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Social Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

3 parts to Social Psychology

A

-Social Thinking
-Social Influence
-Social Relations

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3
Q

Social Thinking

A

We Construct Our Social
Reality
-People tend to attribute behavior to a
cause.

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4
Q

Social Influence

A

Shapes Our Behavior
-Social situations have a powerful effect on
our behavior.
Ex: Nazi influence
- Personal Attitudes and Dispositions Also
Shape Behavior

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5
Q

Social Relations

A

Social Behavior Is Biologically Rooted
- Nature/Nurture

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6
Q

Social neuroscience

A

Explores the neural bases of social and emotional processes ad behaviors

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7
Q

Hindsight bias

A

the tendency to exaggerate one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out.

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8
Q

Correlational research

A

the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables—asking whether two or more factors are naturally associated.

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9
Q

Independent/ dependent variable

A

-Variable that is changed
-Variable affected by change
-Amount of water/ height of plant

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10
Q

Experimental research

A

studies that seek clues to cause–effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant).

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11
Q

Common error

A

when two factors go together, it is tempting to conclude that one causes the other; but it may be the other way around.

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12
Q

Mundane realism

A

the experiment is superficially similar to
everyday situations.

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13
Q

Theory

A

an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.
-Good theories effectively summarize many observations and make clear predictions
that can be used.

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14
Q

Experimental realism

A

the experiment absorbs and involves
its participants.

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15
Q

Deception

A

when, in research, participants are misinformed or misled about the study’s methods and purposes.

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16
Q

Demand characteristics

A

the cues in an experiment that tell
the participant what behavior is expected.

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17
Q

Informed consent

A

research participants must be told enough
to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

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18
Q

Debriefing

A

a full post experimental explanation of the study to participants.

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19
Q

Spotlight Effect

A

The belief that others are paying more attention to ones appearance and behavior than they really are

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20
Q

Illusion of Transparency

A

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily ready by others

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21
Q

Self-concept

A

what we know and believe about ourselves

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22
Q

Self-schemas

A

beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information

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23
Q

Social comparison

A

evaluations of one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others

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24
Q

Looking-glass self

A

our use of how we think or imagine others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves.
-When people think well of us, we think well of ourselves.

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25
Q

Individualism

A

the concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

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26
Q

Independent self

A

construing one’s identity as an autonomous self—as a unique individual with particular abilities, traits, values, and dreams.

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27
Q

collectivism

A

giving priority to the
goals of one’s group and defining
one’s identity accordingly.

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28
Q

Self-esteem

A

a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense
of self-worth.

29
Q

Terror management theory

A

proposes that
people exhibit self-protective emotional and
cognitive responses when confronted with
reminders of their mortality.

30
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

studying the
same people over an extended period
of time—found people who had low
self-esteem as teens were more likely
to later be depressed.

31
Q

Self-efficacy

A

a sense that one is competent and
effective—how competent we feel on a task.

32
Q

Self-serving bias

A

the tendency to perceive oneself favorably.

33
Q

Self-serving attributions

A

a form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.

34
Q

Defensive pessimism

A

the adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one’s anxiety to motivate effective action.
-If i study for this exam, I will do well

35
Q

False consensus effect

A

overestimating how much people think or act as we do

36
Q

False uniqueness effect

A

the tendency to underestimate the
commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or
successful behaviors.

37
Q

Self-handicapping

A

protecting one’s self-image with
behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.

38
Q

Self-presentation

A

expressing oneself and behaving in
ways designed to create a favorable impression.

39
Q

Self-monitoring

A

being attuned to the way one
presents oneself in social situations and adjusting
performance for the desired impression.

40
Q

System One Brain System

A

automatic processing: the intuitive, automatic, unconscious, and fast way of thinking- “gut feeling”

41
Q

System Two Brain System

A

controlled processing: the deliberate, controlled, conscious, and slower way of thinking.

42
Q

Priming

A

activating particular associations in memory.

43
Q

Embodied cognition

A

mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments.

44
Q

Automatic processing

A

“implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to “intuition”—also known as System 1.

45
Q

Controlled processing

A

“explicit” thinking that is deliberate,
reflective, and conscious—also known as System 2.

46
Q

Overconfidence phenomenon

A

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs.

47
Q

Confirmation bias

A

a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
-System one

48
Q

Heuristic

A

a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments
-system 1

49
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

the tendency to presume,
sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling
-tall person plays basketball

50
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Quick judgments of likelihood of events (how
available in memory).

51
Q

Belief perseverance

A

maintaining a belief despite new information that firmly contradicts it.

52
Q

Misinformation effect

A

incorporating “misinformation”
into one’s memory of an event and receiving
misleading information about it.
-car crash video

53
Q

Attribution theory

A

the theory of how people explain others’ behavior

54
Q

Dispositional attribution

A

attributing behavior to the person’s dispositions and traits.
-Frank hit Joe…Frank is an aggressive person

55
Q

Situational attribution

A

attributing behavior to the environment.

56
Q

Misattribution

A

mistakenly attributing a
behavior to the wrong source.

57
Q

Spontaneous trait inference

A

an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior.
-First time meeting someone they shake your hand… you infer they are friendly

58
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others’ behavior.
-we may infer that people fall because they’re clumsy rather than because they were tripped

59
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a belief that leads to its own
fulfillment.

60
Q

Behavioral confirmation

A

a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.

61
Q

Theory

A

an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events.
-Good theories effectively summarize many observations and make clear predictions
that can be used.

62
Q

Attitude

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to
respond favorably or unfavorably to objects, people, and events.

63
Q

Affect (ABC)

A

feelings
-I like puppies

64
Q

Behavior tendency (ABC)

A

how often we do something
-I pet puppies every time I see them

65
Q

Cognition (ABC)

A

thoughts/beliefs
-they are so fluffy and cute

66
Q

Random sample

A

Way if selecting participants to be in your study

67
Q

Random Assessment

A

A way of sorting the sample participates into controlled and experimental groups

68
Q

Preventing Hindsight Bias

A

-Consider alternative outcomes
-Make your decision based on the facts, not what you think
-Think about the outcome

69
Q

Narcissists characteristics

A

-high self of stem
-believe they are superior to others
-Don’t handle criticism well

Social Psychology (4 decks)

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