Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the most primitive living vertebrate?
A
hagfish
2
Q
What do marine organisms get more of in comparison to freshwater organisms?
A
electrolytes
3
Q
Do hagfish have jaws?
A
no, they are jawless
4
Q
Since hagfish have no jaws how do they go about feeding?
A
they have keratinized teeth that rasps tissues and a muscular tongue
5
Q
What does a hagfish primarily eat?
A
dead or dying fish
6
Q
What is a hagfish also known to eat besides dead or dying fish?
A
marine worms and crustaceans on the ocean floor
7
Q
What is a hagfish’s mouth surrounded by and what are they used for?
A
tentacles, they are used for touch
8
Q
Why do hagfish have tentacles for touch instead of relying on their eyesight?
A
they have degenerate eyes that are covered by thick skin, this makes them have a keen sense of smell and touch
9
Q
How many gill slits do hagfish typically have?
A
multiple, however other species can have over 10 pairs on each side
10
Q
Do hagfish have a primitive lateral line system?
A
yes
11
Q
What kind of kidneys do hagfish retain into adulthood?
A
primitive kidneys “pronephros”
12
Q
What are primitive kidneys?
A
they are kidneys normally only seen in embryonic development
13
Q
Hagfish are isosmotic, what does this mean?
A
its osmolarity is the same as its environment
14
Q
What environment does a hagfish live in?
A
marine environments (saltwater)
15
Q
What is osmosis?
A
diffusion of water though a semipermeable membrane
16
Q
What does the word “osmolarity” refer to?
A
the number of solute particles in a fluid
17
Q
What is osmotic pressure?
A
the pressure that is required to stop osmosis
18
Q
What is the osmolarity of sea water?
A
1000 mOsm
19
Q
What is the osmolarity of freshwater?
A
20 mOsm
20
Q
What is the osmolarity of mammals body fluids?
A
300 mOsm
21
Q
What other organisms are also isosmotic?
A
the protochordates (tunicates and amphioxus)
22
Q
Are invertebrates isosmotic?
A
yes
23
Q
What is the purpose of the hagfish’s accessory hearts?
A
They are in the venous system and help pump blood back to the main heart
24
Q
What does the body of a hagfish have and produce?
A
their bodies have slime glands that open to the outside of the body through many pores
25
What is the purpose of the large amounts of slime produced by hagfish?
it is a defense mechanism
26
What are hagfish known as to fisherman?
slime eels
27
What is the hagfish's knotting behavior used for?
rid themselves of slime, also to gain traction while eating or trying to flee predators
28
Where do all hagfish dwell in the ocean?
they are bottom dwellers in relatively deep waters (300 ft or more)
29
What is the sexual reproductive system of a hagfish?
they have a single long gonad and non reproductive ducts
30
What kind of fertilization is present in hagfish and how does it work?
external fertilization: gametes are given off into body cavity and then exit through a pair of genital pores into the cloaca
31
Is there a larval stage in the hagfish?
no
32
Is there an economic significance to hagfish?
yes, their meat is eaten in some parts of the world and their skin is used to produce "eel skin" for leather goods
33
How many pair of gills and gill opening do lampreys have?
7 pairs
34
What is the lampreys one nostril used for?
olfaction
35
What is well developed in a lamprey?
their eyes and their lateral line system
36
Do lampreys have accessory hearts?
no
37
What is the osmolarity of a lampreys body?
approx. 300 mOsm
38
Do lampreys have well developed kidneys and ion pumps on gills?
yes
39
Lampreys are _______ to seawater and ________ to freshwater.
hypo-osmotic; hyper-osmotic
40
Do lampreys live in marine water or freshwater?
they're anadromous, they live in marine water and travel to freshwater to reproduce
41
How many species of the lamprey are parasitic?
18 species
42
How do lampreys feed?
sucker life mouth with keratinized teeth and tongue with teeth, they attach by suction and use teeth to rasp skin away
43
What do parasitic lampreys secrete"
anticoagulant
44
Non parasitic lampreys have what kind of digestive tract?
degenerate; so as adults they don't feed
45
How long do non parasitic lampreys live?
only a few months
46
What do lamprey eggs develop into?
ammocoete larva, meaning it is distinctly different from the adult body form
47
What do ammocoetes do through their long larval stage?
dig into the bottom of streams and filter feed
48
How long may ammocoete larva feed before they undergo metamorphosis into an adult lamprey?
3 to over 8 years
49
How long do parasitic lampreys feed before reproducing?
1-3 years
50
What happens to anadromous forms of the lamprey?
adults migrate to freshwater to spawning and die soon after spawning
51
When do non parasitic lampreys breed?
soon after metamorphosis and then die
52
Can some species of lamprey live entire life in freshwater? what is an example?
yes; lamprey in the great lakes
53
How are lampreys of economic importance?
they negatively impact, they get rid of and eat other important fish
54
When do the first jawed fish appear in the fossil record?
silurian period
55
What did the development of jaws to for feeding capabilities?
increased them and allowed for new food sources
56
What else did jaws allow for?
new behaviors such as digging of nests
57
How do embryological and anatomical studies suggest that jaws may have developed?
through modification of several sets of anterior gill arches
58
What did early jaws fish also have and what was its function?
paired fins which enhanced their ability to control their movements and allows them to better use their jaws
59
What are the two earliest groups of jawed fishes?
acanthodians and placorderms
60
Describe Acanthodians.
appear to be first jawed fish in fossil record
name refers to their stout spine
structurally appear to be related to modern fish
61
Describe Placoderms.
appear slightly later than acanthodians
body covered with thick bony shields
62
When were both Acanthodians and Placoderms flourishing and when did they decline and become extinct?
Devonian; Carboniferous and Permian
63
What animals are in the class Chondrichthyes?
sharks, skates, rays, chimeras
64
What animals are in the class Elasmobranchs?
sharks, skates, and rays
65
When do the fossils of early shark like Chondrichthyes date back to?
late silurian and the Devonian period
66
What is an example of the early shark like Condrichthyes?
Cladoselache
67
When did Cladoselache become extinct?
during the carboniferous
68
Chondrichthyes was the first jawed fishes with what kind of skeleton?
cartilaginous
69
What kind of tail do sharks have?
heterocercal
70
What kind of scales does the class Chondrichthyes have?
placoid, however chimeras have no scales
71
What do placoid scales help with?
reduce turbulence when swimming
72
What do the mucous glands in class Chondrichthyes help with?
prevent abrasions, infections, decrease predation, and decrease drag while swimming
73
How are sharks usually identified?
by their tooth structure, because teeth are species and genus specific
74
Are jaws firmly attached to the cranium in Chondrichthyes?
no, except in the chimera
75
Why are the jaws not attached to the cranium in class Chondrichtyes?
so they can be extended when feeding
76
Can sharks swallow prey whole?
yes, they can even be known to attack whales
77
Does class Chondrichthyes have a gas bladder?
no
78
How can the gas Chondrichthyes have buoyancy with no gas bladder?
their buoyancy is aided by large amounts of oil in the liver (squalene oil)
79
What percent of Chondrichthyes body weight is the liver? What percent of the weight of the liver is attributed to oil?
25%; 80%
80
What are the differentiated lobes in the brains of Chondrichthyes?
olfactory, optic, cerebrum, and cerebellum
81
How many cranial nerves do Chondrichthyes have?
10 pairs
82
How many loops does condrichthyes semicircular canals have?
3
83
Chondrichthyes has well developed what?
olfaction and lateral line system
84
What is the Ampullae of Lorenzini?
electroreceptors on the nose of Chondrichthyes
85
What kind of changes do the Ampullae of Lorenzini detect?
temperature changes
86
What kind of feeders are sharks?
nocturnal feeders
87
How do shark eyes work in low light?
mirror like layer behind the retina to reflect light and enhance vision; their lens also moves back and forth to focus on objects at different distances
88
What is the sharks additional eyelid called?
nictitating membrane
89
What does Chrondichthyes digestive system have?
stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and large spiral valve in intestines
90
What is the function of the spiral valve?
slows the passage of food and increases surface area available for digestion
91
What kind of heart does Chondrichthyes have?
2 chambered heart
92
How is blood pumped through the body of Chondrichthyes?
from heart to gills then to the body; its a low pressure system
93
What is the function of the rectal gland?
secretes concentrated salt solution into cloaca, helps regulate proper salt concentration in blood and body fluids
94
Are sharks isosmotic to sea water? if so what is their osmolarity?
yes, 1000 mOsm
95
Describe the reproductive system of Chrondrichthyes.
gonochoristic
have paired gonads and reproductive ducts
ducts connect to cloaca (except in holocephali)
96
What is the function of the cloaca in Chondrichthyes?
chamber that receives material from the urinary , digestive, and reproductive system
97
What allows for internal fertilization on sharks?
claspers
98
What is oviparous?
embryo & nutrients are sealed in an egg case and released into the water
99
What is an egg case made out of?
keratin
100
How long does it take for an egg to hatch?
6 months to over a year
101
What is ovoviviparous?
embryo & nutrients are deposited in the oviducts and can be surrounded by a thin egg case; develops within mother and is "born"
102
How long does it take an egg to hatch in the mother?
9 months to well over a year
103
What is viviparous?
direct connection between mother and embryo; embryo and yolk are deposited in oviducts, embryo also receives nutrients via blood vessel in yolk sac (primitive placenta)
104
How long does a placenta attached embryo take to be born in a mother?
8 months to well over a year
105
Is shark meat a popular good in some areas of the world and even in the U.S.?
yes
106
What is skate and stingray meat sold as?
"scallop" meat because it has a similar taste and texture
107
What is shark finning?
catching sharks for fins while throwing away the rest of the body
108
Is shark skin used for leather?
yes
109
Shark liver oil has be sold as a health supplement, why?
rich in vitamin A and has a variety of "unsubstantiated" health benefits
110
What are shark populations susceptible to and why?
excess commercial fishing because they are slow growing and slow to mature
111
What is an example of shark that has been overfished?
the porbeagle shark in western North Atlantic
112
Why are there laws that regulate the number of shark species that can be captured each year?
in order to maintain "maximum sustainable yields" of each catch
113
What animals are in Holocephali?
chimeras (ratfish or rabbitfish)
114
What are the physical characteristics of chimeras?
fish like body with long flexible tail
large venomous spine of the first dorsal fin
large eyes
115
What are the function of chimeras large eyes?
help vision in dim light, possible seeing bioluminescent organisms
116
What are chimeras considered to be condrichthyes?
they have a cartilaginous skeleton, spiral valve, oil filled liver, and claspers in males
117
What are the differences between chimeras and sharks, skates, and rays?
upper jaw is firmly attached to the skull
single gill flap, no spiracle
no scales
no cloaca (they have separate openings for reproductive, urinary, and digestive systems)
118
Where to chimeras inhabit?
marine waters and typically deep and offshore
119
What do chimeras feed on?
mainly shellfish and other invertebrates
120
What do chimeras have that help them crush shellfish?
plate like teeth
121
How do chimeras reproduce?
they are oviparous, their young develop in egg cases that are deposited on the bottom
122
What is the class of Elasmobranchs divided into?
Batoids (55% of species)
sharks (45% of species)
123
How are batons thought to be derived?
from shark like ancestors
124
When are the earliest fossils of batoid found?
the jurassic period; relatively recent in comparison to shark like condrichthians
125
What is the general morphology of Batoids?
body flattened dorsoventrally
enlarged pectoral fins (used for swimming)
spiracle on dorsal surface & gill slits on ventral surface
reduced tails or tail spines with venom
plate like teeth for crushing prey
126
Where do Batoids look for prey?
on the bottom of the ocean floor
127
How does the spiracle work in species which lay on the bottom of the ocean floor?
water is taken through the spiracle and pushed out of the ventral gill slits
128
In what kind of water do Batoids inhabit?
most are marine, but some 'euryhaline' can travel into freshwater
129
Since most Batoids are bottom dwellers what behavior do they exhibit?
often bury themselves in the bottom sand
130
What do most Batoids feed on?
crustaceans, mollusks, and other invertebrates found on the bottom
131
What are examples of the diversity in batons?
guitar fish
saw fish
skates
rays
132
Describe the guitar fish.
intermediate between skates and rays
propels itself with tail
spiracle on dorsal surface, gill slits on ventral
uses snout to burrow while looking for food
contains electroreceptors
133
What do guitar fish feed on?
mollusks, crustaceans, worms, and fish
134
How do guitar fish reproduce?
ovoviviparous (produce live young)
135
In what habitat are guitar fish found in?
shallow coastal waters and up into estuaries; and possibly rivers
136
Describe sawfish.
spiracle dorsally, gill slits ventrally
similar shape to guitar fish
teeth are modified placoid scales
contains electroreceptors
137
How can a sawfish use its "saw"?
slash through schools of small fish to stun prey and break up the schools
stir up bottom to uncover prey
defend itself against predators
138
Where do sawfish primarily inhabit?
marine environments but some are found in freshwater (euryhaline)
139
How do sawfish reproduce and what's a detail about the babies?
they're ovoviviparous; teeth on saw of baby is covered with skin to prevent damage to the mother
140
Are all species of saw fish endangered?
yes
141
What was the first marine fish to be put on the endangered species list in the U.S.?
saw fish
142
Describe skates.
ventral gill slits
dorsal fins near tip of tail & thorn like spines along back and tail (no long sharp spine)
143
What do skates feed on?
feed on invertebrates on the bottom
144
How do skates reproduce?
oviparous and produce eggs (mermaids purse eggs)
145
What is the most abundant skate in Alabama?
clearnose skate
146
Where are sawfish reported to live?
Gulf of Mexico & Atlantic waters of U.S.
freshwater lake Nicaragua
rivers in Australia
147
Describe rays.
whip like tail
dorsoventrally flattened
148
How do rays reproduce?
ovoviviparous
149
What do rays feed on?
most feed on invertebrates on the bottom
150
What is an example of a ray?
stingrays
bluntnose, Atlantic, and southern
eagle ray
cownose ray
manta ray
electric rays
151
Do all rays have spines?
no just stingrays
152
Where are bluntnose, Atlantic, and southern stingrays found?
coastal waters of Alabama often living on the bottom
153
What rays are examples of ones that swim in the water column in big groups looking for mollusks and crustaceans?
eagle rays and cow nose rays
154
What are manta rays also known as?
the devil ray; from its appearance of its cephalic fins when rolled up
155
What do manta rays feed on?
filter feeder planktons
156
What kind of mouth does a manta ray have?
terminal mouth (front of head)
157
How do cephalic fins help manta rays?
help guide food into mouth as manta slowly swims near oceans surface
158
Where do manta rays migrate?
through tropical and temperate oceans looking for plankton rich waters, sometimes migrate in large groups
159
What is the largest group of rays as well as batoid?
the manta ray
160
Why do manta rays breach high out of water?
mate attraction
play behavior
ridding itself of parasites
161
How do manta rays reproduce?
ovoviviparous
162
Describe electric rays.
flattened body
well developed tail
electric organ located on side of the body
163
Describe an electric ray's electric organ.
connected to brain via large nerves
composed of specialized muscle cells that act as series of batteries and generate action potentials
can generate 220 volts or more
used to deter predators and sun pray
164
What do electric rays feed on?
shellfish they are bottom dwellers
165
How do electric rays reproduce?
ovoviviparous
166
What are examples of electric rays?
Torpedo ray
Lesser electric ray
167
What is the largest electric ray, up to 220 volts?
torpedo ray
168
Where can torpedo rays be found?
along the Atlantic and pacific coasts of U.S., sometimes the gulf of Mexico
169
Where can you find the lesser electric ray?
found in Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic, including coast of alabama
170
How large of a shock can a lesser electric ray produce?
approx 35 volts
171
What are examples of the diversity in sharks?
nurse shark
thresher shark
great white
tiger shark
hammerhead shark
whale shark
bull shark
172
Describe the nurse shark.
shallow water, bottom dwelling shark
rests on bottom and feeds on invertebrates & small fish
has barbels extending from nasal opening
example of shark that is harmless to humans
173
Where is the nurse shark commonly foudn?
atlantic, carribean, and gulf of mexico
174
How do nurse shark reproduce?
ovoviviparous with development occurring in a thing shelled egg, egg is retained in mothers oviduct until hatching
175
Describe the thresher shark.
extremely long tail (longer than body)
strong swimmer, known to breach out of water
176
How do thresher sharks use their tails?
"herds" through schools of fish and to stun prey
name comes from the whip like use of its tail
177
What do thresher sharks feed on?
fish and squid
178
Where are thresher sharks in the world?
world wide distribution including Gulf of Mexico
can also occur in warm and cold water
179
How do thresher sharks reproduce?
ovoviviparous, example of omophagous shark
embryos may eat unfertilized eggs in the oviduct
180
What does oophagous mean?
egg eating
181
What is a great white also known as?
white pointer because of white bottom and pointed snout
182
What is the largest living predatory shark?
great white
183
What do great whites feed on?
small and large prey
well known for feeding on pinnipeds (seal, sea lions)
other sharks, fish, and sea turtles
184
What are great whites well known for?
attacking humans and account for more fatal shark attacks on humans than any other species of shark
185
Where are great whites found?
world wide, normally offshore but can be found near shore
normally in cold waters (southern Australia, N.E. U.S., W coast of U.S., Gulf of Mexico)
186
Why have some great whites been recorded migrating thousands of miles?
for feeding and breeding purposes
ex. california > hawaii; South Africa> Australia
187
How do great whites reproduce?
ovoviviparous and are oophagous
188
Carcharodon megaladon is an extinct relative of what shark?
the great white (same genus)
189
What does megaladon mean?
mega tooth
190
When did the megalodon exist?
about 20 million years ago, became extinct about 3.6 million years ago
191
Describe tiger sharks.
young have obvious stripes that fade with age
blunt snout
voracious eater
more dangerous relative to humans
192
What do tiger sharks eat?
variety of prey including; fish, sea turtles, marine mammals, humans, sometimes also trash
193
Why are tiger sharks more dangerous to humans?
normally inhabit warmer ocean water and will frequently move into shallow waters
194
How do tiger sharks reproduce and how large are their litters?
ovoviviparous and 20-40 pups
195
Where can tiger sharks be found?
gulf of Mexico
196
Describe hammerhead sharks.
flattened head
warm temperate shark
known to aggregate into large schools in certain areas
197
How does a flattened head help the hammerhead shark?
enhances its vision and olfaction
enhanced depth perception and peripheral vision
advantageous while swimming (enhances movements)
198
Are hammerhead sharks known to attack humans?
yes
199
Where are hammerhead sharks common?
gulf of mexico
200
How do hammerhead sharks reproduce?
viviparous, connection between mother and embryo; can have 20 or more pups in a litte r
201
What is the largest living fish?
the whale shark
202
Describe the whale shark.
dark body with white spots
pelagic feeder that swims slowly near the surface
sometimes forms schools
203
What do whale sharks feed on?
crustaceans, schools of squid, and small fish
204
How do whale sharks reproduce?
ovoviviparous
205
Where are whale sharks found?
throughout tropical and subtropical oceans including gulf of mexico
206
Historically what are whale sharks harvested for?
meat, fins, and oil but are currently a protected species in most of the world
207
Where are bull sharks common?
gulf of mexico, but occur worldwide
208
Bull sharks are an example of a euryhaline shark, what does this mean?
known to travel up rivers
209
Where else do bull sharks inhabit?
Mississippi River
amazon river
lake Nicaragua
210
Why is Osteichthyes a paraphyletic group?
because it does not include tetrapods
211
What kind of ancient fish appear most similar to the bony fishes?
acanthodians
212
What are acanthodians?
first early groups of jawed fish from the silurian period
213
What are the 2 basic groups of bony fish?
Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii
214
What are the general characteristics of actinopterygii and sarcopterygii?
bony skeletons
dermal scales
215
When did the first bone appear in fish?
jawless fish (ostracoderms) and some early jawed fish (placoderms and acanthodians)
216
What are the important functions of bone?
allows for strong skeleton to support the body and muscle attachments
protection of brain and spinal cord
provides location for calcium storage
217
What are the 3 types of scales found on bony fish?
ganoid, cycloid, and ctenoid
218
Where are ganoid scales found?
relatively primitive bony fish (bichir, sturgeon, paddlefish, gar)
219
Describe ganoid scales.
thick compared to cycloid and ctenoid
don't overlap one another
220
What scales are found on more advanced fish (teleosts)?
cycloid and ctenoid
221
Describe cycloid and ctenoid scales.
thinner and lighter
overlap
provide protection and flexibility
ctenoid scales have small spines to help dcrease drag
222
What is the function of mucous glands in the skin?
locate epidermis covering scale
makes it difficult for predators to grasp fish
decreases resistance of fish in water as it swims
acts as protective barrier to prevent infections
223
What would be considered strongly electric?
anything that can shock something else
224
What are bony fish also known as?
Osteichthyes
225
How many species of sharks are there?
500
226
How many species of batoids are there?
600
227
How many species of jawed bony fish are there?
28,000 species
228
What is the advantage of cycloid and ctenoid scales?
thinner
flexible
overlapping for strength
229
What is the advantage of having the little bumps on the ctenoid scales?
less drag and makes them faster
230
Where are scales located on a fish?
in the dermis
231
What is another function of mucous?
can form "shells" around fish to camouflage their smell
232
Where are chromatophores located in fish?
in the dermis of the skin
233
Is the color obvious or not obvious when pigments are dispersed throughout the chromatophore?
the color is obvious
234
Is the color obvious or not obvious if the segments are concentrated in the middle of the chromatophore?
the color is not obvious
235
What is the purpose of iridophores?
type of chromatophore that acts as mirror cells, shiny and able to confuse other fish
236
Why is color important to fishes?
concealment and disguise
advertisment
mimicry
237
What is concealment and disguise used for?
they do not want to be noticed by predators or prey
238
What is advertisement used for?
they want to be noticed for species and mate recognition, or for territorial behavior
239
What is mimicry used for?
may have coloration that confuses other species
240
What is an example of mimicry?
some fish have false eyespots
241
Do fleshy or lobe fins contain bone or muscle (maybe even rays)?
yes
242
Are ray finned fishes fins only supported by rays?
yes
243
What are rays composed of?
keratin and/or bone
244
What do rays in some fish contain?
have toxin glands at their base and venom that can be injected
245
What are example of ray finned fish with toxins and venom?
stonefish
scorpion fish
lion fish
246
Can lion fish be found in the United States?
yes
247
What do changes in fin structure in bony fishes allow for?
more precise, agile, and variable movements
248
What can happen for fine control of fin movement?
rays can be controlled by different muscles in the fin
249
What are the different types of caudal fin tails?
homocercal
heterocercal
diphycercal
250
What kind of tails do most modern fish have?
homocercal tails
251
What kind of tails do most primitive fish have?
heterocercal tails
252
What do heterocercal tails provide?
thrust forward and lift
253
What are the jaws of bony fishes adapted for?
quick explosive movements
254
What are shark jaws adapted for?
crushing and tearing food
255
What are the jaws of bony fish set up for?
to create suction
256
What are characteristics of well developed gills?
large surface area and good vascularization
257
Why are gills highly vascularized?
efficient for extracting oxygen from water
258
What are gills protected by and what is its function?
operculum; helps pump water over the gills
259
What kind of hearts do bony fish have?
2 chambered; pumps blood to gills them to body (low pressure system)
260
What do fish lungs appear to be?
outcroppings of the gut
261
What is present in some groups of primitive bony fish (lungfish, etc)?
lungs
262
How are lungs used in fish?
as accessory organs alongside the gills
263
Fish lungs appear to be homologous to lungs in what group of animals?
more advanced vertebrate
264
What kind of breathers are lungfish?
positive pressure breathers (force air down)
265
What is the gas bladder thought to have been developed from?
primitive fish lungs
266
Define physostome.
fish that have a duct connecting esophagus to gas bladder (gulp air); in many primitive fish
267
Define physoclistous.
fish that don't have the connecting duct; most teleost fish
268
What is the function of the gas gland and the ovale?
puts gas in; takes gas out
269
In what kind of fish are gas glands in?
physoclists
270
Where is the oval body located in fish?
attached to gas bladder; acts as safety valve
271
What is an additional function of the gas bladder?
sound detection, picks up vibrations
272
What is the Weberian ossicle?
small bone that transfers sound from gas bladder to the inner ear
273
Do fish have an inner, middle, and outer ear?
no only an inner ear
274
Can the gas bladder be used to produce sound in some fish?
yes
275
Why is sound important to some fish?
territorial behavior
mate identification
mating behavior
startle response
276
How many cranial nerves of fish have?
10 pairs
277
How many inner loops do fish have on each semicircular canal?
3
278
What do some bony fish have in their skin that detects electrical current?
electrical receptors
279
What are electrical organs in some fish made from?
modified muscle tissue
280
What do strongly electric fish use their electricity for?
for stunning prey or predators
281
How many volts can an electric catfish produce?
300 volts; found in African river basins
282
How many volts can an electric eel produce?
over 600 volts; found in South American river basins
283
How do weakly electric fish use electricity?
as sensory information, they generate an electric field around their bodies
284
What can the electric field in fish be used for?
mate ID and selection; each species has distinct electric fields
285
Is a knife fish a weakly electric fish or strongly electric?
weakly
286
How do most bony fish reproduce?
they are mostly gonochoristic and use external fertilization
287
What do bony fish typically have?
high fecundity; can produce 100,000 or more eggs in a lifetime
288
What is a simultaneous hermaphrodite?
where fish are both sexes at once
289
What is a sequential hermaphrodite?
changes sex during their lifetime
290
What is protogynous?
change from female to male
291
What is an example of a protogynous fish?
bluehead wrasse
292
What is protandrous?
change from male to female
293
What is an example of a protandrous fish?
anemone fish
294
Define high fecundity.
high offspring yield within the lifetime of the fish
295
What is the latest all 3 groups of sarcopterygian fish date back to?
the devonian period (the age of fishes)
296
What were the Rhipidistia?
extinct group of sarcopterygii; fleshy finned and appear closely related to early tetrapods
297
What is a well known group of Rhipidistians?
Osteolepiforms
298
What are the 2 living forms of sarcopterygii?
lungfish and ceolocanth
299
What kind of tail do lungfish have?
diphycercal tail
300
What kind of scales do Australian lungfish have?
thick bony scales
301
What kind of scales do african and south american lungfish have?
small soft scales
302
Why was one species of lungfish initially classified as a reptile?
due to the advanced structure of their lungs
303
Why was a second species of lungfish initially classified as an amphibian?
due to the advanced structure of the heart
304
The gills in african and South American lungfish are _______ in adults.
reduced
305
Lungfishes lungs have what in comparison to gas bladders?
surface area and vascularization
306
How do lungfish get air?
they go up to the waters surface and gasp air
307
What kind of heart do lungfish have?
2 chambered heart, partial walls in atrium and ventricle that begins to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
308
Where do all living lungfish live?
freshwater
rivers
lakes
swamps
309
What do lungfish eat?
invertebrates
fish
amphibians
310
Do lungfish have a spiral valve?
yes
311
How do lungfish reproduce?
have separate sexes and use external fertilization
312
What are the 3 living lungfish?
australian
african
South American
313
What is the most primitive of all lungfish?
the Australian lungfish
314
What are the characteristics of the australian lungfish?
large stout body
fleshy fines
well developed lungs & gills
315
How long can an australian lungfish live?
50 years or more
316
What kind of breather is the australian lungfish?
facultative air breather; relies on gills for respiration & the uses lungs when necessary to supplement its need for oxygen
317
The Australian lungfish can survive in _______ but can't live without water.
stagnant, oxygen poor water
318
How many species of african lungfish are there?
4 species
319
What kinds of bodies do the african & South American lungfish have?
narrow elongated bodies with long narrow pelvic and pectoral fins (no fleshy fins)
320
African and south american lungfish are obligate breathers, what does this mean?
as adults they have reduced gills and need to breath air to live & can survive out of water for prolonged periods of time
321
Define aestivate.
similar to hibernation with decreased metabolic rate that lower oxygen consumption (however continues to breathe air)
322
How does the african lungfish aestivate?
burrows down into a pond or stream in dry season and forms a cocoon around itself with mucous and mud
323
What does urea build up in the body of lungfish do during aestivation?
acts osmotically to decrease evaporation from the lungs
324
When do lungfish typically break out of their cocoon?
about 6 months later, some can last up to 4 years
325
What are ceolocanths?
group of lobe fin fish, many extinct species date back to Devonian
326
How many species of ceolocanths have been found in the fossil record?
120
327
When was the first live ceolocanth discovered after being thought to be extinct for millions of years?
1938
328
Who discovered the thought to be extinct ceolocanth in 1938?
marjorie Courtenay Latimer
329
When was the next ceolocanth captured after 1938?
1952
330
here are coelacanths periodically captured?
waters off east and south coast of Africa
331
When and where was a second species of ceolocanth captured?
1998 in Indonesia 6200 miles east of african waters
332
What are the primitive characteristics seen in the ceolocanth?
lobe fins
spiral valve
diphycercal tail
thick bony "cosmoid" scales
333
Where do ceolocanths typically live?
relatively deep water
334
What is the ceolocanth said to be?
the missing link between fish and amphibians
335
What groupd of extinct fish are more closely related to early amphibians?
rhipidistia
336
What are the primitive ray finned fish?
chondrostei and bicher
337
What 2 groups are neopterygii split into?
primitve neopterygians
teleostei
338
What are the 3 groups of primitive ray finned fish?
bichir
sturgeon
paddlefish
339
Why is the bichir sometimes classified in its own group?
because it is somewhat unique
340
What is the bichir also known as?
flagon fish or african reedfish
341
Where are bichir found?
african rivers, lakes, and swamps
342
What is the most primitive living member of actinopterygii?
the bichir
343
What are bichir similar to?
palaeoniscid fish (early actinopterygii from the Devonian)
344
What are characteristics of the bichir?
bone skeleton
ganoid scales
abbreviated heterocercal
paired lunglike gas bladder
physostome
spiral valve
fleshy lobe like pectoral fins
345
What do bichir feed on?
invertebrates and small fish
346
Where do the 2 living species of paddlefish live?
rivers and streams
347
What are the primitive characteristics in paddlefish?
cartilaginous skeleton
lung like gas bladder
heterocercal tail
ganoid scales (on tail)
spiral valve
348
Do paddlefish have scales?
no only a few on the tail
349
What is an obvious characteristic of the paddlefish?
its large paddle like snout
350
What is the large paddle like snout of the paddlefish used for?
sensory organ, contains ampullae for detecting electric fields; can also detect water that is heavily laden with plankton
351
What do paddlefish feed on?
plankton (filter feeds)
352
Where are both species of paddlefish found?
1. north America
2. Yangtze River in china
353
What do sturgeon have along the sides and back of its body?
scutes or shields
354
What kind of mouth does a sturgeon have?
subterminal mouth; extendible & is used to suction feed of invertebrates
355
What do sturgeons have that are used for touch for finding food on the bottom?
barbels
356
What primitive characteristics do sturgeons have?
cartilaginous skeleton
physostome
heterocercal tail with few ganoid scales
spiral valve
357
How long of a life span can sturgeons have?
50-100 years
358
Where do sturgeons inhabit?
both freshwater and marine (anadromous)
359
Where do sturgeon breed?
freshwater
360
What are sturgeon famous for?
caviar or "salted roe"
361
What does Beluga refers to?
a species of sturgeon that lives in the caspian and black seas
362
What is the largest species of sturgeon?
beluga; its eggs are used for beluga caviar
363
How old was the oldest beluga sturgeon?
118 years
364
Where does the gulf sturgeon inhabit?
coast along the gulf of mexico including alabama; travels up rivers to spawn
365
What is the gulf sturgeon listed as by the U.S. fish and wildlife service?
threatened
366
What fish is a protected species in AL?
the gulf sturgeon
367
What was the largest recorded fish from freshwater in AL?
gulf sturgeon 9.5 ft, 400 lbs in 1924 coosa river
368
Where does the alabama sturgeon occur?
some rivers of central and southern AL
369
What is one of the rarest freshwater fish in the U.S. & is listed as an endangered species?
alabama sturgeon
370
Why is the alabama sturgeon an endangered species?
habitat loss
fragmentation (due to dams)
overfishing
decreased water quality
