Exam 3 Flashcards
Prejudice
a preconceived NEGATIVE JUDGEMENT of a group and its individual members
-attitude
Stereotypes
Beliefs about the PERSONAL ATRRIBUTES of a group of people
Discrimination
unjustified NEGATIVE BEHAVIOR toward a group or its member
Explicit Discrimination
(CONSCIOUS) attitudes toward the same target.
-Employment discrimination.
Implicit Discrimination
(AUTOMATIC) attitudes toward the same
target.
Realistic group conflict theory
the theory that prejudice arises from COMPETETION between groups for SCARCE RESCOURCES
-pandemic and toilet paper
Social Identity Theory
We instantly tend to like those from OUR OWN group, those who look like us, even those who sound like us
Group-serving bias
explaining away outgroup members’ positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one’s own group)
-“yay A+ … am so smart”
-“F grade… she doesn’t like me”
“Displaced aggression” or Scapegoating
when the cause is INDIMITADING or UNKNOWN, we often redirect hostility
-economic frustration and immigrants
distinctiveness
when a behavior or action by an individual is judged by another to be COMMON or UNUSAUL
Fundamental Attribution Error
cognitive attribution bias where observers underemphasize situational and environmental factors for the behavior of an actor while overemphasizing dispositional or personality factors
-“sorry I’m late, there was traffic”
“You are flawed as a person”
just-world phenomenon
the tendency of people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserves what they get
stereotype threat
a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on negative stereotypes
-football players don’t do well in a classroom, they might perform badly.
Aggression
Physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm
Physical aggression
hurting someone else’s body
Social aggression
hurting someone else’s feelings or threating their relationship’s
-cyber bullying, some in person bullying
Hostile Aggression
aggression that springs from anger, its goal is to injure
Instrumental Aggression
aggression that is a means to some other end
-terrism
-boxing, the means to win
Biochemical influences on aggression
-Alcohol
-Human aggressiveness correlates with the male sex hormone testosterone.
-Poor diet—specifically sweetened drinks, high levels of trans fats, and low levels of omega-3 fatty acids
Instinctive behavior
an innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a pieces
Frustration
The blocking of goal-directed
behavior—that is, anything that blocks us from attaining a goal.
Frustration-aggression theory
the theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress.
* Frustration breeds aggression.
Displacement
the redirection of aggression
to a target other than the source of the frustration.
-being aggressive to someone because your mad at yourself
Relative deprivation
the perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself.
-Comparing the size of your house to the size of a millionaire’s house
social learning theory of
aggression
that we learn aggression not only by experiencing its payoffs but also by observing others.
-inherited road rage from observing dad
ostracism
acts of excluding or ignoring
proximity
geographical nearness; functional distance
Mere exposure
he tendency for novel stimuli to
be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them.
Matching phenomenon
the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a “good match” in attractiveness and other traits
Physical-attractiveness stereotype
the presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well.
Passionate love
a state of intense longing for
union with another; being “in love.”
Two-factor theory of emotion
arousal × its label = emotion
Companionate love
the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined.
Intimacy + commitment
Secure attachment
rooted in trust and marked by
intimacy.
Avoidant attachment
marked by discomfort over, or resistant to, being close to others; an insecure
attachment style
Anxious attachment
marked by anxiety or
ambivalence; an insecure attachment style
Altruism
a motive to increase another’s welfare
without conscious regard for one’s own self-
interests.
Social-exchange theory
the theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs
Reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
Social-responsibility norm:
an expectation that people will help
those needing help.
Bystander effect
the finding that a person is
less likely to provide help when there are
other bystanders.
