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Social Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

3 parts to Social Psychology

A

-Social Thinking
-Social Influence
-Social Relations

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3
Q

Social Thinking

A

We Construct Our Social
Reality
-People tend to attribute behavior to a
cause.

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4
Q

Social Influence

A

Shapes Our Behavior
-Social situations have a powerful effect on
our behavior.
Ex: Nazi influence
- Personal Attitudes and Dispositions Also
Shape Behavior

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5
Q

Social Relations

A

Social Behavior Is Biologically Rooted
- Nature/Nurture

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6
Q

Social neuroscience

A

Explores the neural bases of social and emotional processes ad behaviors

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7
Q

Hindsight bias

A

the tendency to exaggerate one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out.

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8
Q

Correlational research

A

the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables—asking whether two or more factors are naturally associated.

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9
Q

Independent/ dependent variable

A

-Variable that is changed
-Variable affected by change
-Amount of water/ height of plant

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10
Q

Experimental research

A

studies that seek clues to cause–effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant).

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11
Q

Common error

A

when two factors go together, it is tempting to conclude that one causes the other; but it may be the other way around.

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12
Q

Mundane realism

A

the experiment is superficially similar to
everyday situations.

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13
Q

Theory

A

an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.
-Good theories effectively summarize many observations and make clear predictions
that can be used.

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14
Q

Experimental realism

A

the experiment absorbs and involves
its participants.

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15
Q

Deception

A

when, in research, participants are misinformed or misled about the study’s methods and purposes.

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16
Q

Demand characteristics

A

the cues in an experiment that tell
the participant what behavior is expected.

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17
Q

Informed consent

A

research participants must be told enough
to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

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18
Q

Debriefing

A

a full post experimental explanation of the study to participants.

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19
Q

Spotlight Effect

A

The belief that others are paying more attention to ones appearance and behavior than they really are

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20
Q

Illusion of Transparency

A

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily ready by others

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21
Q

Self-concept

A

what we know and believe about ourselves

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22
Q

Self-schemas

A

beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information

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23
Q

Social comparison

A

evaluations of one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others

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24
Q

Looking-glass self

A

our use of how we think or imagine others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves.
-When people think well of us, we think well of ourselves.

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25
Individualism
the concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
26
Independent self
construing one’s identity as an autonomous self—as a unique individual with particular abilities, traits, values, and dreams.
27
collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly.
28
Self-esteem
a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth.
29
Terror management theory
proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality.
30
Longitudinal studies
studying the same people over an extended period of time—found people who had low self-esteem as teens were more likely to later be depressed.
31
Self-efficacy
a sense that one is competent and effective—how competent we feel on a task.
32
Self-serving bias
the tendency to perceive oneself favorably.
33
Self-serving attributions
a form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.
34
Defensive pessimism
the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action. -If i study for this exam, I will do well
35
False consensus effect
overestimating how much people think or act as we do
36
False uniqueness effect
the tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviors.
37
Self-handicapping
protecting one’s self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.
38
Self-presentation
expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression.
39
Self-monitoring
being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting performance for the desired impression.
40
System One Brain System
automatic processing: the intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking- "gut feeling"
41
System Two Brain System
controlled processing: the deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking.
42
Priming
activating particular associations in memory.
43
Embodied cognition
mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments.
44
Automatic processing
“implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to “intuition”—also known as System 1.
45
Controlled processing
“explicit” thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious—also known as System 2.
46
Overconfidence phenomenon
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs.
47
Confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions. -System one
48
Heuristic
a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments -system 1
49
Representativeness heuristic
the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling -tall person plays basketball
50
Availability heuristic
Quick judgments of likelihood of events (how available in memory).
51
Belief perseverance
maintaining a belief despite new information that firmly contradicts it.
52
Misinformation effect
incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of an event and receiving misleading information about it. -car crash video
53
Attribution theory
the theory of how people explain others’ behavior
54
Dispositional attribution
attributing behavior to the person’s dispositions and traits. -Frank hit Joe...Frank is an aggressive person
55
Situational attribution
attributing behavior to the environment.
56
Misattribution
mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source.
57
Spontaneous trait inference
an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior. -First time meeting someone they shake your hand... you infer they are friendly
58
Fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior. -we may infer that people fall because they’re clumsy rather than because they were tripped
59
Self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.
60
Behavioral confirmation
a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.
61
Theory
an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events. -Good theories effectively summarize many observations and make clear predictions that can be used.
62
Attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond favorably or unfavorably to objects, people, and events.
63
Affect (ABC)
feelings -I like puppies
64
Behavior tendency (ABC)
how often we do something -I pet puppies every time I see them
65
Cognition (ABC)
thoughts/beliefs -they are so fluffy and cute
66
Random sample
Way if selecting participants to be in your study
67
Random Assessment
A way of sorting the sample participates into controlled and experimental groups
68
Preventing Hindsight Bias
-Consider alternative outcomes -Make your decision based on the facts, not what you think -Think about the outcome
69
Narcissists characteristics
-high self of stem -believe they are superior to others -Don't handle criticism well

Social Psychology (4 decks)

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