exam 1 Flashcards
which type of parasite can be described as a “tube within a tube”
roundworms - nematodes
roundworms are _____ meaning they have a body cavity filled with fluid under pressure
pseudocoelomates
roundworms exhibit ____, inhibited larval development to avoid adverse conditions for development and maturation
hypobiosis
dorsoventrally flattened worm with segmented body, no GIT and covered in tegument
tapeworms - cestodes
tapeworms infect by forming a ____, infective larvae in the tissues in the final IH
metacestode
how do tapeworms reproduce
self/cross fertilization
what is the intermediate host for tapeworms
vertebrates; some arthropods
infective stage of tapeworms
metacestode
what is the organ of attachment for cyclophilidea tapeworms
suckers
how are the eggs of cyclophilidea tapeworms
with hooks, non-operculated
what is the organ of attachment for pseudophylidea tapeworms
bothria
how are the eggs of pseudophylidea tapeworms
with operculum (cap)
leaf like body with 2 suckers, incomplete GIT, non-segmented and covered by tegument with operculated eggs
flukes - trematodes
first IH of flukes
snail
dx of flukes by
fecal sedimentation
main hosts swine and canine; retractable spiny attachment, no GIT
thorny-headed worms - acantheocephalans
IH of thorny headed worms
beetle
identifying parts of a mite
pedicel and caruncle
celicera mouthpart
anus and anal plate
where is the mites’ lifecycle done
entire cycle on host
which type of lice has stout mandibles with its head wider than the thorax
chewing/biting lice
main host of chewing lice
birds
type of lice with piercing mouthparts and head narrower than thorax
sucking louse
main host of sucking louse
mammals
what parasite group has 5 nymph instar stages
bugs
maggots; fly larvae in the tissue
myiasis
how do flagellates reproduce
asexually by binary fission
lifecycle of mucoflagellates
direct
lifecycle of hemoflagellates
indirect
IH of hemoflagellates
blood sucking insects
lifecycle and reproduction of intestinal coccidia
direct; sexual gametogony
lifecycle and reproduction of systemic coccidia
indirect; asexual (IH) and sexual (H)
IH of systemic coccidia
mammals
lifecycle and reproduction of blood coccidia
indirect; asexual (RBC) and sexual (ticks)
IH of blood coccidia
ticks
which coccidia is transmitted by ingestion of sporulated cysts
systemic
what type of dx test would be good for moving protozoa or mobile amoeba
direct fecal smear
most common fecal test
fecal flotation
types of fecal flotation
passive/standing
centrifugal
why is centrifugal flotation the better method
more sensitive
modified passive fecal flotation to increase sensitivity; common to dx helminths in livestock
McMaster method
dx test for eggs with higher specific gravity that don’t float easily
fecal sedimentation
dx test for parasites that shed larvae in the feces; a fresh sample must be used
baerrmann method
dx test for when L3s are morphologically distinguishable
coproculture
limitations of fecal tests
chances of false negatives and positives
dx test for rapid detection and ID of microfilariae
modified knott’s test
types of skin scraping
superficial
deep
what can be done if the skin scraping contains a lot of debris and mites are suspected but not found
KOH digestion
what test can be done for parasites that have their larval/adult stages in host tissues
tissue digestion
preferred method to detect eggs of pinworms in LA
peri-anal tape method
dx test for parasite Ag in feces
coproantigen test
blood Ag test
snap test IDEXX
Ab tests for protozoal infections
complement fixation
immunodissusion
haemagglutination
florescent antibody
DNA based dx method
PCR
development time inside the definitive host
prepatent period
total duration of shedding
patent period
developmental time outside the definitive host; influenced by external environmental factors
translation
infective larvae in the environment
infective stage
esophageal worm
spirocerca lupi
distribution of spirocerca lupi
tropical/subtropical
cold areas travel related
spirocerca lupi main host
dogs
spirocerca lupi IH
beetles
spirocerca lupi site
esophagus
key pathology of spirocerca lupi
nodules in esophagus or aorta
shed stage of spirocerca lupi
eggs
infective stage of spirocerca lupi
L3
dx test for spirocerca lupi
fecal flotation
control for spirocerca lupi
control IH; clear feces rapidly
how long do spirocerca lupi larvae migrate before settling in the esophagus
3 months
stomach worm
physaloptera sp.
distribution of physaloptera
worldwide; higher mid-eastern US
main host of physaloptera
coyotes and foxes
IH of physaloptera
arthropods - beetles, crickets, cockroaches
lifecycle of physaloptera
indirect
physaloptera site
stomach
transmission route of physaloptera
ingestion of IH or paratenic host
physaloptera key pathology
gastritis; vomiting
shed stage and infective stage of physaloptera
eggs; L3
the eggs of physaloptera have a thick shell and contain _____
fully developed larvae
canine roundworm
toxocara canis
distribution of toxocara canis
worldwide
toxocara canis main host
dogs
morphology of toxocara canis
3 prominent lips on anterior end
cervical alae
toxocara canis lifecycle
direct
toxocara canis site
small intestine
toxocara canis transmission route
ingestion of infective eggs or paratenic host
transuterine/transmammary
toxocara canis key pathology
respiratory signs
vomiting, mucoid diarrhea, pot-bellied appearance
shed stage and infective stage of toxocara canis
eggs; eggs w/ L3
dx of toxocara canis
fecal flotation, clinical signs
control of toxocara canis
deworming puppies and dam; environmental sanitation
in toxocara infected puppies of <6m, the larvae go through _____, where they will eventually be coughed up and then swallowed so they can develop into adults in the small intestine
hepato-tracheal migration
in toxocara infected dogs of >6m, the larvae go through ____, where they become arrested in tissues and only become reactivated during pregnancy (otherwise a dead end)
somatic migration
if a dog becomes infected with toxocara canis through ingestion of a paratenic host, there is ____; the larvae only develop in the intestine
no systemic migration
feline roundworm
toxocara cati
toxocara cati main host
cats
toxocara cati have a ____ than toxocara canis
more prominent cervical ale
transmission route of toxocara cati
ingestion of PH; transmammary
lower prevalence roundworm of dogs/cats
toxocara leonina
transmission route of toxocara leonina
ingestion of infective eggs
key pathology of toxocara leonina
diarrhea
raccoon roundworm
baylisascaris procyonis
baylisascaris procyonis IH
dogs
baylisascaris transmission route
ingestion of infective eggs or PH
baylisascaris key pathology
asymptomatic in DH
larva migrans and severe neuro signs in IH
canine/southern hookworm
ancylostoma caninum
ancylostoma caninum distribution
most prevalent in SE states
seasonal preference for warmer/humid months
ancylostoma caninum main host
dogs
ancylostoma caninum lifecycle
direct
ancylostoma caninum site
small intestine or muscle/organs
ancylostoma caninum transmission route
ingestion of L3/PH
skin penetration
transmammary
ancylostoma caninum key pathology
anemia; dark tarry feces; weight loss
dx test of ancylostoma caninum
centrifugal flotation
when do arrested ancylostoma caninum L3 reactivate
deworming, stress, pregnancy
reactivation of tissue arrested L3 ancylostoma caninum results in ___; the intestine is repopulated by arrested larvae; leads to refractory egg shedding
larval leak syndrome
where do anyclostoma caninum larvae develop
outside of egg when egg hatches
takes 5-7 days in warm, moist soil
feline hookworm
anyclostoma tubaeforme
ancylostoma tubaeforme transmission route
ingestion of L3/PH
L3 skin penetration
unless heavy infection, ancylostoma tubaeforme is generally ____
asymptomatic
distribution of ancylostoma brazilense
warmer, coastal areas; gulf coast
ancylostoma brazilense is ___
zoonotic
ancylostoma brazilense transmission route
percutaneous
ancylostoma brazilense key pathology
cutaneous larva migrans
linear eruptive lesions
intense pruritis
northern hookworm
uncinaria stenocephala
uncinaria stenocephala distribution
northern US, canada, northern europe
uncinaria stenocephala main hosts
dogs and wild canids
morphology of uncinaria stenocephala
buccal cavity with cutting plates
uncinaria stenocephala transmission route
ingestion of L3
threadworm of humans/dogs
strongyloides stercoralis
strongyloides stercoralis distribution
worldwide; warm and humid more common
strongyloides stercoralis main hosts
humans, dogs, cats, primates
strongyloides stercoralis lifecycle
direct
strongyloides stercoralis site
crypts of small intestine
strongyloides stercoralis transmission route
ingestion of L3
L3 skin penetration
transmammary
strongyloides stercoralis key pathology
diarrhea - young dogs
cutaneous larval migrans - people
strongyloides stercoralis shed stage
L1
strongyloides stercoralis dx test
baermann
exclusive to strongyloides
sexuallu reproducing free-living stage and parthenogenic adult parasitic stage
oral infection of strongyloides leads to ____ migration
hepato-tracheal
skin penetration of strongyloides leads to ___ migration
semi-tracheal
strongyloides L1 may develop into L3 in the small intestine and cause ____
auto-infection
canine whipworm
trichuris vulpis
trichuris vulpis distribution
worldwide; warm and humid
common in kennels
trichuris vulpis main host
dogs
trichuris vulpis lifecycle
direct
trichuris vulpis site
large intestine - cecum and colon
trichuris vulpis transmission route
ingestion of eggs containing L1
trichuris vulpis key pathology
anemia, freq. defecation and straining; typhilitis, colitis, rectal prolapse
trichuris vulpis infective stage
eggs with L1
trichuris vulpis dx test
centrifugal flotation
trichuris vulpis common co-infection with
hookworm
spirocerca lupi
physaloptera sp.
toxocara canis
toxocara cati
toxocara leonina
baylisascais procyonis
ancylostoma caninum
uncinaria stenocephala
trichuris vulpis
heartworm
dirofilaria immitis
heartworm has highest prevalence in
southeastern US
heartworm main host
dogs (less common in cats)
heartworm IH
mosquitoes
heartworm lifecycle
indirect
heartworm site
adults - heart and pulmonary artery
microfilaria - blood
heartworm transmission route
mosquito gets L1 from blood meal, develops to L3, infects dog with blood meal
caval syndrome
worms block caudal vena cava and tricuspid valve
heartworm shed stage
microfilariae
heartworm infective stage
L3
heartworm dx test
dogs- Ag test (adult F); direct blood smear (Mf)
cats - Ab test (+Ag test to see if current infection)
what other microfilariae make be mistaken for HW causing a false positive
acanthocheilonema reconditum
why can feline HW have more false negatives
have more M only infections and in low numbers
french heartworm
angiostrongylus vasorum
angiostrongylus vasorum distribution
endemic to newfoundland; emerging in the US
angiostrongylus vasorum main host
foxes, canids, dogs
angiostrongylus vasorum IH
mollusks
angiostrongylus vasorum lifecycle
indirect
angiostrongylus vasorum site
lung capillaries, pulmonary artery, RV
angiostrongylus vasorum transmission route
ingestion of L3
angiostrongylus vasorum key pathology
cardiopulmonary disease; chronic cough, exercise intolerance
angiostrongylus vasorum shed stage
L1 in feces
angiostrongylus vasorum infective stage
L3 in IH/PH
rat lungworm
angiostronyglus cantonensis
angiostronyglus cantonensis distribution
endemic in dogs in Aus
emerging in N america
angiostronyglus cantonensis main host
rats
angiostronyglus cantonensis IH
mollusks
angiostronyglus cantonensis lifecycle
indirect
angiostronyglus cantonensis site
lungs
angiostronyglus cantonensis transmission route
ingestion of IH with L3
angiostronyglus cantonensis key pathology
neuroangistrongyliasis (canine and human)
_____ can be accidental hosts of angiostronyglus cantonensis
dogs and humans
feline lungworm
aelurostrongylus abstrusus
aelurostrongylus abstrusus distribution
british columbia, atlantic canada
aelurostrongylus abstrusus main host
cats
aelurostrongylus abstrusus IH
mollusks
aelurostrongylus abstrusus site
lungs
aelurostrongylus abstrusus key pathology
verminous pneumonia
gray nodules on surface of lungs with milky fluid containing egg and larvae
fox lungworm/bronchial lungworm
crenosoma vulpis
crenosoma vulpis distribution
common in NE US and E Canada
crenosoma vulpis main host
foxes, wolves, dogs
crenosoma vulpis site
bronchi and bronchioles
crenosoma vulpis key pathology
mimic allergy respiratory rxn (dog)
cough elicited on tracheal palpation
crenosoma vulpis shed stage
L1 in feces
canine lungworm
filaroides spp.
high transmission of filaroides in ___
kennels
filaroides lifecycle
direct
filaroides site
tracheal bifurcation, lungs
filaroides transmission route
ingestion of L1 from feces/regurgitation
autoinfection of L1
filaroides key pathology
cough/retch triggered by exercise or cold
nodules in trachea
filaroides shed stage
L1 in feces
filaroides infective stage
L1
tracheal worm
eucoleus (capillaria) spp
eucoleus main host
hunting dogs
eucoleus lifecycle
direct
eucoleus site
trachea and bronchi
eucoleus key pathology
dry cough
dyspnea
eucoleus shed stage
eggs
eucoleus dx test
fecal flotation
eye worm
thelazia spp.
thelazia main host
dogs cats deer mammals
thelazia IH
fruit flies and house flies
thelazia site
eyes
thelazia key pathology
ocular lesions, conjunctivitis, nodules, ocular edema, photophobia, red eye
filaroid nematode
onchocerca lupi
onchocerca lupi main host
dogs, cats
onchocerca lupi IH
black flies
onchocerca lupi site
eyes
onchocerca lupi life cycle
indirect
black flies need ___ to complete the onchocerca lupi lifecycle
waterways
giant kidney worm
dioctophyme renale
dioctophyme renale main host
minks, dogs, fish eating animals
dioctophyme renale IH
earthworm
dioctophyme renale is the
largest known parasitic nematode
dioctophyme renale site
kidney (usually R)
dioctophyme renale transmission route
ingestion of PH or IH containing L3
dioctophyme renale key pathology
kidney infections, hematuria, dysuria, R renomegaly, UTI
dioctophyme renale shed/infective stage
eggs/L3
dioctophyme renale dx test
UA
___ is the most important source of dioctophyme renale infection
raw fish
rhabdtid nematode
rhabditis strongyloides
rhabditis strongyloides site
skin
rhabditis strongyloides transmission route
adults and larvae are free living;
L3 can cause skin lesions
rhabditis strongyloides key pathology
skin lesions, alopecia, crusting on feet, ventral thorax and abdomen
guinea worm
dracunculus insignis
dracunculus insignis main host
dogs and cats that hunt frogs; racoons
dracunculus insignis IH
crustaceans
dracunculus insignis site
skin
dracunculus insignis PH
frogs
dracunculus insignis transmission route
drinking water containing infected copepods or ingestion of PH w/ L3
dracunculus insignis key pathology
SQ nodules, pruritis, dermatitis
how are dracunculus insignis larvae released
when uterus breaks
this nematode causes skin lesions in areas that come in contact with the ground
rhabditis strongyloides
