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O & E > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

a set of immune cells present in many tissues that capture antigens & present them to T cells

A

Dendritic Cells

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2
Q

receptors on certain types of animal cells that bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors

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3
Q

a type of white blood cell whose cytoplasmic granules absorb acidic stains

A

Eosinophil

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4
Q

an organism, usually a microorganism, capable of producing disease

A

Pathogen

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5
Q

serious condition in which Rh+ red blood cells (which bear antigen D) of a fetus are destroyed by material anti-D antibodies

A

Erythroblastosis

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6
Q

mechanisms of communication between cells

A

Cell Signaling

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7
Q

a type of specific immune response carried out by T cells

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

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8
Q

the increase in number of T cells or B cells specific for an antigen

A

Clonal Expansion

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9
Q

an acute allergic reaction following sensitization to a foreign substance or other substance

A

Anaphylaxis

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10
Q

identical antibody molecules produced by cells cloned from a single cell

A

Monoclonal Antibodies

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11
Q

a large granular lymphocyte that functions in both nonspecific & specific immune responses

A

Natural Killer Cell (NK Cell)

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12
Q

the retrovirus that causes AIDS

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

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13
Q

a type of granular leukocyte important in immune responses

A

Neutrophil

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14
Q

temporary immunity that depends on the presence of immunoglobulins produced by another organism

A

Passive Immunity

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15
Q

a group of proteins in blood & other body fluids that are activated y an antigen-antibody complex & then destroy pathogens

A

Complement

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16
Q

the combination of antigen & antibody molecules

A

Antigen-Antibody Complex

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17
Q

mechanisms such as physical barriers (e.g., the skin) & phagocytosis that provide immediate & general protection against pathogens

A

Nonspecific Immune Responses

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18
Q

a commercially produced, weakened or killed antigen associated with a particular disease that stimulates the body to make antibodies

A

Vaccine

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19
Q

the response of body tissues to injury or infection, characterized clinically by heat, swelling, redness, & pain, & physiologically by increased dilation of blood vessels & increased phagocytosis

A

Inflammatory Response

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20
Q

literally, “cell eating”; a type of endocytosis by which certain cells engulf food particles, microorganisms, foreign matter, or other cells

A

Phagocytosis

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21
Q

cell that secretes antibodies; a differentiated B lymphocyte

A

Plasma Cell

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22
Q

red blood cell antigens, known as D antigens, 1st identified in Rhesus monkeys

A

Rh Factors

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23
Q

the rapid production of antibodies induced by a second exposure to an antigen several days, weeks, or even months after the initial exposure

A

Secondary Immune Response

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24
Q

a cell that displays foreign antigens as well as its own surface proteins

A

Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC)

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25
Q

substance released from mast cells that is involved in allergic & inflammatory reactions

A

Histamine

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26
Q

process of recognizing foreign macromolecules & mounting a response aimed eliminating them

A

Immune Response

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27
Q

the response of the immune system to 1st exposure to an antigen

A

Primary Immune Response

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28
Q

cytokines that kill tumor cells & stimulate immune cells to initiate an inflammatory response

A

Tumor Necrosis Factors (TNFs)

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29
Q

a substance that stimulates an allergic reaction

A

Allergen

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30
Q

cytokines produced by animal cells when challenged by a virus

A

Interferons

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31
Q

an endocrine gland that functions as part of the lymphatic system; processes T cells

A

Thymus Gland

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32
Q

immunity that develops as a result of exposure to antigens; it can occur naturally after recovery from a disease or can be artificially induced by immunization a vaccine

A

Active Immunity

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33
Q

a hypersensitivity to some substance in the environment, manifested as hay fever, skin rash, asthma, food allergies, etc.

A

Allergy

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34
Q

B or T cell (lymphocyte) that permits rapid mobilization of immune response on 2nd or subsequent exposure to a particular antigen

A

Memory Cell

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35
Q

T lymphocyte that suppresses the immune response

A

Suppressor T Cell

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36
Q

soluble molecules that destroy pathogens

A

Antimicrobial Peptides

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37
Q

a serious, potentially fatal disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

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38
Q

programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

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39
Q

a disease in which the body producers antibodies against its own cells or tissues

A

Autoimmune Disease

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40
Q

the type of white blood cell responsible for antibody-mediated immunity

A

B Cell (B Lymphocyte)

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41
Q

defense mechanisms that target specific macromolecules associated with a pathogen

A

Specific Immune Responses

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42
Q

a type of cell found in connective tissue

A

Mast Cell

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43
Q

an abdominal organ located just below the diaphragm that removes worn-out blood cells & bacteria from the blood & plays a role in immunity

A

Spleen

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44
Q

a specific protein (immunoglobulin) that recognizes & binds to specific antigens; produced by plasma cells

A

Antibody

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45
Q

a type of specific immune response in which B cells differentiate into plasma cells & produce antibodies that bind with foreign antigens, leading to the destruction of pathogens

A

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

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46
Q

any molecule, usually a protein or large carbohydrate, that is specifically recognized as foreign by cells of the immune system

A

Antigen

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47
Q

distinctive molecules on bacteria & other pathogens that are not found in animals

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

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48
Q

a diverse group of cytokines produced mainly by macrophages & lymphocytes

A

Interleukins

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49
Q

white blood cell with nongranular cytoplasm that governs immune responses

A

Lymphocyte

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50
Q

an enzyme found in many tissues & in tears & other body fluids

A

Lysozyme

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51
Q

a group of membrane proteins, present on the surface of most cells, that are slightly different in each indivdual

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

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52
Q

a large phagocytic cell capable of ingesting & digesting bacteria & cell debris

A

Macrophage

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53
Q

signaling proteins that regulate interactions between cells in the immune system

A

Cytokines

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54
Q

a rapid, widespread allergic reaction that can lead to death

A

Systemic Anaphylaxis

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55
Q

a type of white blood cell responsible for a wide variety of immune functions, particularly cell-mediated immunity

A

T Cell (T Lymphocyte)

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56
Q

T lymphocyte that destroys cancer cells & other pathogenic cells on contact

A

T Cytotoxic Cell (TC)

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57
Q

T lymphocyte that activates B cells (B lymphocytes) & stimulates T cytotoxic cell production

A

T Helper Cell (TH)

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58
Q

lymphocyte activation in which a specific antigen causes activation, cell division, & differentiation only in cells that express receptors with which the antigen binds

A

Clonal Selection

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59
Q

a type of pattern recognition receptor. Cell-surface receptors on several cell types that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns

A

Toll-Like Receptors

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60
Q

an immune response directed against a transplanted tissue or organ

A

Graft Rejection

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61
Q

airduct in the lung that branches from a bronchus

A

Bronchiole

62
Q

a curve depicting the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen, as a function of certain variables such as oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, or pH

A

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

63
Q

a sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli

A

Chemoreceptor

64
Q

a thin, flexible structure that guards the entrance to the larynx, preventing food from entering the airway during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

65
Q

the volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of a normal exhalation

A

Residual Volume

66
Q

hemoglobin that has combined with oxygen

A

Oxyhemoglobin

67
Q

organismic respiration is the process of gas exchange between a complex animal & its environment ,generally through a specialized respiratory surface, such as a lung or gill

A

Respiration

68
Q

the hydrostatic organ in bony fishes that permits the fish to hover at a given depth

A

Swim Bladder

69
Q

an opening for gas exchange, such as the opening of a trachea on the body surface of an insect

A

Spiracle

70
Q

the volume of air moved into & out of the lungs with each body surface of an insect

A

Spiracle

71
Q

the volume of air moved into & out of the lungs with each normal resting breath

A

Tidal Volume

72
Q

one branch of the trachea & its immediate branches within the lung

A

Bronchus

73
Q

principal thoracic air duct of terrestrial vertebrates; windpipe

A

Trachea

74
Q

an internal respiratory organ that functions in gas exchange; enables an animal to breath air

A

Lung

75
Q

the maximum volume of air a person exhales after filling the lungs to the maximum extent

A

Vital Capacity

76
Q

in mammals, the muscular floor of the chest cavity

A

Diaphragm

77
Q

a biological mechanism that enables maximum exchange between 2 fluids

A

Countercurrent Exchange System

78
Q

the pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture, which is the same pressure it would exert if alone

A

Partial Pressure

79
Q

a group of physiological mechanisms, such as decrease in metabolic rate, that are activated when a mammal dives to its limit

A

Diving Reflex

80
Q

part of the digestive tract. In complex vertebrates, it is bounded anteriorly by the mouth & nasal cavities & posteriorly by the esophagus & larynx, the throat region in humans

A

Pharynx

81
Q

thin-walled ducts in the lungs of birds

A

Parabronchi

82
Q

the respiratory organs characteristic of many aquatic animals, usually thin-walled projections from the body surface or from some part of the digestive tract

A

Gills

83
Q

increased oxyhemoglobin dissociation due to lowered pH

A

Bohr Effect

84
Q

the net movement of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (i.e., down a concentration gradient), resulting from random motion

A

Diffusion

85
Q

he membrane that lines the thoracic cavity & envelops each lung

A

Pleural Membrane

86
Q

the process of actively moving air or water over a respiratory surface

A

Ventilation

87
Q

a physical law governing rates of gas exchange in animal respiratory systems

A

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

88
Q

a hemolymph pigment that transports oxygen in some mollusks & arthropods

A

Hemocyanin

89
Q

the red, iron-containing protein pigment in blood that transports oxygen & carbon dioxide & aids in regulation of pH

A

Hemoglobin

90
Q

the organ at the upper end of the trachea that contains the vocal cords

A

Larynx

91
Q

centers in the medulla & pons that regulate breathing

A

Respiratory Centers

92
Q

hemoglobin-like, oxygen-transferring protein found in muscle

A

Myoglobin

93
Q

in bony fish, a protective flap of the body wall that covers the gills

A

Operculum

94
Q

muscular region of the vertebrate digestive tract,extending from the esophagus to the small intestine

A

Stomach

95
Q

a complex organic molecule required in very small amounts for normal metabolic functioning

A

Vitamin

96
Q

starch-digesting enzyme

A

Amylase

97
Q

a normal condition maintained by homeostatic mechanisms

A

Set Point

98
Q

inorganic nutrients ingested as salts dissolved in food & water

A

Minerals

99
Q

protein-covered fat droplets produced in the intestinal cells

A

Chylomicrons

100
Q

the portion of the digestive tract of humans (& other vertebrates) consisting of the cecum, colon, rectum, & anus

A

Large Intestine

101
Q

certain enzymes, vitamins, & other substances that destroy free radicals & other reactive molecules

A

Antioxidants

102
Q

the amount of energy expended by the body at resting conditions, when no food is being digested & no voluntary muscular work is being performed

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

103
Q

a group of circularly arranged muscle fibers, the contractions of which close an opening

A

Sphincter

104
Q

the fluid secreted by the liver; emulsifies fats

A

Bile

105
Q

an animal that feeds on plants or algae

A

Herbivore

106
Q

an index of weight in relation to height; calculated by dividing the square of the weight (square kg) by height (meters)

A

Body Mass Index (BMI)

107
Q

an animal that feeds on other animals

A

Carnivore

108
Q

compounds found in plants that play important roles in preventing certain diseases

A

Phytochemicals

109
Q

the aspect of metabolism in which complex substances are broken down to form simpler substances

A

Catabolism

110
Q

folds, such as those in the lining of the stomach

A

Augae

111
Q

the breakdown of food to small molecules

A

Digestion

112
Q

a group of peptides that appear to decrease appetite in response to increased fat stones

A

Melanocortins

113
Q

ejection of undigested food from the body

A

Elimination

114
Q

portion of the vertebrate digestive tract that extends from the stomach to the large intestine

A

Small Intestine

115
Q

the part of the digestive tract that conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

116
Q

the aspect of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances, resulting in the storage of energy, the production of new cell materials, & growth

A

Anabolism

117
Q

a nutrient that must be provided in the diet because the body cannot make it or cannot make it in sufficient quantities to meet nutritional needs

A

Essential Nutrient

118
Q

a small sac that stores bile

A

Gallbladder

119
Q

a central digestive cavity with a single opening that functions as both mouth & anus

A

Gastrovascular Cavity

120
Q

an organism that cannot synthesize its own food from inorganic raw materials & therefore must obtain energy & body-building materials from other organisms

A

Heterotroph

121
Q

a hormone secreted by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose concentration

A

Insulin

122
Q

1 of the many lymphatic vessels in the intestinal villi that absorbs fat

A

Lacteal

123
Q

a hormone produced by adipose tissue that signals brain centers about the status of energy stores

A

Leptin

124
Q

the process of taking food (or other material) into the body

A

Ingestion

125
Q

a compound consisting of a chain of amino acid groups linked by peptide bonds

A

Peptide

126
Q

rhythmic waves of muscular contraction & relaxation in the walls of hollow tubular organs, such as the ureter or parts of the digestive tract, that serve to move the contents through the tube

A

Peristalsis

127
Q

a large molecular complex consisting of lipids & protein; transports lipids in the blood

A

Lipoprotein

128
Q

the concentration of body organs (viscera) located above the foot in mollusks

A

Visceral Mass

129
Q

poor nutritional status

A

Malnutrition

130
Q

the sum of all the chemical processes that occur within a cell or organism

A

Metabolism

131
Q

the distal end & outlet of the digestive tract

A

Anus

132
Q

the chemical substances in food that are used as components for synthesizing needed materials and/or as energy sources

A

Nutrients

133
Q

a multicellular, minute, elongated projection from the surface of a epithelial membrane

A

Villus

134
Q

energy used by an organism per unit time

A

Metabolic Rate

135
Q

minute projections of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell

A

Microvilli

136
Q

a thin, flexible structure that guards the entrance to the larynx, preventing food from entering the airway during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

137
Q

the movement of nutrients & other substances through the wall of the digestive tract & into the blood or lymph

A

Absorption

138
Q

a signaling molecule produced by the hypothalamus that increases appetite & slows metabolism

A

Neuropeptide Y

139
Q

the process of taking in & using food (nutrients)

A

Nutrition

140
Q

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree celcius

A

Kilocalorie

141
Q

an animal that eats a variety of plant & animal materials

A

Omnivore

142
Q

a hormone released by the stomach mucosa

A

Gastrin

143
Q

highly reactive molecules such as free radicals, peroxides, & superoxides that are producers during normal cell processes that require oxygen

A

Oxidants

144
Q

accessory digestive glands found in vertebrates & some invertebrates

A

Salivary Glands

145
Q

part of the digestive tract. In complex vertebrates, it is bounded anteriorly by the mouth & nasal cavities & posteriorly by the esophagus & larynx; the throat region in humans

A

Pharynx

146
Q

e potion of the small intestine into which the contents of the stomach first enters

A

Duodenum

147
Q

large gland located in the vertebrate abdominal cavity

A

Pancreas

148
Q

a fat-digesting enzyme

A

Lipase

149
Q

an enzyme produced in the stomach that initiates digestion of protein

A

Pepsin

150
Q

the precursor of pepsin

A

Pepsinogen

151
Q

excess accumulation of body fat

A

Obesity

152
Q

excess accumulation of body fat

A

Liver

O & E (3 decks)

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