exam 3 Flashcards
dictyocaulus spp common name
ruminant lungworm
dictyocaulus spp location
trachea and bronchi
dictyocaulus viviparus main host
cattle
dictyocaulus filaria main host
small ruminants
dictyocaulus spp are trichostrongyles, their lifecycle is ___
direct
dictyocaulus spp shed stage
L1
dictyocaulus spp infective stage
L3
dictyocaulus spp transmission route
ingestion of L3 while grazing
dictyocaulus spp have hypobiosis at which stage
L4
___ can faciliate the spread of dictyocaulus larvae
pilobolus fungi
dictyocaulus pathogenesis
intermittent coughing - “husk”
bronchitis, pneumonia, resp. distress
dictyocaulus distribution
temperate climates with high rainfall
dictyocaulus dx
baermann method
control of dictyocaulus
vaccination
protostrongylus rufescens and muellerius capillaris main host
small ruminants
prostrongylus rufescens and muellerius capillaris site
lung parenchyma
prostrongylus and muellerius are protostrongylids, the common name is
small lungworms
protostrongylids IH
gastropod (snail)
protostrongylids pathology
lung lesions
protostrongylids shed stage
L1
protostrongylids infective stage
L3
unique morphology of muellerius L1
kinked tail and dorsal spine
protostrongylid development in IH is ___ dependent
temperature
protostrongylid L3 are ____
environmentally resistant
parelaphostrongylus tenuis common name
brain worm/meningeal worm
parelaphostrongylus DH
white tailed deer
parelaphostrongylus dead-end hosts are cattle, sheep, goat, alpacas and horses, in these hosts they cause
severe neurological disease
contributed to moose population decline
parelaphostrongylus
parelaphostrongylus spill over from
WTD
parelaphostrongylus shed stage
L1
parelaphostrongylus IH
slugs/snails
morphology of brainworm L1
kinked tail and dorsal spine
thelazia spp common name
eyeworm
thelazia morphology
small thin yellowish
thelazia pathology
lacrimation
conjunctivitis
photophobia
severe - opaque cornea
setaria spp common name
bovine abdominal filariosis
setaria main hosts
cattle, buffalo
adult setaria site
peritoneum, pleural cavity
microfilaria setaria site
blood
setaria IH
mosquitoes
setaria pathogenesis normally has little clinical significance, but what can occur when nervous tissue is affected
locomotor disturbances in the hindlimbs
stephanofilaria stilesi common name
dermal nematode of cattle
stephanofilaria site
dermis (L1), hair follicles (adults)
stephanofilaria IH
hornfly
stephanofilaria pathology
granulomatous and ulcerative lesions on the skin
cyst-like structures at the base of hair follicles, flanks, udder, face and neck
true or false: stephanofilaria can recur for years
true
true or false: resistance in stephanofilaria
true
moniezia spp common name
ruminant tapeworm
moniezia benedeni DH
cattle, buffalo
moniezia expansa DH
sheep, goat
moniezia infection is common in ____ and is seasonal
first year calves
moniezia IH
forage/grain mites
moniezia infective stage
cysticercoid
moniezia dx
mcmaster - square or diamond shaped eggs
thysanosoma actinioides common name
fringed tapeworm
thysanosoma actinioides DH
cattle, sheep, deer
thysanosoma actinioides site
small intestine, bile and pancreatic ducts
thysanosoma actinioides morphology
segments short and fringes posteriorly
what is the economic loss of thysanosoma
condemnation of livers
thysanosoma eggs
egg packets
ruminants are intermediate hosts of ____, meaning they will only have the metacestode stage
larval tapeworms
when are larval tapeworms normally dx in ruminants
necropsy or meat inspection
cysticercus bovis IH
cattle
cysticercus bovis metacestode site
muscle, heart
cysticercus ovis IH
sheep and goats
cysticercus ovis metacestode site
muscle
cysticercus tenuicollis IH
sheep, goats, cattle, pigs
cysticercus tenuicollis metacestode site
liver, peritoneal cavity
coenurus cerebalis IH
sheep
coenurus cerebralis metacestode site
brain, cns
hydatid cyst IH
ruminants, pigs, humans
hydatid metacestode site
lungs, liver
cysticercus bovis common name
beef measles
cysticercus bovis is the larval stage of
taenia saginata
cysticercus bovis affects the muscles of
heart, diaphragm, tongue, jaw
hydatid cyst is the larval stage of
echinococcus granulosus
cysticercus ovis is the larval stage of
taenia ovis
most important pathological lesion found in imported meat from australia
cysticercus ovis
coenuriosis is the larval stage of
taenia multiceps
coenuriosis site
cerebral parenchyma of sheep
how can humans get coenurosis
ingestion of t. multiceps eggs (not by eating the cyst)
fluke IH
snail (gastropods)
fasciola hepatica common name
common liver fluke
fasciola hepatica DH
ruminants
fasciola hepatica location
biliary ducts, gall bladder
number 1 fluke problem for grazing sheep and goats
fasciola hepatica
fascioloides magna common name
giant liver fluke
fascioloides magna DH
deer, moose
- cattle dead end
- sheep/goats incidental
fascioloides magna location
liver, rarely lungs and intestine
fascioloides magna distribution
north america
dicrocoelium spp common name
lancet fluke
zombie ant fluke
dicrocoelium spp DH
cattle, sheep, goats, pigs
dicrocoelium location
biliary ducts, gall bladder
dicrocoelium second IH
ants
paramphistomum spp common name
rumen fluke
T or F: fasciola hepatica is zoonotic
true
liver fluke shed stage
eggs
liver fluke infective stage
metacercariae
f. hepatica pathology
subclinical usually
anemia, hypoalbuminaemia, submandibular edema, calcified bile ducts”pipe stem liver”
f. hepatica acute pathology in lambs/calves
severe hemorrhage of liver
sudden death
fluke dx
sedimentation
how can humans get hepatic fascioliasis
ingestion of metacercaria, usually from contaminated watercress
fascioloides magna common name
giant liver fluke
main hosts of f. magna
deer, elk, caribou
dead end hosts of f. magna
cattle, moose, small ruminants
why is f. magna usually fatal in sheep
extensive uninterrupted hepatic migration without encapsulation
why is control of f. magna difficult
has a wildlife reservoir
dicrocoelium dendriticum common name
zombie ant fluke, lancet fluke
d. dendriticum site
bile duct
d. dendriticum IH
land snails and ants
why is d. dendriticum called the zombie ant fluke
causes behavioral manipulation of ants to inc chances of transmission
flagellates that infect ruminants
tritrichomonas fetus
giardia
intestinal apicomplexa that infect ruminants
eimeria
cryptosporidium
systemic apicomplexa that infect ruminants
neospora
toxoplasma
sarcocystis
blood apicomplexa that infect ruminants
babesia
tritrichomonas foetus site
genital mucosa of cows and bulls
tritrichomonas is ____ transmitted
sexually
tritrichomonas effect on infected cows
early embryonic death
infertility
infective stage of tritrichomonas
trophozoites
- no free living or cyst stage
dx of tritrichomonas
epidemiological clues - 50-80% open cows
culture and PCR
control of tritrichomonas
cull infected bulls
ruminants may act as a source of zoonotic infections for which protozoa
giardia
dx of giardia in ruminants
fecal flotation (ZnSO4)
eimeria site
GIT
eimeria causes
coccidiosis
ordinary coccidiosis infects
young calves 2-6m
any time of year
winter coccidiosis
cold snap/winter stress
first month of confinement
no oocyst in feces
nervous coccidiosis
nervous signs
high mortality
feedlot cattle during winter
large # oocysts in feces
Canada and N. US
risk factors for coccidiosis
extreme weather changes
dirty env
stress
clinical signs of eimeria
bloody mucous diarrhea
dehydration, pale mucous membrane
prolapse of rectal membrane
which crypto species is most important and affects calves <1m, sheep, goat, horses and humans
c. parvum
T or F: crypto oocysts are immediately infective
T
pathogenesis of c. parvum
debilitating diarrhea in calves
damage to villi
treatment of cryptosporidiosis
fluids
electrolytes
colostrum to calves
implication of c. parvum resistance to chlorine
can get infected through pools
major cause of bovine aportion among dairy cows
neospora caninum
tranmission of neospora in cows
transplacental
most common cause of infectious abortion in sheep and goat
toxoplasmosis
how is toxoplasmosis transmitted to the fetus, causing necrosis
via bloodstream to placental cotyledons
how do ruminants get infected with toxoplasmosis
accidental ingestion of oocysts via contaminated water or vegetables
sarcocystis site
tissues/muscles
pathogenesis of sarcocystis
direct destruction of vascular endothelial and muscle cells
hair loss around eyes, neck, tail (rat tail)
shed stage of sarcocystis
sporocyst with 4 sporozoites
babesia is transmitted by
ticks
babesia pathogenesis
pyrexia, haemoglobinuria, anemia, icterus, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, dark colored urine, neurologic signs
what can be seen in babesia infected RBCs
apple seed like merozoites
surface mites of ruminants
chorioptes sp
psoroptes sp
burrowing mites of ruminants
sarcoptes sp
demodex sp
at what time of the year is chorioptes common
winter
pathogenesis of chorioptes
severe localized pruritis
alopecia, crusting, oozing, +/- ulcers
T or F: chorioptes is highly contagious between different species
T
at what time of year and where is psoroptes common
winter, europe
pathogenesis of psoroptes
severe generalized pruritis
is psorptes contagious
contagious only between same species
what mite has the common names:
leg mange, foot and tail mange, symbiotic mange, barn itch
chorioptic mange
most common type of mange in ruminants in the US
chorioptic mange
where does chorioptic mange usually begin
legs - may spread to scrotum in rams
what is the US distribution of psoroptic mange
southwestern US
sarcoptic mange pathogenesis
intense pruritis
follicular papules and crusts
skin thickening
demodectic mange is caused by
infestation in the hair follicles
demodectic mange pathogenesis
non pruritic papules and nodules
surface mites dx
KOH digest of superficial skin scrape
rhipicephalus (boophilus) tick common name
cattle fever ticks
where is CFT endemic
south Texas, Mexico
cattle tick transmits
babesia spp
anaplasma
haemophysalis longicornis common name
asian long horn tick
asian long horn tick is a 3 host species, with the adults on LA and the larvae/nymph on ___
birds
small mammals
dermacentor albipictus common name
winter tick/moose tick
pathogenesis of d. albipictus
hairless syndrome
how many hosts does d. albipictus have
1
otobius megnini (soft tick) common name
spinose ear tick
how many hosts does o. megnini have
1
T or F: all stages of o. megnini are parasitic
F - only larvae and nymph, adults are free living
chewing lice of ruminants
darnalina spp
sucking lice of ruminants
haematopinus spp
linognathus vituli
solenopotes capillatus
what time of year is lice a problem in ruminants
winter
hypoderma spp common name
cattle bot flies/cattle grubs
where do larvae of hypoderma bovis overwinter
epidural fat of the spinal cord
if h. bovis larvae are killed, what is the pathogenesis
stiffness, ataxia
muscular weakness
hindlimb paralysis
where do larvae of hypoderma lineatum overwinter
sub mucosa of the esophagus
if h. lineatum larvae are killed, what is the pathogenesis
inflammation of esophageal wall
dysphagia, drooling, bloat
cochliomyia hominivoraz common name
new world screworm
c. hominovoraz pathogenesis
larvae feed on raw flesh of host - big gaping wounds exposing bone
oetrus ovis common name
nasal bot fly of sheep
calliphorids common name
blowflies of sheep
pathogenesis of blowfly larvae
hatch on the skin and feed on tissues
risk factors for blowflies
warm humid weather
wounds
dirty wool sheep
blood feeding flies of ruminants
black fly
horn fly
sheep ked
simulium spp common name
black fly
haematobia irritans common name
horn fly
melophagus ovinus common name
sheep ked
which fly feeds on ocular and nasal secretions
musca autumnalis - face fly
which fly is a vicious biter which only breeds in running water
simulium - black fly
pathogenesis of biting flies in cattle
harassment
anemia - rare
dermatitis
hypersensitivity
pathogen transmission
which fly species is a permanent ectoparasite and resembles a tick
sheep ked
sheep ked can be a host for what blood protozoa
trypanosoma melaphagium
defect in hide due to allergic skin hypersensitivity caused by sheep ked
cockle
stomach worms of horses
drashia megastoma
habronema muscae
habronema microstoma
which species of stomach fly resides in tumor like swellings in the stomach
draschia
which species of stomach worm resides in the mucosal surface
habronema
IH of stomach worms
housefly, stable fly
cutaneous habronemiasis
summer sores - granulomatous skin reactions
pulmonary habronemiasis
small hazelnut-like nodules around the bronchi
ascarids (roundworms) of horses
parascaris equorum
parascaris univalens
parasite of foals with a high worm count at around 5m of age
parascaris spp
parascaris goes through ___ migration
hepato-tracheal
pathogenesis of parascaris
physical damage of liver, lungs, intestine
strongyloides westeri common name
equine threadworm
strongyloides westeri pathogenesis
small intestinal enteritis - diarrhea
resp. signs - larvae migrating to lung
cutaneous lesions
strongyloides westeri transmission routes
transmammary - most significant
skin penetration
oral
strongylus vulgaris common name
blood worm (large strongyle)
strongylus site
cecum and colon
strongylus transmission route
feco-oral on pasture
where do the strongylus larvae migrate and hang out for 4m
aorta
strongylus vulgaris pathogenesis
verminous arteritis
thrombus - may lead to necrosis
cyathostomins common name
small strongyles of horses
T or F: cyathostomins migrate beyond the mucous membrane
F
where do cyathostomins larvae undergo hypobiosis
large intestine mucosa
simultaneous emergence of cyathostomes in late winter/early spring causing the clinical syndrome
larval cyathostomiasis
larval cyathostomiasis pathogenesis
watery diarrhea, severe colic - mortality up to 50%
hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia
necropsy findings of larval cyathostomiasis
mucosal hyperemia
hemorrhage
congestion
ulceration or necrosis
oxyuris equi common name
pinworm - large intestinal nematode
oxyuris equi site
cecum, colon, rectum, perianal region
who is most susceptible to oxyuris equi
stabled horses, poor hygiene
clinical signs of pinworms
tail rubbing, automutilation
anoplocephala perfoliata common name
equine tapeworm
anoplocephala perfoliata site
ileum and cecum
anoplocephala IH
free living mites
how is anoplocephala transmitted
pasture
cause of spasmodic colic in horses
anoplocephala
anoplocephala has a (high or low) prevalence
high
how can eggs of anoplocephala perfoliata be identified
pyriform apparatus containing hexacanth embryo
