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Vertebrate Zoology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most diverse species?

A

fishes

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2
Q

How old are the first vertebrates in the fossil record?

A

500 million years old

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3
Q

Why does similarity often occur among vertebrates?

A

“relatedness”

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4
Q

Is convergent evolution ancestry or relatedness? If not what is it?

A

it is not ancestry or relatedness, it is just a convergence of physical characteristics over time

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5
Q

How does diversity occur among vertebrates?

A

adaptation

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6
Q

Define extinct.

A

past organisms, no longer alive

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7
Q

Define extant.

A

present organisms, still living

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8
Q

What phylum are all vertebrates members of?

A

the phylum Chordata

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9
Q

What is the general definition of vertebrates?

A

animals with backbones

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10
Q

What are the 5 general groups of vertebrates?

A

fishes
amphibians
reptiles
birds
mammals

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11
Q

What is an example of “lower vertebrate” or “primitive” vertebrates?

A

fishes

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12
Q

What is an example of “higher vertebrate” or “advanced” vertebrates?

A

mammals

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13
Q

How were vertebrates classified in the older, traditional classification system?

A

kingdom; Animalia
phylum; Chordata
subphylum; Vertebrata

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14
Q

What are the 4 basic characteristics of chordates that distinguish them from other phyla?

A

notochord
dorsal nerve cord
pharyngeal gill slits
postanal tail

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15
Q

True or False. The spinal cord in humans in homologous with the notochord.

A

false

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16
Q

Is the notochord the vertebral column?

A

no, it is a rod like structure

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of the notochord?

A

consists of a semi-rigid group of cells surrounded by fibrous and elastic sheaths
muscles can act on it
allows for undulating body movements

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18
Q

Where does the notochord lie?

A

ventral to the “dorsal nerve cord”

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19
Q

Is the notochord present during embryonic development in all vertebrates?

A

yes

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20
Q

What are some examples of primitive vertebrates that the notochord remains in throughout their life?

A

hagfish and lampreys

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21
Q

In most vertebrates what is the notochord replaced with?

A

the vertebral column which forms around the notochord

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22
Q

What is the advantage of a stiff notochord in the body?

A

allows the side to side fish like movement

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23
Q

What is considered the most primitive living vertebrate?

A

hagfish

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24
Q

What forms the neural plate?

A

dorsal tubular nerve cord

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25
Q

What is an example of the dorsal nerve cord failing to seal itself?

A

spina bifida and anencephaly

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26
Q

What are gill slits used for?

A

respiration in lower vertebrates

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27
Q

Are gill slits also used for filter feeding in some lower vertebrates?

A

yes

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28
Q

What are post anal tails?

A

long tails that are good for animals movement, balance, etc

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29
Q

What are some additional similarities among the chordates?

A

segmented muscle mass
endoskeleton of cartilage/bone
bilateral symmetry
“closed” circulatory system

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of the hagfish?

A

notochord persistent throughout life
fibrous & cartilaginous skeleton
no jaws
no paired appendages
poorly developed brain and reproductive system

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31
Q

Define brackish.

A

combination of freshwater and saltwater organisms

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32
Q

What are some examples of fish that migrate from marine to freshwater?

A

salmon and american eel

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33
Q

What are some examples of animals that inhabit aquatic and terrestrial environments?

A

amphibians, turtles, marine iguana, sea birds, seals, sea lions, etc

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34
Q

Define gonochoristic.

A

animals with 2 separate sexes

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35
Q

Define hermaphrodite.

A

ability to change sex over life span or be both sexes at the same time

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36
Q

Define unisexual vertebrates.

A

when eggs develop into female without fertilization

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37
Q

What are the 4 eras in the fossil record time scale?

A

Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Paleozoic
Precambrian

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38
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

about 4.5 billion years old

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39
Q

What does the fossil record indicate?

A

that the diversity of vertebrates has gradually changed over time and that vertebrate diversity today is distinctly different from other time periods

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40
Q

The fossil record indicates that some species have gone _______ while others have _______ in the record over time.

A

extinct; appeared

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41
Q

What kind of animals were found in the precambrian time scale in the fossil record?

A

only aquatic invertebrates until approximately 500 million years ago

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42
Q

What was abundant in the middle of the Paleozoic time scale of the fossil record?

A

fishes

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43
Q

What do the fossil records from towards the end of the Paleozoic era indicate?

A

amphibians and reptiles were dominant terrestrial vertebrates

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44
Q

What animals are present in the fossil record toward the end of the mesozoic era?

A

peak of the dinosaurs
birds are present
small mammals

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45
Q

What animals are diverse and abundant in the Cenozoic era of the fossil record?

A

birds and mammals

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46
Q

When did the first hominid fossils appear?

A

about 5 million years ago

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47
Q

When did the first Homo sapiens begin to appear in the fossil record?

A

about 300,000 years ago or less

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48
Q

What was the Cambrian explosion?

A

great increase in animals on the earth

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49
Q

What was the Devonian period also known as?

A

the age of fishes

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50
Q

What was the mesozoic era also known as?

A

age of the reptiles

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51
Q

Did mammals show up at the time of the dinosaurs?

A

yes

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52
Q

What happens to mammals once dinosaurs go extinct?

A

the species takes off

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53
Q

When was the CT (Cretaceous tertiary period) mass extinction?

A

mesozoic era

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54
Q

What did Carolus Linnaeus suggest?

A

that all animals were fixed, invariable, and did not change with time; they were created when the earth was created and have not changed since

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55
Q

What did Jean Baptiste de Lamarck suggest?

A

popularized the concept that species might actually change over time

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56
Q

What was the name of Lamarck’s concept?

A

inheritance of acquired characteristics

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57
Q

What were the 2 points of Lamarck’s theory?

A
  1. animals naturally progress toward a higher form, animals continually lose characteristics that aren’t needed and gain the ones that are useful
  2. proposed animals could acquire changes during their lifetime and that those changes were passed to their offspring
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58
Q

What is Lyell often referred to as?

A

father of modern geology

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59
Q

What did Lyell’s books hypothesize?

A

geological formation that we currently see on earth results from slow and gradual geological processes

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60
Q

Did Lyell’s book have a strong influence on Darwin?

A

yes

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61
Q

What are some examples of animals that were different on the Galapagos in comparison to those on the mainland?

A

iguanas
finches beak shape (Darwin’s finches)
tortoises shell shape

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62
Q

What are the 5 parts of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

1.organisms are not static and can evolve over time/generations
2.changes in organisms appears gradual and continuous
3.concept of common descent
4.more individuals in a species are produced than can survive and its “survival of the fittest”
5.environment and nature determines who will survive

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63
Q

According to Darwin does the environment dictate which organisms are more “fit” and which traits are passed down to the next generations?

A

yes

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64
Q

What was the first bird in the fossil record?

A

archaeopteryx

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65
Q

What was the name of the ship Darwin was on for 5 years?

A

H.M.S Beagle

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66
Q

What did Thomas Malthus write an essay on? What theory came from the reading of this essay?

A

essay on the principle of population; survival of the fittest

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67
Q

Where are the Galápagos Islands located?

A

600 miles off of the coast of South America

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68
Q

How old are the Galápagos Islands?

A

1-4 million years old

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69
Q

Gould and Eldredge suggested what in contrast to phyletic gradualism?

A

punctuated equilibrium

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70
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do?

A

experimented on pea plants and developed basic genetic concepts such as dominant vs recessive alleles

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71
Q

What are Mendel’s concepts known as?

A

Mendelian Inheritance or Mendelian Genetics

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72
Q

What is the combination of Darwin’s theory combined with Mendelian Genetics referred to as?

A

Neo-Darwinism

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73
Q

Define evolution.

A

genetic composition of an animal can change over time specifically generations

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74
Q

Define natural selection.

A

the environment favors certain trait that are advantageous and increase the fitness of an organism in a given environment

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75
Q

Define fitness.

A

ability to survive and reproduce

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76
Q

What are examples of evidence cited in support of evolution and natural selection?

A

artificial or human selection
evolution of antibiotic resistance by bacteria
fossil record
comparative anatomy
comparative physiology
comparative embryology
molecular genetics

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77
Q

What does artificial or human selection reveal?

A

species can change over generations and that certain traits can be “selected”

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78
Q

What does the evolution of antibiotic resistance by bacteria reveal?

A

example of evolution and natural selection of bacteria; bacterial strains are evolving resistant to current antibiotics

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79
Q

What does comparative anatomy reveal?

A

“homologous” structures in different species

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80
Q

What does homologous mean?

A

similar structures in different species and these structures have the same embryonic origin

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81
Q

What does analogous mean?

A

structures which may be similar in structure or function but are of different embryological origin

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82
Q

What does comparative physiology reveal?

A

homologous physiological systems and molecules in different species

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83
Q

What does comparative embryology reveal?

A

early stages of embryonic development of various vertebrates show many similarities

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84
Q

What did Ernest Hackel hypothesize?

A

the homologous embryonic structures may represent developmental remnants related to an animals ancestry

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85
Q

What was Hackels theory known as?

A

Haeckel’s Biogenetic Law; hypothesized that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

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86
Q

What does molecular genetics reveal?

A

allows genetic comparison of the relatedness of specific animals

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87
Q

Who was known as Darwin’s bulldog?

A

Thomas Henry Huxley

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88
Q

What did Alfred Wallace do?

A

independently came up with concept of evolution by natural selection

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89
Q

What is evolution?

A

change in an organisms genotype to change over time

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90
Q

What are the characteristics of a species?

A
  1. group of individuals with similar characteristics
  2. capable of interbreeding
  3. reproductively isolated from similar groups
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91
Q

Who popularized the “biological species concept”?

A

Ernst Mayr

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92
Q

What is the modern definition of a species?

A

“genetically distinct” group of organisms which is also “genetically isolated” from other groups

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93
Q

Allopatric speciation.

A

due to geographic isolation; subpopulations are geographically separated from one another so each subpopulation evolves on its own in a different environment and eventually becomes genetically distinct

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94
Q

Sympatric speciation.

A

speciation occurring in the same location; subpopulation may become isolated due to ecological or behavioral differences

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95
Q

What is an example often used for sympatric speciation?

A

Lake Baikal sculpins

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96
Q

What is Lake Baikal commonly referred to as?

A

Galapagos of Russia

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97
Q

What is systematics?

A

classifications vertebrate species

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98
Q

Who was one of the first systematists (person who classifies living organisms)?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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99
Q

Who is the Father of modern Taxonomy?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

100
Q

What is the order of the heirarchial system of taxonomy?

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

101
Q

What did Carolus Linnaeus use for Taxonomy?

A

binomial nomenclature

102
Q

How is binomial nomenclature used?

A

genus then specific epithet

103
Q

Define primitive characteristic (plesiomorphy).

A

characteristic that is the same as it was in an ancestor

104
Q

Define derived characteristics (apomorphy).

A

new characteristic only present in specific group of organisms

105
Q

Does each characteristic in Cladistics have equal weight?

A

yes

106
Q

What is the grouping of organisms based off of?

A

based on organisms characteristics

107
Q

Describe traditional systematics.

A

based of analysis of animal characteristics, does not consider ancestry of the organism or trait

108
Q

What is the goal of cladisitics?

A

group organisms based on how closely related they are to one another, how recently they had a common ancestor

109
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

group that contains all members of a group that are hypothesized to be derived from a common ancestor

110
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

groups that do not contain all members hypothesized to be derived from a specific common ancestor

111
Q

When was radiometric dating developed of and refined?

A

between 1911 and 1950s

112
Q

What is the half life of Uranium-Lead dating?

A

713 million years

113
Q

What is the half life of Potassium-40?

A

1.28 billion years

114
Q

What does Uranium 235 decay into?

A

Lead 207

115
Q

What does Potassium 40 decay into?

A

argon 40 then calcium 40

116
Q

What is the half life of carbon 14?

A

5730

117
Q

What does carbon 14 decay into?

A

nitrogen 14

118
Q

What is carbon 14 used for and where is it found?

A

found in organic material, it is useful for dating organic material less than 60,000 years old

119
Q

How old is the Earth approx.?

A

4.5 billion years old

120
Q

What are Earth’s 4 major eras?

A

precambrian, Paleozoic, mesozoic, and Cenozoic

121
Q

Why is Charles Walcott known?

A

the Cambrian explosion

122
Q

What is Pikaia?

A

considered one of the oldest known chordates in the fossil record

123
Q

What characteristics did Pakaia fossils show?

A

notochord, segmented muscles, head and tail regions

124
Q

What age/era/period were the first vertebrate fossils found?

A

late Cambrian, early ordovician

125
Q

When did the first terrestrial plants appear in the fossil record for the first time?

A

ordovician period

126
Q

When did the first jawed fishes appear in the fossil record?

A

silurian period

127
Q

What was the Great Permian Extinction?

A

mass extinction occurred at the end of the Permian, estimated that 90% of marine invertebrates and 70% of terrestrial species went extinct

128
Q

What are Lake Baikal sculpins an example of?

A

sympatric speciation

129
Q

Who developed binomial nomenclature?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

130
Q

What is carbon-14 dating good for?

A

dating organic material of approx 60,000 years of age or less

131
Q

When did the first amphibian like tetrapods show up in the fossil record?

A

the Devonian era

132
Q

What does Paleozoic mean?

A

old animals

133
Q

In what era of the fossil record are fossil fuels found?

A

the Carboniferous era

134
Q

When do the first reptiles appear in the fossil record?

A

the Carbiniferous era

135
Q

Were there also giant insects in the Carboniferous era?

A

yes

136
Q

When does the radiation of reptiles begin?

A

the permian era

137
Q

When do the first mammal like reptiles appear in the fossil record?

A

the permian era

138
Q

What is dimetrodon?

A

a reptile that is very similar to mammals

139
Q

What was at the end of the Permian era?

A

the great permian extinction

140
Q

What is the Mesozoic era also known as?

A

the age of reptiles

141
Q

When do the first dinosaurs and mammals appear in the fossil record?

A

the triassic period

142
Q

Is the pterodactyl classified as a dinosaur?

A

no

143
Q

Are ichthyosaurs dinosaurs or reptiles?

A

reptiles

144
Q

In what period were marine and flying reptiles abundant?

A

the jurassic period

145
Q

When did the first birds appear in the fossil record?

A

the jurassic period

146
Q

When was the climax of dinosaurs and large marine reptiles?

A

the cretaceous period

147
Q

What happened at the end of the Cretaceous period?

A

a mass extinction (K/T extinction) of many vertebrates and invertebrates

148
Q

What is the K/T mass extinction thought to have been caused by?

A

a huge asteroid

149
Q

What era is known as the age of mammals?

A

the Cenozoic era

150
Q

Define epochs.

A

subdivisions within the periods of eras

151
Q

In what period do mammals radiate?

A

the tertiary period

152
Q

When do the first placental mammals occur and radiate?

A

the tertiary period

153
Q

How many ice ages did the Pleistocene epoch of the quaternary period include?

A

at least 4 ice ages

154
Q

What sediments were human and human like fossils found?

A

Pleistocene and Holocene sediments

155
Q

Who is Alfred Wallace?

A

co-developer of the theory of evolution by natural selection

156
Q

What was Wallace interested in?

A

the worldwide distribution of animals

157
Q

What is the Wallace line?

A

where there was a distinct change in the types of animals but not the geography

158
Q

Where were the effects of the Wallace eline particularly evident?

A

between Indonesia and Malaysia

159
Q

Who proposed the theory of continental drift?

A

Alfred Weneger

160
Q

What did Alfred Weneger suggest?

A

that continents move over time and suggested the idea of a supercontinent in prehistoric times

161
Q

What is sea floor spreading?

A

where 2 plates are moving farther apart from one another

162
Q

What is an example of sea floor spreading?

A

mid Atlantic ridge

163
Q

What process of plate tectonics forms mountains?

A

convergence

164
Q

What is the name of the supercontinent Weneger suggested?

A

Pangea

165
Q

When was Pangea hypothesized to exist?

A

during the triassic period

166
Q

Pangea broke into a northern and southern part, called what?

A

Laurasia and Gondwana

167
Q

Did Gondwana and Laurasia split into the present day continents?

A

yes

168
Q

What was the first group of bony fishes in the fossil record that appeared in the late Cambrian/ early Ordovician era?

A

Ostracoderms

169
Q

Describe the plate tectonic theory.

A

indicates that the earths surface is composed of rocky plates which float on material in the earths mantel

170
Q

What is Walcott famous for?

A

the Burgess Shale where he looked at the invertebrate fossils

171
Q

When did Pangea break into Laurasia and Gondwana?

A

during the Jurassic period

172
Q

When did Pangea exist?

A

in the Triassic

173
Q

Why is it hypothesized that continental movements over the geologic time scale has significantly affected vertebrate diversity?

A
  1. isolation of vertebrates (allopatric speciation)
  2. environmental changes associated with the movement and location of continents would have necessitated that the animals had adapt to specific environment or go extinct in those environments
174
Q

What are examples of the most recent geological events that have also affected animal distribution?

A
  1. Isthmus of Panama
  2. land bridge in the Bering Strait connecting North America and Asia
175
Q

What animals migrated to north america due ot the isthmus of Panama?

A

opossum, armadillo, and porcupine

176
Q

What animals migrated to North America due to the land bridge in the bering strait?

A

buffalo and mammoths

177
Q

What are protostomes?

A

invertebrates

178
Q

What are some examples of protostomes?

A

annelida, Mollusca, arthropoda

179
Q

What are deuterostomes?

A

vertebrates

180
Q

What are some examples of deuterostomes?

A

echinodermata, hemichordate, chordata

181
Q

Why are chordates classified as deuterostomes?

A

because of the embryological and morphological characteristics

182
Q

What are the 2 invertebrate deuterostome groups?

A

tunicata and cephalochordata

183
Q

What are tunicates and cephalochordates collectively known as?

A

protochordates

184
Q

What is a common name for Tunicata?

A

sea squirts

185
Q

An example of the class Thaliacea is…

A

a salp

186
Q

Can sales be solitary and colonial?

A

yes

187
Q

What are some characteristics of the class Thaliacea?

A

filter feeders
normally hermaphroditic with external fertilization
adult tunicates have little resemblance to chordates

188
Q

Why are tunicates considered chordates?

A

because the swimming larvae have basic chordate characteristics

189
Q

What lead to the Garstang Hypothesis of Vertebrate Origin?

A

observations of tunicate larvae and metamorphosis

190
Q

Who came up with the Garstang Hypothesis on Vertebrate Origin?

A

Walter Garstang

191
Q

What did Walter Garstang hypothesize?

A

that the first vertebrates could have evolved from larvae such as tunicate larva that did not undergo metamorphosis

192
Q

What is another name for Garstangs hypothetical process?

A

paedomorphosis

193
Q

What is an example of paedomorphosis?

A

retention of larval traits in adulthood

194
Q

What is another thing Garstang hypothesized?

A

neotenic larval tunicates could be the ancestors of the earliest known vertebrates

195
Q

What has genomic analysis of tunicates provided?

A

information on the relatedness of the various chordate groups

196
Q

What is the common name for cephalochordata?

A

lancelets

197
Q

Where do all lancelets live?

A

in the marine environment

198
Q

How do lancelets reproduce?

A

have separate sexes (gonochoristic) and use external fertlization

199
Q

Lancelets muscles are segments and arranged into what?

A

myotomes

200
Q

What is another name for ostracoderms?

A

shell skinned

201
Q

What is another name for the pineal complex or pineal eye?

A

the “third” eye

202
Q

What are the characteristics of ostracoderms?

A

no jaws
circular/slit like mouth with no teeth
filter feeders
distinct tail and lack of pair fins

203
Q

Has there been a fossil record to indicate a specific invertebrate ancestor?

A

no

204
Q

What are ostracoderms hypothesized to be derived from?

A

a protochordate

205
Q

When were birds radiating?

A

cenozoic era

206
Q

Where did Ostracoderms first occur?

A

first appear in marine environments

207
Q

What was the height of the last ice age?

A

18000 years ago

208
Q

True or False. Alfred Weneger came up with the theory of continental drift.

A

true

209
Q

What did Ostracoderms have covering their bodies?

A

boney plates

210
Q

Where was Pikaia found?

A

Burgess Shale

211
Q

What is cephalization?

A

distinct head with brain and eyes

212
Q

What are the 2 subgroups of protochordates?

A

urochordata and cephalochordata

213
Q

What species of fishes are highly derived and specialized?

A

teleost fish

214
Q

What are the hagfish and lamprey?

A

agnathans

215
Q

How many species of vertebrates are there living right now?

A

about 60,000

216
Q

What are Gnathostome fishes?

A

jawed fishes

217
Q

What are Chrondrichthyes?

A

jawed fish with cartilaginous skeletons

218
Q

What are the 2 subgroups within Chondrichthyes?

A

Elasmobranchs
Holocephali

219
Q

What fishes are Elasmobranchs?

A

sharks, skates, and rays

220
Q

hat fishes are Holochephali?

A

chimeras “ratfish”

221
Q

What was the traditional grouping of bony fishes?

A

Osteichthyes

222
Q

What are the 2 basic groups of bony fishes?

A

Sarcopteygii and Actinopterygii

223
Q

What are Sarcopterygii?

A

fleshy/ lobed finned fishes

224
Q

What are the 2 living groups of Sarcopterygii?

A

coelacanth and lungfish (also includes Osteolepiforms )

225
Q

What are Actinopterygii?

A

ray finned fishes

226
Q

What are the most successful group of fishes?

A

ray finned fishes

227
Q

What are the 2 general groups within Actinopterygii?

A

Chondrostei and Neopterygii

228
Q

What fishes are Chondrosteis?

A

sturgeon, paddlefish, and bicher

229
Q

What are the groups within Neopterygii?

A

Early Neopterygii and Teleostei

230
Q

What are fishes of Early Neopterygii?

A

gar and bowfin

231
Q

What are the Teleostei?

A

advanced ray finned fishes

232
Q

What are hagfish classified as?

A

Myxini

233
Q

How many species are there of Actinopterygii?

A

30,000

234
Q

What are lampreys classified as?

A

Petromyzoniformes

235
Q

When do the fossil of the Hagfish and Lamprey dat back to in the fossil record?

A

Carboniferous period of the Mesozoic era

236
Q

What are some Sarcopterygii closely related to ?

A

amphibians

237
Q

What are the general morphological characteristics of hagfish and lampreys?

A

no jaws
cartilaginous skeletons
persistent notochord
no paired fins
no scales
eel like bodies
no gas bladder

238
Q

What are the general nervous system characteristics of hagfish and lampreys?

A

dorsal nerve cord & distinct brain
brain has distinct lobes
advanced brain
10 cranial nerves
1 nostril leading to olfactory sac
semicircular canals
pineal & pituitary gland in brain

239
Q

What are the general digestive system characteristics of hagfish and lampreys?

A

no stomach
feed on decomposing organic material

240
Q

What are the general circulatory system characteristics of hagfish and lampreys?

A

one main heart “2 chambered”
RBC and WBC
coldblooded

241
Q

What are the Neopterygii?

A

new Actinopterygii (gar and bowfin)

242
Q

What kind of teeth do hagfish have?

A

muscular tongue with keratinized teeth for rasping tissue

243
Q

What is a hagfishes mouth surrounded by and for what?

A

tentacles for touch

244
Q

Do hagfish have a keen sense of smell and touch and why?

A

yes; because they have degenerate eyes covered by thick skin

245
Q

How many gill slits do hagfish have on either side?

A

1 to multiple

246
Q

Are vertebrates apparent in lampreys?

A

no

Vertebrate Zoology (4 decks)

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