Exam 3

Question 1

Which of the following situations best illustrates that the environment can contribute more to a trait than heredity?

A. A child whose birth mother was emotionally stable shares the mood swings of his adoptive mother.
B. A biological father and son are both disorganized.
C. Fraternal twins share the same offbeat sense of humor.
D. Identical twins who were raised apart are both extraverted.

Answer 1

A. A child whose birth mother was emotionally stable shares the mood swings of his adoptive mother.

Question 2

Beginning at the bottom of the hierarchy and moving to the top, which is the correct order of Eysenck’s hierarchy of personality?

A. Basic types, generalized traits, habitual responses, and specific responses
B. Specific responses, habitual responses, generalized traits, and basic types
C. Basic types, habitual responses, generalized traits, and specific responses
D. Specific responses, generalized traits, habitual responses, and basic types

Answer 2

B. Specific responses, habitual responses, generalized traits, and basic types.

Question 3

Eysenck referred to _________ when he described “. . . people whose emotions are labile, strong, and easily aroused; they are moody, touchy . . . .”

A. emotionality
B. psychoticism
C. extraversion
D. sociability

Answer 3

A. emotionality

Question 4

How is Eysenck’s superfactor of psychoticism different from the other two superfactors?

A. It is only found among Western cultures.
B. It has no opposing dimension.
C. It is found only among males.
D. It appears later in life.

Answer 4

B. It has no opposing dimension.

Question 5

Marta was involved in a car accident in which she experienced a serious head injury. The reticular activating system of her brain was affected. According to Eysenck, this injury is likely to

A. have no impact on her personality.
B. drastically increase her intelligence.
C. slightly increase her psychoticism.
D. alter her level of extraversion.

Answer 5

D. alter her level of extraversion.

Question 6

Eysenck hypothesized that differences in visceral brain activity are responsible for differences in

A. emotional stability.
B. extraversion.
C. intelligence.
D. psychoticism.

Answer 6

A. emotional stability

Question 7

Recent research on the brain has identified a __________, which is associated with anxiety and neuroticism, and a _____________, which is associated with extraversion and positive emotions.

A. cerebral cortex; corpus callosum
B. hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; cerebral cortex
C. behavioral approach system; behavioral inhibition system
D. behavioral inhibition system; behavioral approach system

Answer 7

D. behavioral inhibition system; behavioral approach system

Question 8

Since World War II, psychology’s emphasis has been shifting toward a position that stresses ________ factors; Eysenck felt that psychology should shift its emphasis back to ________ factors.

A. biological; sociocultural
B. environmental; biological
C. sociocultural; environmental
D. individualistic; collective

Answer 8

B. environmental; biological

Question 9

In Maslow’s hierarchy, which needs are tended to immediately after physiological needs have been met?

A. Belonging and love needs
B. B-needs
C. Safety needs
D. Self-esteem needs

Answer 9

C. Safety needs

Question 10

Maslow defined a self-actualized person as an individual who

A. is satisfied with his or her life.
B. has left a mark on history.
C. is self-fulfilled and doing the best that he or she is capable of doing.
D. is in the top 10 percent of the most well-adjusted members of society.

Answer 10

C. is self-fulfilled and doing the best that he or she is capable of doing.

Question 11

Kumar is functioning at the self-actualizing level of Maslow’s needs hierarchy. According to Maslow, Kumar is motivated by ________ needs.

A. deficiency
B. sexual
C. being
D. understanding

Answer 11

C. being

Question 12

In Rogers’s theory, the ________ refers to the person as a whole, whereas the ________ refers to the person as he or she is perceived.

A. organism; phenomenal field
B. self; phenomenal field
C. self; organism
D. organism; self

Answer 12

D. organism; self

Question 13

According to Rogers, ____________ subconsciously guide(s) an individual toward productive growth experiences in the absence of conflicting external rules and societal values.

A. positive psychology
B. peak experiences
C. D-needs
D. the organismic valuing process

Answer 13

D. the organismic valuing process

Question 14

Rogers contended that people use the defenses of ________ and ________ when their experiences appear to be inconsistent with their self-structure.

A. reaction formation; rationalization
B. sublimation; substitution
C. repression; resistance
D. denial; perceptual distortion

Answer 14

D. denial; perceptual distortion

Question 15

Michelle is living in what Rogers would call a state of congruence. This means that

A. Michelle has met all of her D-needs.
B. Michelle’s id and superego are in balance.
C. Michelle’s perception of herself and her actual experience of her life match.
D. Michelle provides unconditional positive regard to others.

Answer 15

C. Michelle’s perception of herself and her actual experience of her life match.

Question 16

Which of the following is the best example of a parental response that conveys unconditional positive regard to a girl who spilled her milk?

A. “Good girls don’t spill their milk.”
B. “That was a mistake. Try to be more careful next time.”
C. “Why did you do that? You are such a careless kid.”
D. “I always knew you were clumsy.”

Answer 16

B. “That was a mistake. Try to be more careful next time.”

Question 17

According to Rogers, the three attitudes that are necessary and sufficient to produce therapeutic change are empathy, acceptance, and

A. directness
B. genuineness
C. graciousness
D. tactfulness

Answer 17

B. genuineness

Question 18

Rogers identified three specific attitudes important to his brand of therapy. He also argued that

A. these therapist attitudes were necessary, but not sufficient, for successful therapeutic change.
B. therapists needed to utilize specific techniques, such as those suggested by behavioral or psychoanalytic therapists, to maximize the effect of the three therapist attitudes.
C. such attitudes underlie any good relationship, including those outside the context of therapy.
D. therapists needed to study his methodologies in order to implement these attitudes properly.

Answer 18

B. therapists needed to utilize specific techniques, such as those suggested by behavioral or psychoanalytic therapists, to maximize the effect of the three therapist attitudes.

Question 19

May believed that the central problem we faced in the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century is

A. the increasing world population.
B. a pervasive feeling of powerlessness.
C. repressed sexuality.
D. environmental pollution.

Answer 19

B. a pervasive feeling of powerlessness.

Question 20

In 1977, May defined _________ as “the apprehension cued off by a threat to some value that the individual holds essential to his or her existence as a person.”

A. powerlessness
B. the daimonic
C. anxiety
D. stress

Answer 20

B. the daimonic

Question 21

What did May believe about consciousness of self?

A. It cannot be studied.
B. It develops automatically throughout the lifespan.
C. It comes at the risk of anxiety and inner conflict.
D. It is not limited to the human species.

Answer 21

C. It comes at the risk of anxiety and inner conflict.

Question 22

Dr. Lopez is a clinical psychologist whose belief about sickness is similar to that of Rollo May. Therefore, Dr. Lopez believes that

A. sickness is a strategy whereby an individual seeks to preserve his or her being.
B. individuals are lured into the sick role because it is sanctioned by our modern society.
C. sickness inevitably leads to suicide.
D. sickness is a byproduct of genetic or biological dysfunctions.

Answer 22

A. sickness is a strategy whereby an individual seeks to preserve his or her being.

Question 23

Despite her clear understanding that it is wrong, two-year-old Amanda is forever attempting to climb objects to reach a colorful, glass sculpture that sits on a high shelf in the living room. Amanda is demonstrating which state of consciousness?

A. Creative consciousness of self
B. Ordinary consciousness of self
C. Stage of innocence
D. Stage of rebellion

Answer 23

D. Stage of rebellion

Question 24

Which of May’s four states of consciousness of self is analogous to Maslow’s peak experience?

A. Creative consciousness of self
B. Ordinary consciousness of self
C. Stage of innocence
D. Stage of rebellion

Answer 24

A. Creative consciousness of self

Question 25

Ronald represses all of his angry impulses and, as a result, has become consumed by them. The term that May would use to describe to Ronald’s anger is

A. daimonic
B. paradox
C. existence
D. intentionality

Answer 25

A. daimonic

Question 26

According to May, the ingredient that is missing from human relationships in today’s society is

A. care
B. objectivity
C. power
D. sexual freedom

Answer 26

A. care

Question 27

May believed that myths

A. perpetuated untruths that increased existential angst.
B. were essential for psychological health.
C. robbed individuals of the opportunity to assign meaning to their lives.
D. were created by individuals whose values represented a societal norm.

Question 28

Like Rollo May, ________ emphasized the search for meaning as a primary task of life.

A. B.F.Skinner
B. Aaron Beck
C. Viktor Frankl
D. John Dollard

Answer 28

C. Viktor Frankl

Question 29

Dr. Griffith is a psychotherapist who was strongly influenced by the existential theories of Rollo May. Dr. Griffith is most likely to believe that the central task of the psychotherapist is to

A. understand the patient’s mode of being and nonbeing.
B. penetrate the patient’s defenses.
C. moderate the administration of drugs.
D. develop more effective techniques to strengthen the ego.

Answer 29

A. understand the patient’s mode of being and nonbeing.

Question 30

Greg lives his everyday life under the following assumption: “Other people are not trustworthy.” He has interpreted most of his interactions as supportive of this assumption, and continues to do so. According to Kelly, Greg’s assumption about other people is

A. false
B. a personal construct
C. a theory
D. a corollary

Answer 30

B. a personal construct

Question 31

Kelly’s theory is considered a cognitive theory because it explains behavior in terms of

A. ways in which people construe the world.
B. environmental stimuli.
C. hereditary influences.
D. unconscious processes.

Answer 31

A. ways in which people construe the world.

Question 32

Which of the following statements best summarizes constructive alternativism?

A. There is no objective reality, only our interpretation of it.
B. The process of the construction of reality alternates between parties in a relationship.
C. Choosing to live constructively, rather than destructively, is the fundamental task of human life.
D. The objective reality of a situation is defined by the alternative constructed by the largest proportion of people involved in it.

Answer 32

A. There is no objective reality, only our interpretation of it.

Question 33

Jeff is deciding whether to apply for a new job. According to Kelly’s fundamental postulate, the most important factor in Jeff’s decision is

A. Jeff’s level of satisfaction with his current job.
B. his expectation about what will happen if he applies.
C. the length of time Jeff has spent at his current job.
D. Jeff’s age.

Answer 33

B. his expectation about what will happen if he applies.

Question 34

Kelly’s dichotomy corollary suggests that if Arthur calls Jeff a snob, it follows that

A. Arthur will now feel guilty and alter his construct of Jeff.
B. Jeff holds the same opinion of Arthur.
C. Jeff and Arthur probably share similar constructs.
D. snobbishness and friendliness are dimensions in Arthur’s constructs.

Answer 34

D. snobbishness and friendliness are dimensions in Arthur’s constructs.

Question 35

To say that constructs are impermeable is to say that they are

A. fixed and rigid.
B. fragmented.
C. narrowly conceived.
D. open to change and alteration.

Answer 35

A. fixed and rigid.

Question 36

According to Kelly, the self-construct is based primarily on

A. other people’s expectations of us.
B. our drives and needs.
C. a perception of consistency in our own behavior.
D. an idealized concept of self.

Answer 36

C. a perception of consistency in our own behavior.

Question 37

In Kelly’s system, anxiety occurs when

A. events lie beyond one’s construct system.
B. past experiences come back to haunt us.
C. our constructs anticipate the future.
D. we are confronted by changes.

Answer 37

A. events lie beyond one’s construct system.

Question 38

In Kelly’s theory, guilt occurs when we

A. force other people to fit into our current constructs.
B. actively elaborate our perceptual field.
C. behave in a way that violates our core role structure.
D. can no longer understand ourselves in terms of past experiences.

Answer 38

C. behave in a way that violates our core role structure.