Exam 1 Flashcards
The following describes solution dosage forms. Choose TWO descriptions that are relevant:
A. Good Bioavailability
B. Easy to manufacture
C. Used to increase bioavailability of oil or hydrophobic drugs
D. Heterogeneous
E. Quicker absorption than suspension but slower than emulsion
A. Good Bioavailability
B. Easy to manufacture
Which of the following descriptions describe the advantage of using a solution dosage form?
A. Non-uniform dispersion of molecules
B. Poor bioavailability due to being more reactive
C. Homogenous molecular dispersion
D. Best described as oil/water or water/oil
E. Hard to manufacture due to low stability in comparison to solids
C. Homogenous molecular dispersion
Which one of the following does NOT help minimize tissue irritation due to parenteral, ophthalmic, or nasal solutions?
A. Make the solution pH as close to the physiological pH as possible
B. Use a buffer with a low buffering capacity
C. Minimize the volume of administer solution
D. Administer quickly
E. Make the solution with a dilute buffer
D. Administer quickly
A company is reaching out due to a common complaint of irritation caused from their parenteral solution. With further investigation, you find that the pH is not near enough to the pH of blood. Which TWO options can provide better stability for this parenteral solution?
A. Maximize buffering capacity
B. Minimize buffering capacity
C. Create a label asking the user to administer quicker to decrease ability for causing irritation
D. Minimize the volume of the solution
E. Make sure that the pH of solution is around 5, the target physiological range of blood.
B. Minimize buffering capacity
D. Minimize the volume of the solution
The following describes the roles of inactive ingredients in solution or emulsion products. Which one is INCORRECT?
A. Ascorbic acid- antioxidant
B. Citric acid- chelating agent
C. Sodium bisulfite- antioxidant
D. Benzyl alcohol- preservative
E. Magnesium aluminum silicate- surfactant
E. Magnesium aluminum silicate- surfactant
Which of the following is paired correctly?
A. Glycerin- Co-solvent
B. Benzyl alcohol- Antioxidant acting by preferential oxidation
C. EDTA- Buffering agent
D. Citric acid- Ester (Paraben)
E. Vegetable oil- Co-solvent
A. Glycerin- Co-solvent
Which of the following describes does NOT describe an anti-microbial preservative?
A. Electrostatic preservatives
B. Chelating agents
C. Esters (Parabens)
D. Quaternary ammonium compounds
E. Alcohols
B. Chelating agents
You are asked to prepare 1 L of O/W emulsion of an oil having an HLB value of 9 with Span 65 (HLB 2) and Brij 56 (HLB 13). The total surfactant concentration should be 0.5% (0.5 g per 100 mL). Calculate how much Span 65 and Brij 56 are required.
A. 1.82g Span 65 and 3.18g Brij 56
B. 3.18g Span 65 and 1.82g Brij 56
C. 0.182g Span 65 and 0.318g Brij 56
D. 0.318g Span 65 and 0.182g Brij 56
A. 1.82g Span 65 and 3.18g Brij 56
1 L of O/W emulsion contains 6g of Tween 80 (HLB 5) and 4g of Span 80 (HLB 12). What is the HLB value of the emulsion product?
A. 6.3
B. 7.8
C. 11.7
D. 12.7
B. 7.8
Which one of the following is a different type (W/O, O/W) of emulsion than others?
A. An emulsion stabilized with Tween 80
B. An emulsion containing 80% petrolatum and 20% water
C. An emulsion stabilized with aluminum hydroxide
D. An emulsion stabilized with a mixture of acacia and tracacanth
E. An emulsion used for water washable cream
B. An emulsion containing 80% petrolatum and 20% water
Which of the following is true regarding emulsions?
A. An emulsion is two miscible liquids which are dispersed as droplets
B. O/W indicates that water is dispersed, and oil is continuous
C. A water-washable cream is an example of an O/W emulsion
D. A cold cream is an example of an O/W emulsion
E. An intravenous lipid emulsion is a W/O emulsion
C. A water-washable cream is an example of an O/W emulsion
Which one of the following describes interfacial phenomena in emulsion INCORRECTLY?
A. Two liquids with a great tendency to interact with each other have a high interfacial tension
B: Interfacial tension decreases with increasing temperature.
C: Internal phase tends to coalesce to reduce interfacial tension.
D: Surfactants with HLB value >10 can stabilize an O/W emulsion.
E: At concentrations above the critical micelle concentration, surfactants do not reduce interfacial tension anymore.
A. Two liquids with a great tendency to interact with each other have a high interfacial tension
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the phases in the interfacial phenomena?
A. Both the interface and bulk phase show an unequal attraction of molecules
B. In the interface, molecules are equally attracted to each other.
C. By increasing the temperature, the interfacial tension with increase
D. The less intermolecular force in the bulk phase leads to less interfacial tension
E. More interaction leads to more interfacial tension.
D. The less intermolecular force in the bulk phase leads to less interfacial tension
T/F: Creaming is a type of emulsion instability, which is irreversible and will form separate layers of oil and water. Creaming cannot be fixed by shaking; thus, the product needs to be reformulated.
False
An O/W emulsion including sodium stearate should not be prepared with hard water. Why?
A: Hard water can accelerate sedimentation of oil droplets.
B: Hard water can cause creaming.
C: Hard water can lead to coalescence.
D: Hard water can induce phase inversion of the emulsion.
E: Hard water can degrade oil droplets.
D: Hard water can induce phase inversion of the emulsion
Which of the following best describes Stokes Law?
A. Once the interfacial film is broken, the integrity of the droplets is reversible.
B. Stokes Law can be used to help determine the viscosity of sedimentation
C. The phase volume ratio must exceed 74% to keep creaming from occurring
D. Stokes law is used for creaming, a reversible state, given the integrity of the individual droplets
E. Stokes law does not take into consideration the external and internal phases like settling
D. Stokes law is used for creaming, a reversible state, given the integrity of the individual droplets
You intend to make a sulfadiazine suspension. You are asked to reduce the particle size from 26 µm to 5 µm by micronization and use a sorbitol solution with a density of 1.3 g/mL and viscosity of 110 cps instead of water. Which one of the following describes each design choice correctly?
A: Particle size is reduced to increase the settling velocity.
B: Viscous solution is used as a suspension vehicle to delay settling.
C: Particle size is reduced to delay drug dissolution.
D: Dense solution is used as a suspension vehicle to induce flocculation
B: Viscous solution is used as a suspension vehicle to delay settling.
Which one of the following describes a dispersed suspension best?
A: Cloudy suspension
B: Large sediment volume
C: May appear as a semi-solid when undisturbed but is fluid when shaken.
D: Easily redispersed by shaking
E: High rate of sedimentation
A: Cloudy suspension
Which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with controlled flocculation?
A. There is a secondary minimum to help form aggregates
B. The repulsive and attractive forces balance
C. The sediment is higher in volume with flocculation than dispersion
D. Controlled flocculation settles at a quicker rate than dispersion
E. Repulsive forces are dominant, leading to better sedimentation
E. Repulsive forces are dominant, leading to better sedimentation
Consider 100 mL of bismuth subnitrate suspension stabilized with KH2PO4. When allowed to settle, the suspension formed 80 mL of sediment. If the degree of flocculation is 4, what would be the sediment volume of deflocculated (dispersed, non-stabilized) system?
A: 0.2
B: 0.8
C: 0.5
D: 0.25
E: 0.75
A: 0.2
The following lists components and their functions of Rhinocort Aqua Nasal Spray suspension. Which one of the following is INCORRECT?
A: Budesonide - Active ingredient
B: Carboxymethylcellulose - Structured vehicle system
C: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) - Chelating agent to help prevent oxidation
D: Sorbic acid - Flocculating agent
E: Magnesium aluminum silicate - Structured vehicle system
D: Sorbic acid - Flocculating agent
Which of the following are considered a buffering agent and preservative?
A. Xanthan
B. Budesonide
C. Potassium sorbate
D. Propylparaben
E. Attapulgite
C. Potassium sorbate
Consider a suspension of sulfadiazine with an average diameter of 26 µm. Which one of the following makes the suspension settle most quickly? Density of sulfadiazine is 1.5 g/mL.
A: Add diluted bentonite magma to form floccules.
B: Reduce sulfadiazine particle size to 2.6 µm by spray drying and use water as a vehicle.
C: Add methylcellulose to increase viscosity of water to 200 cps.
D: Reduce particle size to 10 µm by jet milling and increase water viscosity to 100 cps.
E: Replace water with sorbitol solution (density: 1.3 g/mL, viscosity: 110 cps)
A: Add diluted bentonite magma to form floccules.
Which of the following would NOT be useful in making a suspension settle quickly?
A. Changing the suspension to become more dispersed than flocculated
B. Adding diluted bentonite magma for forming floccules
C. Reducing the electrical barrier between the particles
D. Altering the pH of the suspension to the region of minimum drug solubility
E. Using non-ionic or ionic surfactants
A. Changing the suspension to become more dispersed than flocculated
Consider the Figure that describes the relationship between [KH2PO4] added to the suspension vs. the sediment volume of the suspension. What describes the zone highlighted by a red box in the Figure best?
A: The suspension turned to a dispersed suspension.
B: H2PO4- neutralized the surface charge of dispersed particles.
C: The dominant interparticle force is repulsive force.
D: The suspension does not settle.
E: The suspension forms cloudy supernatant when settled
B: H2PO4- neutralized the surface charge of dispersed particles.
Which one of the following would demonstrate an attracting force that would lead to dispersion?
A. #1- Net positive
B. #2- Equal amount of positive and negative
C. #3- Net negative
D. None of the Above
C. #3- Net negative
What are the three advantages of solution dosage forms?
Homogeneous, easy to manufacture, good bioavailability
What are the three ways to minimize irritation through pH selection?
Minimize buffering capacity, minimize volume, administer slowly
Which are antimicrobial preservations using lipophilic interactions? Electrostatic?
Acids
Alcohols
Esters
Quaternary ammonium compounds
Lipo: Acids, Alcohols, Esters
Electro: Quaternary ammonium compounds
What are the three types of antioxidants?
Free-radical scavengers, reducing agents, chelating agents
Match the following: Sodium Bisulfite
1. Solvent 2. Co-Solvent 3. Buffering agent
4. Free Radical Stabilizer 5. Antioxidant acting by preferential oxidation 6. Preservative acting by lipophilic absorption 7. Preservative acting by electrostatic absorption 8. Sweetener
9. Chelates divalent metal cations
- Antioxidant acting by preferential oxidation
Match the following: EDTA
1. Solvent 2. Co-Solvent 3. Buffering agent
4. Free Radical Stabilizer 5. Antioxidant acting by preferential oxidation 6. Preservative acting by lipophilic absorption 7. Preservative acting by electrostatic absorption 8. Sweetener
9. Chelates divalent metal cations
- Chelates divalent metal cations
Match the following: Butylated hydroxytoluene
1. Solvent 2. Co-Solvent 3. Buffering agent
4. Free Radical Stabilizer 5. Antioxidant acting by preferential oxidation 6. Preservative acting by lipophilic absorption 7. Preservative acting by electrostatic absorption 8. Sweetener
9. Chelates divalent metal cations
- Free Radical Stabilizer
Match the following: Sorbitol solution
1. Solvent 2. Co-Solvent 3. Buffering agent
4. Free Radical Stabilizer 5. Antioxidant acting by preferential oxidation 6. Preservative acting by lipophilic absorption 7. Preservative acting by electrostatic absorption 8. Sweetener
9. Chelates divalent metal cations
- Sweetener
Match the following: Glycerin
1. Solvent 2. Co-Solvent 3. Buffering agent
4. Free Radical Stabilizer 5. Antioxidant acting by preferential oxidation 6. Preservative acting by lipophilic absorption 7. Preservative acting by electrostatic absorption 8. Sweetener
9. Chelates divalent metal cations
- Co-Solvent
Match the following: Methyl paraben
1. Solvent 2. Co-Solvent 3. Buffering agent
4. Free Radical Stabilizer 5. Antioxidant acting by preferential oxidation 6. Preservative acting by lipophilic absorption 7. Preservative acting by electrostatic absorption 8. Sweetener
9. Chelates divalent metal cations
- Preservative acting by lipophilic absorption
