Exam 2 Vocabulary Flashcards
1
Q
neurons that transmit action potentials from sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord
A
Afferent Neurons
2
Q
areas of the brain that link sensory & motor neurons
A
Association Areas
3
Q
a concentration of nervous tissue that controls neural function
A
Brain
4
Q
a groove, trench, or depression, especially 1 occurring on the surface of the brain, separating the convolutions
A
Sulcus
5
Q
a decreased response to a drug over time
A
Tolerance
6
Q
a neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect
A
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
7
Q
in vertebrates, the brain & spinal cord
A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
8
Q
in vertebrates, an action system of the brain. In humans, plays a role in emotional responses, motivation, autonomic function, & sexual response
A
Limbic System
9
Q
factual knowledge of people, places, or objects
A
Declarative Memory
10
Q
a division of the autonomic nervous system; its general effect is to mobilize energy, especially during stress situations
A
Sympathetic Nervous System
11
Q
physical dependence on the drug, generally based on physiological changes that takes place in response to the drug
A
Addiction
12
Q
a convoluted subdivision of the vertebrate brain concerned with coordination of muscular movements, muscle tone, & balance
A
Cerebellum
13
Q
the fluid that bathes the CNS of vertebrates
A
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
14
Q
the ability of synapses to change in response to certain types of stimuli
A
Synaptic Plasticity
15
Q
nervous tissue in the brain & spinal cord that contains myelinated axons
A
White Matter
16
Q
the hollow, longitudinal structure in the early vertebrate embryo that gives rise to the brain & spinal cord
A
Neural Tube
17
Q
a layer of cells filled with black pigment that absorbs light & prevents reflected light from blurring the image that falls on the retina
A
Choroid Layer
18
Q
the 3 membranes that protect the brain & spinal cord: the dura mater, arachnoid, & pia mater
A
Meninges
19
Q
endocrine gland located in the brain
A
Pineal Gland
20
Q
the unconscious memory for perceptual & motor skills
A
Implicit Gland
21
Q
the 10 or 12 pairs of nerves in vertebrates that emerge directly from the brain
A
Cranial Nerves
22
Q
the white bulge that is the part of the brain stem between the medulla & the midbrain
A
Pons
23
Q
a diffuse network of neurons in the brain stem
A
Reticular Activation System (RAS)
24
Q
in the early embryo, 1 of the 3 divisions of the developing vertebrate brain
A
Hindbrain
25
the evolution of a head, the concentration of nervous tissue & sense organs at the front end of the animal
Cephalization
26
the middle of the 3 meningeal layers that cover & protect the brain & spinal cord
Arachnoid
27
a neurotransmitter of the biogenic amine group
Dopamine
28
in vertebrates, the nerves that emerge from the spinal cord
Spinal Nerves
29
neurons that transmit action potentials from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands
Efferent Neurons
30
in mammals, the anterior part of the cerebrum
Frontal Lobes
31
in vertebrates, the dorsal, tubular nerve cord
Spinal Cord
32
a mass of neuron cell bodies; in vertebrates, refers to aggregation of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Ganglion
33
in mammals, a large bundle of nerve fibers interconnecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
34
a division of the autonomic nervous system concerned with the control of the internal organs
Parasympathetic Nervous System
35
the outer layer of the cerebrum composed of grey matter & consisting mainly of nerve cell bodies
Cerebral Cortex
36
nervous tissue in the brain & spinal cord that contains cell bodies, dendrites, & unmyelinated axons
Gray Matter
37
part of the vertebrate brain; in mammals it regulates the pituitary glans, the autonomic system, emotional responses, body temperature, water balance, & appetite
Hypothalamus
38
a change in the behavior of an animal that results from experience
Learning
39
a bundle of axons (or dendrites) wrapped in connective tissue that conveys impulses between the CNS & some other parts of the body
Nerve
40
the tough, outer meningeal layer that covers & protects the brain & spinal cord
Dura Mater
41
a molecule such as a hormone, local regulator, or neurotransmitter that transmits information when it binds to a receptor on the cell surface or within the cell
Signaling Molecule
42
long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic connections that occurs in response to a series of high-frequency electrical stimuli
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
43
a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in setting circadian rhythms
Melatonin
44
that part of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system that keeps the body in adjustment with the external environment
Somatic Nervous System
45
the part of the vertebrate brain that serves as a main relay center, transmitting information between the spinal cord & the cerebrum
Thalamus
46
long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic connections that occurs in response to low-frequency stimulation of neurons
Long-Term Synaptic Depression (LTD)
47
a bundle of nerve fibers within the CNS
Tract
48
a large, convoluted subdivision of the vertebrate brain
Cerebrum
49
in the early embryo, 1 of the 3 divisions of the developing vertebrate brain
Forebrain
50
in vertebrate embryos, 1 of the 3 divisions of the developing brain
Midbrain
51
a system of interconnecting nerve cells found in cnidarians & echinoderms
Nerve Net
52
posterior areas of the mammalian cerebrum
Occipital Lobes
53
the part of the vertebrate brain that includes the medulla, pons, & midbrain
Brain Stem
54
invertebrates, the nerves & receptors that lie outside in the CNS
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
55
the inner membrane covering the brain & spinal cord
Pia Mater
56
the portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the visceral functions of the body
Autonomic Nervous System
57
an automatic, involuntary response to a given stimulus that generally functions to restore homeostasis
Reflex Action
58
a neuron that transmits an impulse from a receptor to the CNS
Sensory Neuron
59
the multicellular tissue in the inner ear that separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic canal
Basilar Membrane
60
a sensory receptor that responds to heat
Thermoreceptor
61
a sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli
Chemoreceptor
62
the passages in the vertebrate inner ear containing structures that control the sense of equilibrium (balance)
Semicircular Canals
63
the structure of the inner ear of mammals that contains the auditory receptors
Cochlea
64
a peptide neurotransmitter released by certain sensory neurons in pain pathways; signals the brain regarding painful stimuli
Substance P
65
the transparent covering of an eye
Cornea
66
determination of the position of objects by detecting echoes of high-pitched sound emitted by an animal
Echolocation
67
granules of loose sand or calcium carbonate found in statocysts
Statoliths
68
the roof membrane of the organ of Corti in the cochlea of the ear
Tectorial Membrane
69
any small, saclike extension
Ampulla
70
a type of neuron in the retina of the eye; receives input from the photoreceptors (rods & cones) & synapses of ganglion cells
Bipolar Cell
71
the fluid of the membranous labyrinth & cochlear duct of the ear
Endolymph
72
1 of the sense organs the receives sensory stimuli from the outside world, such as the eyes or touch receptors
Exteroreceptor
73
the area of sharpest vision in the retina
Fovea
74
a type of neuron in the retina of the eye
Ganglion Cell
75
shelflike or fingerlike inward projections of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
Cristae
76
the structure within the vestibule of the vertebrate inner ear that, along with the saccule, houses the receptors of static equilibrium
Utricle
77
the innermost of the 3 layers (retina, choroid layer, & sclera) of the eyeball, which is continuous with the optic nerve & contains the light-sensitive rod & cone cells
Retina
78
a vertebrate mechanoreceptor found in the lateral line of fishes, the vestibular apparatus, semicircular canals & cochlea
Hair Cell
79
in mammals, an organ in the epithelium of the nose, made up of specialized chemoreceptor cells that detect pheromones
Vomeronasal Organ
80
a layer of cells filled with black pigment that absorbs light & prevents reflected light from blurring the image that falls on the retina
Choroid Layer
81
the pigment portion of the vertebrate eye
Iris
82
the oval, transparent structure located behind the iris of the vertebrate eye
Lens
83
a sensory cell or organ that perceives mechanical stimuli
Mechanoreceptor
84
a cell (or part of a cell) specialized to detect specific energy stimuli in the environment
Sensory Receptor
85
the system of interconnecting canals of the inner ear of vertebrates
Labyrinth
86
the outer coat of the eyeball
Sclera
87
the auditory tube passing between the middle-ear cavity & the pharynx in vertebrates
Eustachian Tube
88
the structure within the inner ear of vertebrates that contains receptor cells that sense sound vibrations
Organ of Corti
89
the structure within the vestibule of the inner vertebrate ear that along with the utricle houses the receptors of static equilibrium
Saccule
90
an invertebrate sense organ containing 1 or more granules
Statocyst
91
hairlike projections of hair cells
Stereocilia
92
collectively, the saccule, utricle, & semicircular canals of the inner ear
Vestibular Apparatus
93
a sense organ within a body organ that transmits information regarding chemical composition, pH, osmotic pressure, or temperature
Interoceptor
94
an amino acid that functions as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain
Glutamate
95
an eye, such as that of an insect, consisting of many light-sensitive units call ommatidia
Compound Eye
96
tissue containing odor-sensing neurons
Olfactory Epithelium
97
pair receptors
Nociceptors
98
1 of the light-detecting units of a compound eye, consisting of a lens & a crystalline cone that focus light onto photoreceptors called reticular cells
Ommatidium
99
small calcium carbonate crystals in the saccule & utricle of the inner ear
Otoliths
100
a receptor located in the dermis of the skin that responds to pressure
Pacinian Corpuscle
101
a substance secreted by an organism to the external environment that influences the development of behavior of other members of the same species
Pheromone
102
receptors in muscles, tendons, & joints that respond to changes in movement, tension, & position
Proprioceptors
103
one of the rod shaped, light-sensitive cells of the retina that are particularly sensitive to dim light & mediate black & white vision
Rod
104
a receptor that responds to electrical stimuli
Electrorecptor
105
narrowing of the diameter of blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
106
a steroid hormone produced by the vertebrate arenal cortex; stimulates sodium reabsorption
Aldosterone
107
a large phagocytic cell capable of ingesting & digesting bacteria & cell debris
Macrophage
108
a polypeptide produced by the action of renin on the plasma protein angiotensinogen
Angiotensin 1
109
1 complete heart beat
Cardiac Cycle 1
110
a hormone released by the atrium of the heart
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
111
the fluid portion of blood in which red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets are suspended
Plasma
112
a type of white blood cell; a large, phagocytic, nongranular leukocyte that enters the tissues & differentiates into a microphage
Monocyte
113
a valve between each atrium & its ventricle that prevents back-flow of blood
Atrioventricular (AV) Valve
114
a hereditary disease in which blood does not clot properly
Hemophilia
115
a vertebrate red blood cell
Erythrocyte
116
the portion of the circulatory system that carries blood from the intestine through the liver
Hepatic Portal System
117
heart attack
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
118
phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart is relaxed
Diastole
119
cell fragments in vertebrate blood that functions in clotting
Platelets
120
the body system that functions in internal transport & protects the body from disease
Circulatory System
121
a peptide hormone secreted mainly by kidney cells
Erythropoietin
122
1 of a class of proteins in blood plasma, some of which (gamma globulins) function as antibodies
Globulin
123
expansion of the diameter of blood vessels
Vasodilation
124
the colorless fluid within the lymphatic vessels that is derived from blood plasma; contains white blood cells
Lymph
125
blood cavity characteristic of animals with an open circulatory system
Hemocoel
126
a peptide hormone formed by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme on angiotension 1
Angiotensin 2
127
the phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart is contracting
Systole
128
the red, iron-containing protein pigment in blood that transports oxygen & carbon dioxide & aids in regulation of pH
Hemoglobin
129
the fluid that bathes the tissues in animals with an open circulatory system
Hemolymph
130
the alternate expansion & recoil of an artery
Arterial Pulse
131
valves between the ventricles of the heart & the arteries that carry blood away from the heart
Semilunar Valves
132
an enzyme released by the kidney in response to a decrease in blood pressure
Renin
133
pertaining to the liver
Hepatic
134
the largest & main systemic artery of the vertebrate body
Aorta
135
substance released from mast cells that is involved in allergic & inflammatory reactions
Histamine
136
the mass of specialized cardiac muscle in which the impulse triggering the heartbeat originates
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
137
a class of protein found in most animal tissues; a fraction of plasma proteins
Albumin
138
the part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to & from the tissues & organs of the body
Systemic Circulation
139
the part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to & from the tissues & organs of the body
Systemic Circulation
140
the fluid that bathes the tissues of the body
Interstitial Fluid
141
a fluid, circulating connective tissue that transports nutrients & other materials through the bodies of many types of animals
Blood
142
white blood cells
Leukocytes
143
a hormone secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary that controls the rate of water reabsorption by the kidney
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
144
a thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood away from a heart chamber & toward the body organs
Artery
145
receptors within certain blood vessels that are stimulated by changes in blood pressure
Baroreceptor
146
the force exerted by blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels
Blood Pressure
147
microscopic blood vessels in the tissues that permit exchange of materials between cells & blood
Capillaries
148
the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricles into the aorta in 1 minute
Cardiac Output
149
deuterostome animals that ,at some time in their lives, have cartilaginous, dorsal skeletal structure called a notochord
Chordates
150
a type of circulatory system in which the blood flows through a continuous circuit of blood vessels; characteristic of annelids cephalopods, & vertebrates
Closed Circulatory System
151
a set of immune cells present in many tissues that capture antigens & present them to T cells
Dendritic Cells
152
a type of white blood cell whose cytoplasmic granules absorb acidic stains
Eosinophil
153
the net movement of particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (ie. down a concentration gradient,resulting from random motion
Diffusion
154
an insoluble protein formed from the plasma protein fibrinogen during blood clotting
Fibrin
155
a mass of lymph tissue surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
Lymph Node
156
a subsystem of the cardiovascular system
Lymphatic System
157
white blood cell with nongranular cytoplasm that governs immune responses
Lymphocyte
158
a type of circulatory system in which the blood bathes the tissues directly
Open Circulatory System
159
the part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to & from the lungs for oxygenation
Pulmonary Circulation
160
a hemolymph pigment that transports oxygen in some mollusks & arthropods
Hemocyanin
161
disease of the heart or blood vessels
Cardiovascular Disease
162
the volume of blood pumped by 1 ventricle during 1 contraction
Stroke Volume
