Exam 1 Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
an organized group of tissues & organs that work together to perform a specialized set of functions
A
Organ System
2
Q
gene that turns the transcription of other genes on or off
A
Regulatory Gene
3
Q
a connective tissue structure that joins a muscle to another muscle, or a muscle to bone
A
Tendon
4
Q
tissue in which fat is stored
A
Adipose Tissue
5
Q
the fluid portion of blood in which red blood cells, white blood cells, & platelets are suspended
A
Plasma
6
Q
a group of closely associated, similar cells that work together to carry out specific functions
A
Tissue
7
Q
the thin, non-cell layer of an epithelial membrane that attaches to the underlying tissues
A
Basement Membrane
8
Q
the body system that helps regulate metabolic activities
A
Endocrine System
9
Q
principal vertebrate skeletal tissue; a type of connective tissue
A
Bone Tissue
10
Q
an energy-conserving state of low metabolic rate & inactivity
A
Torpor
11
Q
involuntary, striated type of muscle found in the vertebrate heart
A
Cardiac Muscle
12
Q
centers in the medulla & pons that regulate breathing
A
Respiratory Centers
13
Q
cartilage cells
A
Chondrocytes
14
Q
animal tissue consisting mostly of an intracellular substance in which the cells are embedded
A
Connective Tissue
15
Q
a type of tissue that may be irregular, as in the dermis of the skin, or regular, as in tendons
A
Dense Connective Tissue
16
Q
involuntary muscle tissue that lacks transverse striations
A
Smooth Muscle
17
Q
remote; farther from the point of regerence
A
Distal
18
Q
an outer layer of cells that covers the body of plants & functions primarily for protection
A
Epidermis
19
Q
directly into the blood or tissue fluid instead of into ducts
A
Endocrine Gland
20
Q
cancer cells
A
Malignant Cells
21
Q
an animal that uses metabolic energy to maintain a constant body temperature despite variations in environmental temperature
A
Endotherm
22
Q
the type of animal tissue that covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands
A
Epithelial Tissue
23
Q
a bundle of axons wrapped in connective tissue that conveys impulses between the central nervous system & some other part of the body
A
Nerve
24
Q
a mature bone cell; an osteoblast that has become embedded within the bone matrix & occupies a lacuna
A
Osteocyte
25
tiny threadlike structures in the cytoplasm of striated & cardiac muscle that are composed of myosin filaments & actin filaments
Myofibrils
26
adjustment to seasonal changes
Acclimatization
27
the process by which new individuals are produced
Reproduction
28
a gland that excretes its products through a duct that opens onto a free surface, such as the skin
Exocrine Gland
29
in nervous tissue, cells that support & nourish neurons
Glial Cells
30
a normal condition maintained by homeostatic mechanisms
Set Point
31
a type of epitelial membrane that lines a body cavity that opens to the outside of the body
Mucous Membrane
32
an animal whose temperature fluctuates with that of the environment
Ectotherm
33
closer to the point of reference
Proximal
34
any living system consisting of 1 or more cells
Organism
35
unicellular glands that secrete mucus
Goblet Cells
36
the fluid that bathes the tissues of the body
Interstitial Fluid
37
proteins found in the collagen fibers of connective tissues
Collagen
38
long-term torpor in response to winter cold & scarcity of food
Hibernation
39
the regulatory mechanisms that maintain homeostasis
Homeostatic Mechanisms
40
a nerve cell
Neuron
41
the body’s covering, including the skin & its nails, glands, hair, and other associated structures
Integumentary system
42
the breakdown of food to small molecules
Digestion
43
a type of connective tissue that is widely distributed in the body
Loose Connective Tissue
44
a fluid, circulation connective tissue that transports nutrients & other materials through the bodies of many types of animals
Blood
45
a subsystem of the cardiovascular system
Lymphatic System
46
a system in which a change in some steady state triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition
Positive Feedback System
47
a large phagocytic cell capable of ingesting & digestion bacteria & cell debris
Macrophage
48
the spreading of cancer cells from 1 organ or part of the body to another
Metastasis
49
the colorless fluid within the lymphatic vessels that is derived from blood plasma; contains white blood cells
Lymph
50
the junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron & effector
Synapse
51
a sticky secretion composed of covalently linked protein & carbohydrate
Mucus
52
an agent that causes cancer or accelerates its development
Carcinogen
53
the long extension of the neuron that transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body
Axon
54
the voluntary striated muscle of vertebrates, so called because it usually is directly or indirectly attached to some part of the skeleton
Skeletal Muscle
55
cell fragments in vertebrate blood that function in clotting
Platelets
56
an organ that receives urine from the ureters & temporarily stores it
Urinary Bladder
57
a flexible skeletal tissue of vertebrates; a type of connective tissue
Cartilage
58
a protein that together with actin is responsible for muscle contraction
Myosin
59
a regulatory system in which a change in some steady state triggers a response that counteracts, or reverses, the change, restoring homeostasis
Negative Feedback System
60
the balanced internal environment of the body
Homeostatsis
61
channels extending through the matrix of bone
Haversian Canals
62
a type of animal tissue specialized for transmitting electrical & chemical signals
Nervous Tissue
63
a specialized structure such as the heart or liver, made up of tissue & adapted to perform a specific function or group of functions
Organ
64
a connective tissue or cable or strap that connects bone to each other or holds other organs in place
Ligament
65
connective tissue cells that produce the fiber & the protein & carbohydrate complexes of the matrix of connective tissue
Fibroblasts
66
a chemical messenger, often produced in 1 region of the body of a multicellular organism & transported to another region where it signals cells to alter some aspect of growth, development, or metabolism
Hormone
67
the spindle-shaped unit of bone composed of concentric layers of osteocytes organized around a central Haversian cana containing blood vessels & nerves
Osteon
68
a branch of a neuron that receives & conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body
Dendrite
69
in connective tissues, the combination of matrix & fibers in which the cells are embedded
Intercellular Substance
70
a state of torpor caused by lack of food or water during periods of high temperature
Estivation
71
a condition characterized by overgrowth of the extremities of the skeleton, fingers, toes, jaws, & nose. It may be produced by excessive secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland
Acromegaly
72
a muscle protein involved in regulation of contraction
Tropomyosin
73
a hemoglobin-like, oxygen-transferring protein found in muscle
Myoglobin
74
a specific region of an enzyme (generally near the surface) that accepts 1 or more substrates & catalyzes a chemical reation
Active Site
75
sculpt & remodel bone by dissolving & removing part of the bony structure
Osteoclast
76
a segment of a striated muscle cell located between adjacent z lines that serves as a unit of contraction
Sarcomere
77
the system of vesicles in a muscle cell that surrounds the myofibrils & releases calcium in muscle contraction
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
78
a connective tissue structure that joins a muscle to another muscle, or a muscle to a bone
Tendon
79
a nitrogen-containing structural polysaccharide that forms the exoskeleton of insects & the cell walls of many fungi
Chitin
80
an energy-storing compound in muscle cells
Creatine Phosphate
81
the principal storage polysaccharide in animal cells
Glycogen
82
the layer of dense connective tissue beneath the epidermis in the skin of vertebrates
Dermis
83
a decrease in the change difference across a plasma membrane; may result in a acton potential in a neuron or muscle cell
Deplarization
84
molting; shedding outer skin; common process in insects, crustaceans, snakes
Ecdysis
85
functional unit consisting of a single motor neuron & the muscle fibers in innervates
Motor Unit
86
the muscle cell plasma membrane
Sarcolemma
87
bony &/or cartilaginous structures within the body that provide support
Endoskeleton
88
a 3-carbon organic acid
Lactate
89
channels extending through the matrix of bone
Haversian canals
90
involuntary muscle tissue that lacks transverse striations
Smooth Muscle
91
a branch of the protostomes that includes animals that molt, such as the rotifers, nematodes, & arthropods
Ecdysozoa
92
a subphylum of chordates that includes fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, & mammals
Vertebrates
93
a dark pigment present in many animals
Melanin
94
the junction between 2 or more bones of the skeleton
Joint
95
an external skeleton, such as the shell of mollusks or outer covering of arthropods
Exoskeleton
96
a vertebrate mechanoreceptor found in the lateral line of fishes, the vestibular apparatus, semicircular canals, & cochlea
Hair Cell
97
the type of animal tissue that covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, & forms glands
Epithelial Tissue
98
involuntary, striated type of muscle found in the vertebrate heart
Cardiac Muscle
99
a type of skeleton found in some invertebrates in which contracting muscles push against a tube of fluid
Hydrostatic Skeleton
100
the deepest sublayer of the human epidermis, consisting of cells that continuously divide
Stratum Basale
101
an animal without a backbone
Invertebrate
102
the body’s covering, including the skin & its nails, glands, hair, & other associated structures
Integumentary system
103
a horny, water-insoluble protein found in the epidermis of vertebrates & in nails, feathers, hair & horns
Keratin
104
a connective tissue cable or strap that connects bones to each other or hold other organs in place
Ligament
105
the connections between myosin & actin filaments in muscle fibers
Cross Bridges
106
an efferent neuron that transmits impulses away from the central nervous system to skeletal muscle
Motor Neuron
107
tiny threadlike structures in the cytoplasm of striated & cardiac muscle that are composed of myosin filaments & actin filaments
Myofibrils
108
the most superficial sublayer of the human epidermis
Stratum Corneum
109
the process of adding together excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)
Summation
110
the shedding & replacement of an outer covering such as an exoskeleton
Molting
111
the voluntary striated muscle of vertebrates, so called because it usually in directly or indirectly attached to some parts of the skeleton
Skeletal Muscle
112
a mature bone cell; an osteoblast that has become embedded within the bone matrix & occupies a lacuna
Osteocyte
113
a protein that together with actin is responsible for muscle contraction
Myosin
114
thick filaments consisting mainly of the protein myosin
Myosin Filaments
115
a common neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons, including motor neurons
Acetylcholine
116
a type of bone cell that secretes the protein matrix of bone
Osteoblast
117
an electrical signal resulting from depolarization of the plasma membrane in a neuron or muscle cell
Action Potential
118
dense, hard bone tissue found mainly near the surfaces of a bone
Compact Bone
119
the spindle-shaped unit of bone composed of concentric layers of osteocytes organized around a central Haversian canal containing blood vessels & nerves
Osteon
120
the oxygen necessary to metabolize the lactic acid produced during strenuous exercise
Oxygen Debt
121
a nerve cell
Neuron
122
a common neurotransmitter released by cholinergic neurons, including motor neurons
Actylcholine
123
to change the membrane potential so that the inside of the cell becomes more negative than its resting potential
Hyperpolarize
124
phagocytic glial cells found in the CNS
Microglia
125
a neuron that releases norepinephrine or epinephrine as a neurotransmitter
Adrenergic Neuron
126
neuropeptides released by certain brain neurons
Endorphins
127
the principle that neurons transmit an impulse in a similar way no matter how weak or strong the stimulus
All-or-None Law
128
a neuron that transmits an impulse away from a synapse
Postsynaptic Neuron
129
a decrease in the charge difference across a plasma membrane
Depolarizaiton
130
a type of glial cell
Astrocyte
131
the junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron & an effector
Synapse
132
the transmission of a neural impulse along a myelinated neuron
Saltatory Conduction
133
hormone produced by the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine
134
the potential that a neuron or other excitable cell must reach for an action potential to be initiated
Threshold Level
135
the process of summing (+ & -) incoming neura signals
Integration
136
a class of neurotransmitters that includes norepinephrine, serotonin, & dopamine
Biogenetic Amines
137
the process of returning membrane potential to its resting level
Repolarization
138
active transmit system that transports sodium ions out of, & potassium ions into cells
Sodium-Potassium Pump
139
in vertebrates; the brain & spinal cord
Central Nervous System (CNS)
140
a neural pathway in which a postsynaptic neuron is controlled by signals coming from 2 or more presynaptic neurons
Convergent Circuit
141
a branch of a neuron that receives & conducts nerve impulses toward the cell body
Dendrite
142
a neural pathway in which presynaptic neuron stimulates many postsynaptic neurons
Divergent Circuit
143
neurons that transmit action potentials from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands
Efferent Neurons
144
neuropeptides released by certain brain neurons that block pain signals
Endorphins
145
ion channels in the plasma membrane of neurons that are regulated by changes in voltage
Voltage-Activated Ion Channels
146
a neurotransmitter of the biogenic amine group
Dopamine
147
a peptide neurotransmitter released by certain sensory neurons in pain pathways
Substance P
148
a change in membrane potential that brings a neuron closer to the firing level
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
149
a neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
150
in nervous tissue, cells that support & nourish neurons
Glial Cells
151
a mass of neuron cell bodies; in vertebrates, refers to aggregations of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
Ganglion
152
a type of glial cell that forms myelin sheaths around neurons in the CNS
Oligodendrocyte
153
an increase in neurotransmitter release thought to occur as a result of calcium ion accumulation inside the presynaptic neuron
Synaptic Enhancement
154
substance released from mast cells that is involved in allergic & inflammatory reactions
Histamine
155
a change in membrane potential that takes a neuron farther from the firing level
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
156
a neuron that releases acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
Cholinergic Neuron
157
one of a group of proteins that bind GTP & are involved in the transfer of signals across the plasma membrane
G Protein
158
the conduction of a neural impulse along a neuron or from 1 neuron to another
Neural Transmission
159
a gaseous signaling molecule
Nitric Oxide (NO)
160
a bundle of nerve fibers within the central nervous system
Tract
161
process of detecting a stimulus
Reception
162
a nerve cell that carries impulses from 1 nerve cell to another & is not directly associated with either an effector or a sensory receptor
Interneuron
163
neurons that transmit action potentials from sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord
Afferent Neurons
164
the white, fatty material that forms a sheath around the axons of certain nerve cells, which are then called myelinated fibers
Myelin Sheath
165
an electrical signal resulting from depolarization of the plasma membrane in a neuron or muscle cell
Action Potential
166
a bundle of axons (ordendrites) wrapped in connective tissue that conveys impulses between the CNS and the body
Nerve
167
a class of compounds including dopamine, epinephrine, & norepinephrine
Catecholamine
168
a chemical signal used by neurons to transmit impulses across a synapse
Neurotransmitter
169
a neuron that transmits an impulse from a receptor to the CNS
Sensory Neuron
170
a system in which a change in some steady state triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition
Positive Feedback System
171
a neurotransmitter that is also a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla
Norepinephrine
172
one of a group of peptides produced in neural tissue that function as signaling molecule
Neuropeptide
173
the process of adding together excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)
Summation
174
supporting cells found in nervous tissue outside the CNS
Schwann Cells
175
a neuron that transmits an impulse to a synapse
Presynaptic Neuron
176
the long extension of the neuron that transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body
Axon
177
a channel in the plasma membrane that permits the passage of specific ions, Na+, K+, or Cl-
Passive Ion Channel
178
a method that allows researchers to study the ion channels of a tiny patch of membrane by tightly sealing a micropipette to the patch & measuring the flow of ions through the channels
Patch-Clamp Technique
179
refers to how neurons signal one another, how they connect, & how neurons signal one another, how they connect, & how they carry out basic functions such as regulating heart rate, blood pressure, & sleep-wake cycles
Hard-wiring
180
a progressive, degenerative brain disorder characterized by amyloid plaques & neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
181
a form of synaptic enhancement (increase in neurotransmitter release) that can last for several minutes
Potentiation
182
a neurotransmitter of the biogenic amine group
Serotonin
183
the brief period that elapses after the response of a neuron or muscle fiber, during which it cannot respond to another stimulus
Refractory Period
184
a local change in electrical potential that varies in magnitude depending on the strength of the applied stimulus
Graded Potential
185
the membrane potential (difference in electrical charge between the 2 sides of the plasma membrane) of a neuron in which no action potential is occurring
Resting Potential
186
in vertebrates, the nerves & receptors that lie outside the CNS
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
187
a form of AMP in which the phosphate is part of a ring-shaped structure
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
188
an efferent neuron that transmits impulses away from the CNS to skeletal muscle
Motor Neuron
189
the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience
Neural Plasticity
