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Dosage 2 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How is polydispersity calculated?

A

Mw/Mn

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2
Q

Find the average number and weight of Batch 1:
2 Polymers with MW of 50 kDa
10 Polymers with MW of 20 kDa

A

Mn=25 kDa
Mw=30 kDa

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3
Q

(Mono/poly-dispersed) When the molecular weight distribution equals 1

A

Monodispersed

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4
Q

(Lower/Higher) polydispersity= Broader distribution

A

Higher

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5
Q

(Mono/poly-dispersed) When the molecular weight distribution is greater than 1

A

Polydispersed

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6
Q

Crystalline or Amorphous: linear polymer with a good barrier to drug diffusion

A

Crystalline

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7
Q

Crystalline or Amorphous: What does this tell about its melting point?

A

Crystalline: definable melting point, sharp Tm

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8
Q

In Crystalline polymers, the polymer can pack together in regular arrays at T (>,<, =) Tm

A

In Crystalline polymers, the polymer can pack together in regular arrays at T<Tm

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9
Q

Crystalline or Amorphous: Polymers with irregular structure

A

Amorphous

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10
Q

Crystalline or Amorphous: Define what occurs at points a and b

A

Amorphous:
a- low temp, rigid “glass” structure
b- high temp, rubbery

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11
Q

Crystalline or Amorphous: Polymer forms “glass” at T<Tg

A

Amorphous

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12
Q

Crystalline or Amorphous: Softens over a wide temperature range

A

Amorphous

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13
Q

With Amorphous (Tg), At T(<,>, =)Tg
Polymers are hard, stiff, and glassy

A

T<Tg

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14
Q

With Amorphous (Tg), At T(<,>, =)Tg
Polymers are rubbery and may flow

A

T>Tg

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15
Q

A long polymer with bulky side chains has a (higher/lower/no change) Tg

A

higher Tg

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16
Q

T/F: The less crosslinked, the higher Tg

A

False: more crosslinked

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17
Q

Molecules that increase the entropy and mobility of the polymer chains

A

Plasticizers

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18
Q

Rate the modulus of a, b, and c

A

a- high modules
b- low modules
c- Very low modules

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19
Q

What is the area under the curve (arrow) referred to as?

A

Toughness

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20
Q

T/F: Stress (force/area) is proportional to strain (deformation)

A

True

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21
Q

T/F: Elastic polymers are highly crosslinked

A

True

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22
Q

Swell rapidly when places in water and retain large volumes of water in their structures

A

hydrogels

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23
Q

Chemical and physical gels of hydrophilic polymers are ______________

A

crosslinked

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24
Q

Which are cellulose-based polymers:
-Alginic acid
-Carboxylmethyl cellulose
-Poly(vinyl alcohol)
-Ethylcellulose
-Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
-Polyactic acid

A

-Ethylcellulose
-Carboxylmethyl cellulose
-Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose

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25
Q

Which are hydrocolloids (hydrophilic polymers)?
-Alginic acid
-Carboxymethyl cellulose
-Chitosan
-Polylactic acid
-Ethylcellulose

A

-Alginic acid
-Chitosan

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26
Q

Which are water-soluble synthetic polymers?
-Poly(ethylene glycol)
-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid
-Polylactic acid
-Poly(vinyl alcohol)

A

-Poly(ethylene glycol)
-Poly(vinyl alcohol)

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27
Q

Which are water-soluble synthetic polymers?
-Poly(ethylene glycol)
-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid
-Polylactic acid
-Poly(vinyl alcohol)

A

-Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid
-Polylactic acid

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28
Q

What does the stratum corneum consist of?

A

Dead cells (bricks) and lipid (mortar)

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29
Q

T/F: Dead cells are non-permeable

A

True

30
Q

T/F: Dead cells are non-permeable

A

True

31
Q

This layer of skin composes of non-vascularized living cells without capillaries. It is the source of skin color and tanning.
Viable epidermis
Dermis

A

Viable epidermis

32
Q

How does the viable epidermis get nutrients?

A

Diffusion from dermis

33
Q

This layer of skin contains capillaries. Drugs reaching these capillaries can achieve a systemic effect. Pain, thermal and tactile sensors are here.
Viable epidermis
Dermis

A

Dermis

34
Q

What is the pH of the skin? Why?

A

Around 5. This inhibits the growth of bacteria.

35
Q

Medications derived from or produced by living organisms

A

Biologics

36
Q

What is the biggest class of biologics?
A. Cytokines
B. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)
C. Vaccines

A

B. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)

37
Q

The hinge region of MAb consist of what type of bonds?
A. Hydrogen bonds
B. Phosphodiester bonds
C. Disulfide bonds

A

C. Disulfide bonds

38
Q

What region is characterized by the bracketed upper portion?

A

Fab - Variable portion

39
Q

Where does antigen binding occur?

A

On N (The CDR) in the variable portion

40
Q

Which area determines the biodistribution and plasma half-life?

A

C (Constant) region

41
Q

What part of the Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) is designed to kill target cells when internalized and released?
Antibody
Cytotoxic agent
Linker

A

Cytotoxic agent

42
Q

What part of the ADC does the cytotoxic agent attach to the antibody? It typically is fragile and is protected by freeze drying.

A

Linker

43
Q

Which biologics is characterized by alpha and beta chains linked by Disulfide bonds in an alpha helical structure?

A

Insulin

44
Q

Which is a fast acting insulin analog that has Lys and Pro on C-terminus of B-chain reversed, blocking the formation of dimers and hexamers?
Lispro insulin (Humalog, Lilly)
Insulin aspart (Novolog, Novo Nordisk)
Insulin glargine

A

Lispro insulin (Humalog, Lilly)

45
Q

Which is a fast acting insulin analog with a Pro on C-terminus or B-chain mutated to Asp?
Lispro insulin (Humalog, Lilly)
Insulin aspart (Novolog, Novo Nordisk)
Insulin glargine

A

Insulin aspart (Novolog, Novo Nordisk)

46
Q

Which is a long-acting insulin with Asn at A21 mutated to Gly, two Arg added to C-terminus of B-chain?
Lispro insulin (Humalog, Lilly)
Insulin aspart (Novolog, Novo Nordisk)
Insulin glargine

A

Insulin glargine

47
Q

What are characterized as the first “living drugs” that are engineered T-cells for cancer immunotherapy?

A

CART-cell therapy

48
Q

How are most biologics administered?

A

Parenterally

49
Q

What makes solution formulations popular?

A

Simplest (no reconstitution)
least expensive
inspected visually

50
Q

What are clinical concerns regarding biologic solutions?

A

(PISSED)
Pain on Injection
Sterility
Side Effect (Dose-limiting immune response)

51
Q

What is a good pH for injections?

A

8

52
Q

What are the three ways proteins aggregate?

A

Chemical reaction- antigens attach together or fold slightly detached
Colloidal interactions- stacking
Unfolding- expose hydrophobic domains which can lead to chemical stacking and illicit immune responses

53
Q

Why should you not shake a formulation solution?

A

Shaking increases surface area and increases contact with the surface of the container

54
Q

Which portion of the container is worst for the agitation of formulations?

A

The three-phase boundary

55
Q

Which is stabilized? Destabilized?

A

Left is destabilized, Right is stabilized

56
Q

Excipients that (preferential binding/preferential excluded) from the protein surface promote interactions with water and stabilize native protein structure

A

preferential excluded

57
Q

Excipients that bind to the protein can lead to what type of unfolding?

A

denaturation

58
Q

T/F: Prefilled syringes, pens and autoinjectors are easy to use formulations

A

F: Not formulations but combination products

59
Q

What are disadvantage of pre-filled syringes that involve its packaging?

A
  • Drug waste due to priming
  • Greater surface-to-volume ratio, presence of lubricants, can induce aggregation of protein drugs
60
Q

Label the numbers:
finger grip, gasket, plunger, luer lock
syringe barrel, top cap

A
  1. Syringe barrel
  2. Luer lock
  3. Finger grip
  4. Plunger
  5. Gasket
  6. Top cap
61
Q

When compared to vials containing solutions for injection, these devices have a (lower/higher) surface-to-volume ratio and (lower/higher) total volume.

A

When compared to vials containing solutions for injection, these devices have a higher surface-to-volume ratio and lower total volume.

62
Q

Proteins are __________ and can unfold when exposed to surfaces or interfaces.

A

surfactants

63
Q

Syringe lubricants that coat the inside of a barrel surface are typically (hydrophilic/hydrophobic)

A

hydrophobic

64
Q

What makes pre-filled syringes more susceptible to surface area?

A

-Lubrication on the barrel surface
-Oil droplets suspended in the solution

65
Q

How do folded, native proteins become aggregates?

A

hydrophobic domain inside of hydrophobic shell allows protein to split so hydrophobic domain is attached to hydrophobic surface. These partially unfolded proteins form dimers that aggregate

66
Q

Which is the biggest advantage of lyophilized powders?
- Reconstituted allowing more convenience
- Cheaper
- Reduced chemical and physical degradation
- Refrigeration maintaining freshness

A
  • Reduced chemical and physical degradation

(all others are false)

67
Q

What are the two disadvantages of lyophilized powders?

A

-Must be reconstituted prior to injection
- More expensive due to time consuming manufacturing

68
Q

Lyophilization removes _____ by the process of ______ which occurs at (low/high) temp and (low/high) pressure.

A

Lyophilization removes water by the process of sublimation which occurs at low temp and low pressure.

69
Q

What order occurs in the process of lyophilization?
Sublimation
Vacuum
Freezing
Dry powder to ambient

A

Freezing, Vacuum, Sublimation, then Dry powder to ambient

70
Q

How can lyophilization cause instability?

A

Freeze-conc can promotes aggregation

Dosage 2 (4 decks)

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