are the 2 types of paedomorphosis?

A

obligate and facultative

240
Q

Describe obligate neoteny.

A

always retain larval form
can still undergo metamorphosis under certain conditions

241
Q

What are examples of obligate neoteny animals?

A

mudpuppy and siren

242
Q

Describe Axolotl.

A

pedomorphic species from a lake near mexico city that docent undergo metamorphosis

243
Q

Describe facultative neoteny.

A

some undergo metamorphosis depending on the environment
some never undergo and remain larvae
others may undergo during dry periods

244
Q

What is an example of a facultative paedomorphic species?

A

tiger salamander

245
Q

Where is one of the best places to study salamanders?

A

southeastern U.S.

246
Q

What is the most successful group of amphibians?

A

Anura (frogs and toads)

247
Q

How many species of Anura are there?

A

6300

248
Q

How big can Anura get?

A

1 cm to over 2 ft

249
Q

Describe the body of Anura.

A

large strong hind limbs
short bodies
lack of tail (decreases weight)

250
Q

What is jumping used for?

A

escaping predators, jumping towards prey, general movements

251
Q

How do frogs feed?

A

carnivorous, sight feeders, and eat anything moving

252
Q

What happens to frogs during the winter in cold climates?

A

hibernate at bottom of ponds or streams or in burrows; body build up glucose and urea which act as antifreeze

253
Q

Describe male frogs after hibernation.

A

return to breeding pond/stream before females
occupy certain locations and become vocal

254
Q

What kind of fertilization do frogs use?

A

external

255
Q

How are frog eggs usually deposited and when do they hatch?

A

gelatinous mass; 2-30 days later tadpoles hatch

256
Q

What do tadpoles feed on?

A

herbivorous and graze on plants or filter feed algae for approx 1-12 months

257
Q

How long does metamorphosis take in tadpoles?

A

2-8 weeks

258
Q

What happens during metamorphosis?

A

tail and gills are absorbed and legs and lungs develop

259
Q

How long does it take a young frog to reach sexual maturity?

A

1-3 years

260
Q

How long can many frogs live for?

A

10 years or more in captivity

261
Q

What are examples of diversity in reproductive development in frogs?

A

lay eggs and leave in egg masses to hatch
some undergo metamorphosis in egg, direct development (seen in some salamanders and caecilians)

262
Q

How many eggs release during amplexus?

A

200-500 in 10 min

263
Q

Describe reptiles.

A

most primitive vertebrate that has fully adapted to a terrestrial environment

264
Q

How can reptiles not require a moist or humid environment ro survive and reproduce?

A

amniotic egg (doesnt dry out)
watertight skin

265
Q

What is another name for an amniotic egg?

A

cleidoic egg

266
Q

Describe an amniotic egg.

A

has embryo & yolk (similar to amphibians)
also has several extra embryonic membranes and an egg shell that protects and prevents water loss

267
Q

Describe amnion.

A

membranous sac that surrounds embryo
liquid filled and provides protection from dessication and injury

268
Q

What is amniotic fluid somewhat similar to?

A

plasma

269
Q

What is chorion?

A

fibrous protective membrane that surrounds entire internal portion of egg

270
Q

What is the allantois?

A

membrane that collects waste

271
Q

What is the fusion of the allantois and chorion responsible for?

A

highly vascularized and attach to the inside wall of the shell, responsible for respiration

272
Q

Describe the yolk sac.

A

vascularized membrane that surrounds yolk

273
Q

Describe the yolk.

A

proteins and lipids are picked up by blood and delivered to embryo; food supply for embryo and hatchling

274
Q

What is the mineral layer of an egg used for?

A

calcium carbonate forms outer layer (amount of Ca+ can depend on species)

275
Q

Describe the fibrous layer of the egg.

A

protein that forms the inner layer of the egg shell

276
Q

What are the advantages of an amniotic egg?

A

prevents desiccation of embryo in terrestrial
prevents predation from aquatic organisms

277
Q

Describe reptile skin.

A

forms a protective barrier between environment and organism

278
Q

How is the outer layer of skin watertight in reptiles?

A

contains relatively large amounts of protein and lipids that help make it watertight

279
Q

What is the origin of reptile scales?

A

epidermal

280
Q

What is the outer layer of scales composed of in reptiles?

A

cornified epithelium (dead cells filled with keratin)

281
Q

What does the epidermis do?

A

provides protection and prevents water loss

282
Q

Describe molting.

A

periodic shedding of outer layer epidermis
occurs regularly in some reptiles
some reptiles shed in one piece
lizards shed in large pieces
some reptiles skin gradually wears off

283
Q

What is the outer layer of the epidermis called?

A

stratum corneum

284
Q

What animals molt in one piece?

A

snakes

285
Q

In what animals does molting regularly occur in?

A

snakes, lizards

286
Q

In what animals does the molt just wear off?

A

alligators and some turtles

287
Q

Why do reptiles molt?

A

growth and replace worn scales

288
Q

What does reptile skin normally lack?

A

skin glands

289
Q

Describe the reptile skeleton.

A

more adapted for terrestrial existence
strong skeleton
better developed pelvic and pectoral girdles and limbs
provides better movability

290
Q

Describe the legs or lizards and turtles.

A

sprawled to the side

291
Q

Describe the legs of alligators and crocodiles.

A

partial rotation of limbs under body

292
Q

What enhances in extinct groups of reptiles whose limbs are fully rotated under them?

A

enhances speed and agility

293
Q

How do reptiles have better developed necks than amphibians?

A

multiple cervical along atlas and axis of neck bones, only has one occipital condyle

294
Q

Why are reptile jaws and jaw muscles stronger than amphibians?

A

reptile jaws are adapted for gripping, crushing, and ripping tissue; allows more efficient feeding

295
Q

Reptiles are the first vertebrate with what?

A

true cerebral cortex

296
Q

Where is most reptile brain activity?

A

cerebrum, accompanied by a size increase

297
Q

How many cranial nerves do reptiles have?

A

12

298
Q

What animal has one of the most highly developed pineal gland of any vertebrate?

A

tuatara

299
Q

What kind of heart do reptiles have?

A

3 chambered

300
Q

What kind of heart do crocodilians have?

A

4 chambered heart

301
Q

What does poikilothermic mean?

A

body temp varies with environmental temp and sunlight

302
Q

What is an advantage to adapting to a terrestrial environment?

A

at times you can be warmed by the sun and increase metabolic rate, activity, etc

303
Q

What is one exception to normal cold blooded reptiles?

A

leatherback sea turle

304
Q

What organ in reptiles is more advanced and efficient than those in amphibians and fish?

A

the kidneys

305
Q

Why can’t reptile kidneys concentrate urine?

A

the nephrons don’t have loops of Henle

306
Q

Why do some reptiles have salt glands?

A

get rid of excess salt from the body

307
Q

Where do marine iguanas, turtles, and crocodilians have salt glands?

A

iguanas- nasal
turtles- lacrimal in orbit of eye
crocodilians- under their tongue

308
Q

What do the lungs of reptiles have more of in comparison to amphibians?

A

more surface area for respiration

309
Q

What do most reptiles use to help expand and contract chest to inhale and exhale?

A

intercostal muscles attached to the ribs

310
Q

Leg, body, and head movements can also help do what in some reptiles?

A

ventilate lungs

311
Q

What kind of breathers are reptiles?

A

negative pressure breathers

312
Q

Do reptiles have a true diaphragm?

A

no, but it is homologous to mammalian diaphragm

313
Q

When were the first fossils of reptiles from?

A

the carboniferous period

314
Q

What happened in the Carboniferous Period?

A

great increase in number of plants and insects, this was when amphibian like tetrapods were abundant in aquatic and terrestrial environments

315
Q

What does the morphology of the first reptiles suggest?

A

that they are closely related to extinct species of nonamniotic amphibian like tetrapods

316
Q

What 3 basic lineages of reptiles appear during the late Paleozoic Era?

A

anapsid
synapsid
diapsid

317
Q

Explain anapsid.

A

no temporal opening
appear to be most primitive reptiles
similar to some amphibian like tetrapods

318
Q

Explain synapsid.

A

one temporal opening
therapsids appear closely related to first mammals
mammal like reptiles (therapsids)

319
Q

Explain diapsid.

A

two temporal openings

320
Q

Are all mammal like reptiles now extinct?

A

yes

321
Q

What animals are diapsid?

A

lizards
snakes
crocodilians
tuatara
turtles

322
Q

What are the extinct diapsids?

A

dinosaurs
plesiosaurs
pliosaurs
pterosaurs
ichthyosaurs

323
Q

Does reptilia appear to be a valid grouping according to cladistics?

A

no because its a paraphyletic group

324
Q

Does reptilia include all modern groups believed to be derived from ancestral reptiles?

A

no, it doesn’t include birds or mammals

325
Q

It is hypothesized that birds are direct descendants of what?

A

dinosaurs

326
Q

What is the current definition Reptilia?

A

amniotic vertebrates which are not birds or mammals

327
Q

What is the Mesozoic Era known as?

A

Age of Reptiles

328
Q

When did synapsid animals occur?

A

during the late Paleozoic era and in the mesozoic era

329
Q

Recent cladistics consider synapsid animals to be more of what?

A

stem mammals

330
Q

What are the primitive synapsids also known as?

A

pelycosaurs

331
Q

Describe primitive synapsids.

A

legs sprawled to the side and not rotated under the body

332
Q

What is an example of a primitive synapsid?

A

Dimetrodon

333
Q

Explain Dimetrodon.

A

Large sail like structure on back
Relatively large head, jaws, and teeth
Predatory

334
Q

How were the Dimetrodon’s “sail” formed and what was it used for?

A

Formed from neural spines of vertebrate; used for thermoregulation and/or display for territory and mate attraction

335
Q

How long would it take a 200 Kg Dimetrodon to heat from 26 C to 32 C without a sail? With a sail?

A

205 minutes; 80 minutes

336
Q

Describe therapsids.

A

Considered to be the mammal like reptiles that appear closely related to true mammals

337
Q

Why is it thought that therapsids are closely related to true mammals?

A

Limbs rotated under body
Skeletal structures
Skull and jaw similarities

338
Q

What is the one true characteristic that shows therapsids and pelycosaurs are closely related to true mammals?

A

They only had one middle ear bone

339
Q

When the pelycosaurs go extinct?

A

Permian (late Paleozoic)

340
Q

When did the therapsids go extinct?

A

End of the Mesozoic era

341
Q

What are pterosaurs?

A

Flying reptiles that occurred during the late Triassic to late Cretaceous (middle to late Mesozoic)

342
Q

When did pterosaurs become extinct?

A

End of the cretaceous

343
Q

What was the first flying vertebrate?

A

Pterosaurs

344
Q

What was the pterosaur also known as?

A

Winged lizard or flying lizard

345
Q

How did pterosaur wings differ from birds?

A

The fourth finger was extremely long and supported the wing membrane of skin that attached to the arm and body, didn’t have feathers; other fingers had distinct claws

346
Q

Describe the pterosaur.

A

Long hollow bones to decrease weight
Well developed sternum for flight muscles
Air sacs
Teeth/beaks

347
Q

How many species of pterosaurs have been identified?

A

Over 100

348
Q

What is the genus of the pterosaurs?

A

Pterydactylus

349
Q

What was the size range of pterosaurs?

A

Sparrow sized to 13 meters

350
Q

What was the largest pterosaur?

A

Quetzalcoatlas; 43 ft wingspan

351
Q

When were pterosaurs abundant? Extinct?

A

Middle of the Mesozoic; end of the Mesozoic

352
Q

What were ichthyosaurs?

A

Specialized marine reptiles that existed during Jurassic and Cretaceous

353
Q

Describe the ichthyosaurs body.

A

Similar shape to dolphins; large dorsal fin in some species
Fore and hind limbs that formed paddle like fins
Large tail fin
Large eyes
Long jaws with pointed teeth

354
Q

What did ichthyosaurs feed on?

A

Fish and invertebrates

355
Q

Did ichthyosaurs have eggs or were they live bearing?

A

Live bearing; fossils have been found with developing embryos inside

356
Q

What is one of the few reptiles that live their entire life in the water?

A

Ichthyosaurs

357
Q

How many ichthyosaur species are there was how big can they get?

A

Over 100 species; up to 10 meters

358
Q

What are plesiosaurs and pliosaurs?

A

Specialized marine reptiles that existed in the Triassic, Jurassic and cretaceous

359
Q

Describe the plesiosaurs and pliosaurs.

A

Long bodies with long flipper like limbs

360
Q

What is hypothesized about the plesiosaurs and pliosaurs fins?

A

Moved their flippers up and down like wings to fly through the water; they do not use tails for propulsion

361
Q

What is the most accepted hypothesis of plesiosaurs and pliosaurs?

A

They were oviparous so they used flippers to crawl out on beach to lay eggs

362
Q

What did plesiosaurs and pliosaurs feed on?

A

Fish and other marine reptiles

363
Q

How large can plesiosaurs an dpliosaurs get?

A

Up to 13 m

364
Q

Describe plesiosaurs.

A

Long necks and relatively small heads
Necks used for quickly flinging head toward prey

365
Q

Describe pliosaurs.

A

Shorter necks and huge head and jaws
Largest jaws of any carnivorous vertebrate

366
Q

How large did some pliosaur skulls become?

A

(kronosarus) up to 8 ft in length

367
Q

What does dinosaur mean?

A

Terrible lizard

368
Q

When were dinosaurs around?

A

Form the Triassic, Jurassic, and cretaceous (Mesozoic era)

369
Q

Describe dinosaurs.

A

Legs rotated under body due to pelvic and leg bones

370
Q

What did dinosaurs pelvis and leg bones allow for?

A

Orientation of legs increased efficiency of their movements
Allowed some to walk upright on 2 legs

371
Q

What is the key to identifying dinosaurs?

A

The pelvic bones

372
Q

How many species of dinosaurs are there?

A

Approx. 1000

373
Q

Were dinosaurs initially thought be slow and lethargic or fast and agile?

A

Slow and lethargic

374
Q

How did dinosaurs reproduce?

A

Some laid eggs, some had parental care of eggs and young

375
Q

What is an example of a dinosaur that had parental care over eggs and young?

A

Hadrosaurs

376
Q

When was the earliest of dinosaur fossils found?

A

From the latter half of the Triassic

377
Q

When did dinosaurs greatly increase in numbers?

A

During the Jurassic and cretaceous (were also dominant in this period)

378
Q

When did dinosaurs become extinct?

A

During the late cretaceous

379
Q

What were theropod dinosaurs?

A

Biped predatory dinosaurs

380
Q

What were the theropod dinosaur bodies specialized for?

A

Upright walking and running
Arms were smaller than legs possibly for running faster

381
Q

What dinosaurs are most structurally similar to birds?

A

Theropods; some have feathers for insulation

382
Q

Describe the T-Rex.

A

One of the largest terrestrial carnivores
Huge head with large teeth (8 in long)
Grew to almost 20 ft
Arms couldn’t reach mouth

383
Q

What was the max speed of a T-Rex?

A

40 km/hr or less

384
Q

What are examples of theropods?

A

T rex
Velociraptor

385
Q

Describe the velociraptor.

A

Agile predator with max size of 1.8 m in height
sharp claws on fingers and toes

386
Q

What were the largest dinosaurs/animals to ever live in the terrestrial environment?

A

Sauropods

387
Q

What is an example of a sauropod?

A

Apatosaurus (brontosaurus); 70 ft in length and 30 tons in weight

388
Q

How big were the largest sauropods and what were they called?

A

130 ft in length and weighed up to 50-100 tons; agentinosaurus (herbivores)

389
Q

Describe sauropods.

A

Walked on all 4 legs (hypothesized to be able to stand on 2 to reach leaves)
Long necks

390
Q

Why did long necks pose problems for sauropods?

A

Tail acted as counterbalance
Had to have massive hearts to pump blood to their brains
Dead spaces problem ( bird like respiratory to facilitate on way flow of air)

391
Q

How big is a sauropods heart hypothesized to be?

A

4 chambered 500 liter heart

392
Q

Describe stegosaurus.

A

Herbivore
Large plates extending from back
Spikes on tail to deter predators
Could grow 8 m in length

393
Q

What were the large plates of stegosaurus thought to be used for?

A

Deter predators, attracting mates, temp control

394
Q

Describe Hadrosaurs.

A

Duck billed ( flat mouths)
Plant or small vertebrate eating
Laid eggs and parental care
Crests on head

395
Q

What are the crests on the head of a stegosaurus thought to be used for?

A

Make sounds because it was connected to the nasal passages

396
Q

When did the KT mass extinction occur?

A

End of cretaceous

397
Q

What groups became extinct after KT extinction?

A

Dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs

398
Q

What are the orders of reptiles and how many species are in each?

A

Sphenodonta 2
Crocodilia 24
Chelonia 350
Squamata 9780

399
Q

What is in the order sphenodonta?

A

Tuatara

400
Q

What is in the order chelonia?

A

Turtles

401
Q

What is in the order squamata?

A

Lizards, snakes, worm lizards

402
Q

Describe sphenodonta.

A

Resembles lizard
Max length of 2 or 3 ft
More primitive than most reptiles
“living fossil”

403
Q

What type of skull does sphenodonta have?

A

Diapsid

404
Q

Describe sphenodonta teeth.

A

Serrated projections and fused to jaw
2 rows of upper, 1 row of lower
Gradually wear down and irreplaceable

405
Q

What kind of heart does sphenodonta have?

A

3 chambered

406
Q

Does sphenodonta have an ear drum or openings?

A

No, have not well developed middle ear
One inner ear bone (stapes)
Poor hearing

407
Q

Does sphenodonta have well developed third eye?

A

Yes, covered with a small layer of skin as to only register light intensity

408
Q

Does sphenodonta have male copulatory organs?

A

No

409
Q

Where do sphenodontids occur?

A

Small islands in new Zealand (relatively cold for reptiles)

410
Q

How long does it take sphenodontids to reach sexual maturity?

A

Up to 20 years, while they nay live for 100 or more years; some don’t reproduce until 70-80 years old

411
Q

How big can adult sphenodonta get?

A

About 0.8 m in length and 1 kg in weight

412
Q

What do sphenodonta feed on?

A

Feed on insects, worms, and other invertebrates also small reptiles; they are primarily nocturnal

413
Q

Where do sphenodonta live?

A

In burrows, with a large number of burrows in each colony

414
Q

How many tuatara can live in a colony?

A

Up to 7000

415
Q

How is tuatara an example of a reptile that has adapted to cool environments in the southern latitude?

A

“physiology in slow motion”; their physiology and reproduction reflect cool environments

416
Q

Describe tuatara mating.

A

Occurs by cloaca
Females only nest every 2-5 years
Oviparous and lay around 6-10 eggs and take 12-16 months to hatch

417
Q

Does tuatara have temp dependent sex determination?

A

Yes, Type 1A

418
Q

How long does it take tuatara to sexually mature?

A

10-20 years and have been known too reproduce at 60 or older

419
Q

How many species are there of living turtles?

A

350 species

420
Q

What is one of the most primitive of living reptiles?

A

Turtles

421
Q

What kind of skull do turtles have?

A

Anapsid

422
Q

What does research about turtle skulls show?

A

They may have actually been diapsids that lost their temporal openings

423
Q

When are the first fossils of turtles from?

A

Triassic approx. when dinosaurs appeared

424
Q

Describe Proganochelys and Triassochelys.

A

Turtle fossils from the Triassic
Up to 0.5 m in length
Earliest known turtles
Similar to modern turtles

425
Q

Describe Archelon.

A

Giant sea turtle that lived during cretaceous
2 m shell length

426
Q

Where do many modern groups of turtles fossils date back to?

A

Cretaceous

427
Q

Describe a turtle shell.

A

Key to survival
Made of bony plates covered by cornified scutes (made of keratin)
Carapace is upper shell, composed of thoracic vertebrae
Plastron is lower shell

428
Q

Describe turtle respiration.

A

Don’t have a diaphragm, ribs cant move in and out due to shell
Can increase and decrease volume in shell by contracting muscles
Movement of limbs move air in and out of lungs

429
Q

Describe turtle reproduction.

A

Internal fertilization, males have single penis
Female turtles store sperm
Oviparous
Temp dependent sex determination

430
Q

How long can turtles live?

A

Over 100, possibly 150-200

431
Q

Do turtles have teeth?

A

No, have tough horny plates of keratin over bony jaws for biting and crushing

432
Q

What do turtles eat?

A
433
Q

What turtles are carnivores?

A

Snapping turtles and sea turtles

434
Q

What turtles are herbivores?

A

Tortoises and green sea turtles

435
Q

What are the two basic groups of turtles?

A

Cryptodira (hidden necked 75%) and pluerodira (side necked)

436
Q

How many species of hard shelled sea turtles are there? Leatherback?

A

6; 1

437
Q

How did sea turtles adapt to marine existence morphologically and ecologically?

A

Their legs modified into flippers and cannot pull their head back into the shell

438
Q

What do sea turtles feed on?

A

`Variety of invertebrates like crabs, shrimp, and clams, some eat sea grasses

439
Q

How many eggs do sea turtles lay per nest?

A

About 100

440
Q

Describe sea turtle nesting.

A

Some will nest 2-6 times a year, but other will nest up to 12; females take 1-3 years off before nesting again

441
Q

Where do snapping turtles occur?

A

South and eastern U.S. as well as alabama

442
Q

Describe the common snapper.

A

Smaller than alligator snapping
Can grow 1.5 ft in length
Occurs in central and eastern US

443
Q

Describe the alligator snapper.

A

Largest freshwater turtles in north America
Worm like structure on tongue (used to lure fish into biting range)
80 years or more life span

444
Q

What was the largest alligator snapping turtle on record?

A

Weighed over 90 kg (200 lbs)

445
Q

What is the alligator snapper historically used for?

A

Turtle soup

446
Q

Describe tortoises.

A

Terrestrial turtles with high dome shells
Mostly herbivorous

447
Q

Describe gopher tortoises.

A

Burrows in sandy soil (30 ft in length or more)
Lays eggs outside burrow
Herbivore
Can be 12 in or more in length
Occurs in southeastern US (including AL)

448
Q

Describe Galapagos tortoises.

A

Largestest tortoises in the world
15 subspecies, only 11 surviving

449
Q

How large can Galapagos tortoises get?

A

Weight of over 225 kg but can reach up to 600-800 lbs

450
Q

Why are there only 11 subspecies of Galapagos tortoises left?

A

Heavily exploited by mariners by the whaling industry

451
Q

What is Lonesome George?

A

Thought to be the only remaining member of one subspecies, died in 2012

452
Q

Describe softshell turtles.

A

Soft and leathery shell
Aquatic
Long snouts “snorkels”
Carnivores
Fast with sharp claws & jaws (very strong bite)
Distributed through US including AL

453
Q

Describe sliders, scooters, and painted turtles.

A

Typical pond turtle
Low dome shell
Slide into water when predator approaches
Omnivores

454
Q

What is an example of the Emydid turtle family?

A

Sliders, scooters, and painted turtles

455
Q

Crocodilians are a very ancient group of reptiles, what are they an example of?

A

Living fossil

456
Q

When do crocodilian fossils date back to?

A

Late Triassic early Jurassic

457
Q

What are the largest living reptiles?

A

Crocodilians

458
Q

How big can crocodilians become?

A

Over 7.5 m in length and over 1000 kg in weight

459
Q

How long can the nile crocodile get?

A

21 ft

460
Q

What species from the cretaceous grew to 40 ft?

A

Supercroc/ sarcosuchus

461
Q

Describe crocodilian reproduction.

A

Internal fertilization
Single penis everted through cloaca for sperm transfer
Lay eggs
Bellowing
Temp dependent sex determination
Parental care

462
Q

Do crocodilians have good hearing?

A

Yes

463
Q

How do crocodilians exhibit parental care?

A

Sounds of hatchling cues mother to open nest
Mother carries hatchlings on body/mouth

464
Q

How long can crocodilians live?

A

70-100 years in captivity

465
Q

Describe Gharial.

A

Long and narrow snout for catching fish (quick side to side movement)
Can grow 15-20 ft

466
Q

What is the only living species of Gharial?

A

The Indian Gharial, critically endangered due to habitat loss and fishery

467
Q

Describe crocodiles.

A

Narrow snout
4th tooth on lower jaw is visible when mouth is closed
14 living species

468
Q

Describe alligators.

A

Broad snout
8 living species

469
Q

What are the 8 living species of alligators?

A

American and Chinese alligators and 6 species of caimans in central & south America

470
Q

Where are American alligators found?

A

Southeastern US
Central and south America

471
Q

How big can American alligators get?

A

Max of 19 ft, they mature at 6 ft

472
Q

When does mating take place in American alligators and what does it look like?

A

Takes place in spring with males bellowing loudly; female builds mound nest of mud and vegetation, lays 20-70 eggs and guards nest

473
Q

What happens when the hatchlings hatch?

A

After 2 months the eggs hatch and make a high pitched noise to attract mother and mother helps them out, she protects them for up to a year or more

474
Q

Where is the American crocodile found and how big can it get?

A

Florida keys and everglades
Caribbean, central and south America
6 m and 2000 lbs

475
Q

What is the most recent of the living reptiles in the fossil record?

A

Order squamata

476
Q

When did squamates begin radiating?

A

Cretaceous period towards end of the Mesozoic era

477
Q

What is the most successful group of living reptiles?

A

Order squamata; over 10,000 species 95% of living reptiles

478
Q

What is it hypothesized that snake and worm lizards evolved from?

A

Lizard like ancestors

479
Q

How many species of lizards are there?

A

About 6000

480
Q

Where are lizards found and how large can they get?

A

Temprate and tropical climates; an inch to 10 ft

481
Q

Describe mosasaurs.

A

Grew up to 10 m or more
Carnviores
Existed during cretaceous

482
Q

What was one of the first prehistoric skeletons found by humans?

A

Mosasaurs

483
Q

What is well developed in lizards?

A

Sight, smell, and vomeronasal organ in roof of mouth

484
Q

What is the VNO used for?

A

detects airborne chemicals like pheromones

485
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ also known as?

A

VNO or jacobsons organ

486
Q

What can the pineal eye have?

A

Cornea, lens, and retina

487
Q

Describe lizards ears.

A

External ears
Middle ear has columella bone
Don’t use sound for mating or territory (except some geckos)

488
Q

What are lizards also known as?

A

Sauria/lacertilian

489
Q

What do lizards feed on?

A

Carnivores, many eat insects; some feed on mammals (Komodo), some are herbivores

490
Q

What lizards tongue can be longer than their body?

A

Chameleons

491
Q

What lizards are herbivores?

A

Iguanas

492
Q

How do lizards reproduce?

A

Internal fertilization
Males have hemipenes
Oviparous, ovoviviparous, and viviparous

493
Q

What lizard is viviparous?

A

Brazilian skink

494
Q

What is parthenogenic and are some lizards it?

A

Eggs develop without being fertilized, yes (species all female)

495
Q

Are some lizards temp dependent sex determinate?

A

Yes

496
Q

What is an example of a parthenogenic lizard?

A

Species of whiptail lizards in southwestern US

497
Q

What is the draco lizard?

A

Flying dragon, has folds of skin that act as wings for gliding

498
Q

What is the Basilisk lizard?

A

Runs on hind legs
Known to run across water on hind limbs

499
Q

What is the Gila monster?

A

Venomous lizard in SW US
Small fangs
Chew prey to enhance venom transfer
Not fatal to humans

500
Q

What is the Komodo dragon?

A

Largest lizard in the world
Found in Indonesia
9 ft or longer
Produces venom

501
Q

What are snakes also known as?

A

Serpentes

502
Q

How many species of snakes are there?

A

3400

503
Q

How big are the smallest snakes? Largest?

A

15 cm; over 11 m

504
Q

How large is the largest anaconda reported?

A

11.4 m

505
Q

How big can the reticulated python get?

A

10 m

506
Q

What snakes have remnants of pelvic girdle bones?

A

Boas and pythons

507
Q

What do snakes have instead of eyelids?

A

Transparent membrane covering it, the membrane is shed during the molt

508
Q

Do snakes have external ears or tympanic membranes?

A

No, but they do have inner ears and a columella

509
Q

How do snakes pick up sounds?

A

Low frequency vibrations conducted through the bones, especially the jaw, then transfer the vibrations to the columella

510
Q

Describe the organs inside of a snake.

A

Organs are long and thin
Most paired organs are one right behind the other
Most only have one fully functional lung, left lung is repressed

511
Q

Where are heat sensitive pits found in pit vipers, boas, and pythons?

A

Between nostrils and eyes
Found near lips in boas and pythons

512
Q

How does a pit organ work?

A

Have suspended membranes with receptors that detect infrared radiation
Senses warm blooded animals

513
Q

How are the bones of a snake skull connected?

A

Loose ligaments so entire skull can flex

514
Q

Are the right and left lower jaws of snakes fused together?

A

No, this is so they can operate independently of one another

515
Q

What does the glottis do in snakes?

A

is at the front of the mouth (opening of trachea) and prevents suffocation while swallowing large prey

516
Q

What kind of feeders are snakes?

A

Episodic feeders, normally eat once or twice a week (some only eat once or twice a month)

517
Q

What are the different ways in which snakes immobilize prey?

A

Bite and hold with mouth
Constriction
Venom

518
Q

What percentage of snakes are venomous?

A

20-25%

519
Q

How is venom produced?

A

By modified salivary glands in upper jaws

520
Q

What proteins can venom contain?

A

Neurotoxins that block neuromuscular junction and cardiovascular toxins
Toxins and enzymes that cause tissue destruction and hemorrhage

521
Q

How many people are bitten each year in the US by snakes? How many died?

A

4000-6000; approx. 5 or less

522
Q

How many people are bitten each year in India by snakes? How many die?

A

200,000; several thousand

523
Q

How do snakes reproduce?

A

Internal fertilization by male hemipenes

524
Q

How does reproduction vary in snakes?

A

Some lay eggs, some bear live young; however they don’t show parental care but will protect the eggs

525
Q

How do sea snakes reproduce?

A

Ovoviviparous and bear live young

526
Q

What is an example in diversity in reproduction in snakes?

A

Red sided garter snakes; form large mating aggregations up to thousands of snakes, they wait for females to come out from hibernation

527
Q

What has the release of pythons in Florida done for the ecosystem?

A

Resulted in decline in mammal populations in everglades, such as rabbits, foxes, raccoons, opossums and deer

528
Q

How many species of worm lizards are there?

A

180

529
Q

What is another name for worm lizards?

A

Amphisbaenia

530
Q

Where are worm lizards found and where to they live?

A

Most occur in south America and Africa; live in the ground

531
Q

How are worm lizards adapted to the subterranean environment?

A

Most lack legs
Worm like appearance
Small eyes and ears covered by skin (has columella that connects to skin)

532
Q

Are worm lizards the only reptile that are primarily or exclusively subterranean?

A

Yes

533
Q

What does amphisbaenia mean?

A

Double walk or double moving

534
Q

What are worm lizards called in latin America?

A

Snake with two heads

535
Q

What do worm lizards feed on?

A

Carnivores, eat worms, insects, and other invertebrates; have strong jaws for biting and crushing prey

536
Q

How do worm lizards reproduce?

A

Internal fertilization
Males have hemipenes
Oviparous/ ovoviviparous

537
Q

What is the one species of worm lizard found in the US called and where does it occur?

A

Florida worm lizard; found in florida and southern alabama

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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