Exam 2

Question 1

According to Melanie Klein, children engage in splitting, which essentially means

A. abruptly leaving the company of parents.
B. dividing their personal identity into adult and child components.
C. separating objects and feelings into good and bad aspects.
D. categorizing peers into positive and negative social categories.

Answer 1

C. separating objects and feelings into good and bad aspects.

Question 2

The object in object relations theory refers to…

A. any inanimate object.
B. any inanimate object.
C. anything or anyone with whom a person forms a relationship.
D. the therapeutic subject.

Answer 2

C. anything or anyone with whom a person forms a relationship.

Question 3

According to Mahler, the process of separation-individuation optimally begins at

A. brith
B. four months
C. two years
D. puberty

Answer 3

B. four months

Question 4

The four stages of the separation-individuation process include

A. inception, rapprochement, inquiry, and termination.
B. differentiation, practice, reconnaissance, and consolidation.
C. inception, reconnaissance, inquiry, and termination.
D. differentiation, practicing, rapprochment, and consolidation.

Answer 4

D. differentiation, practicing, rapprochment, and consolidation.

Question 5

According to Kohut, narcissistic individuals are looking for a(n)

A. idealized, empathic parent substitute.
B. mirror image of themselves.
C. person who shares their overinflated opinion of themselves.
D. way to resolve their original Oedipal feelings.

Answer 5

A. idealized, empathic parent substitute.

Question 6

Which of the following best exemplifies the borderline characteristic of splitting?

A. Tanya, who has remained depressed for several years
B. Louisa, who cannot stay in serious relationships for long without feeling resentful
C. Ahn, whose personality swings between being very extraverted and being very introverted
D. Perry, whose view of the people in his life constantly shifts from idealized to hateful

Answer 6

D. Perry, whose view of the people in his life constantly shifts from idealized to hateful

Question 7

What does Chodorow mean when she states that “women’s mothering reproduces itself cyclically”?

A. Every year, new technologies improve the ability of women to have children.
B. Every time that a woman has a baby, her maternal instincts renew themselves.
C. Women imbue both sons and daughters with a nurturing capacity.
D. Women train their daughters to be good mothers.

Answer 7

D. Women train their daughters to be good mothers.

Question 8

Empiricism is the philosophical point of view positing that…

A. all knowledge is subjective
B. all knowledge derives from experience
C. reason or intellect is the true source of knowledge.
D. some knowledge is innate and some is acquired through interaction with the environment.

Answer 8

B. all knowledge derives from experience

Question 9

Dollard and Miller view the structure of personality as consisting of…

A. an id, ego, and superego
B. traits
C. conflicts
D. habits

Answer 9

D. habits

Question 10

Which one of the following would be an example of a secondary drive?

A. Feeling hunger pangs
B. Shivering because you are cold when you step out of the shower
C. Working to buy food
D. Drinking from a water fountain when you are thirsty

Answer 10

C. Working to buy food

Question 11

Which of the following situations exemplifies an approach-avoidance conflict?

A. You are considering a restaurant with great food and terrible service.
B. You are considering a restaurant with terrible food and terrible service.
C. You are considering two restaurants, both with great food and great service.
D. You are considering two restaurants, both with terrible food and terrible service.

Answer 11

A. You are considering a restaurant with great food and terrible service.

Question 12

The greatest difference between Freud’s theory and Dollard and Miller’s is that…

A. unlike Freud, Dollard and Miller view anxiety as a core ingredient in neurosis.
B. unlike Freud, Dollard and Miller emphasized the importance of conflict.
C. unlike Freud, Dollard and Miller stressed learned motives.
D. unlike Dollard and Miller, Freud believed that unconscious factors underlie human behavior.

Answer 12

C. unlike Freud, Dollard and Miller stressed learned motives.

Question 13

What did Skinner say about many of the constructs used to describe personality, such as the id, ego, and superego?

A. They are readily observed in everyday behavior.
B. They are unnecessary fictions.
C. They are helpful for describing internal states.
D. They correspond directly to biological structures in the brain.

Answer 13

B. They are unnecessary fictions.

Question 14

To encourage their students to read more books, the fifth-grade teachers in an elementary school give a wooden bead to each student who finishes a book and submits a report about it. Every Friday, the class with the most beads exchanges their beads for a pizza party. Which Skinnerian method are the teachers using?

A. Aversive conditioning
B. Shaping
C. Satiation
D. Token economy

Answer 14

D. Token economy

Question 15

In his later writings, Skinner envisioned a utopian society based on

A. the acceptance of freedom and dignity.
B. behavioral engineering via positive reinforcement.
C. humanism.
D. punishment of undesirable behaviors via aversive consequences.

Answer 15

B. behavioral engineering via positive reinforcement.

Question 16

Although both Skinner and Freud believed that humans are not in control of their behavior, Skinner was more optimistic because he suggested that…

A. compared to animals, humans do have some control.
B. humans are content knowing that they lack control.
C. humans could be controlled more effectively through technology.
D. humans might gain a measure of control through self-understanding.

Answer 16

C. humans could be controlled more effectively through technology.

Question 17

According to Bandura, intentionality, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness are components of…

A. modeling
B. triadic reciprocal causation
C. reinforcement
D. human agency

Answer 17

D. human agency

Question 18

Four-year-old Michael is observing other children at the playground. According to Bandura’s research, the likelihood that Michael will act similarly to the other children increases if…

A. he perceives them as similar to himself.
B. he perceives the children as inferior to himself.
C. the other children are older than Michael.
D. he perceives them as dissimilar from himself.

Answer 18

A. he perceives them as similar to himself.

Question 19

Fourteen-year-old Toby is observing the other teens in the lunchroom at her new school. According to Bandura’s research, the likelihood that Toby will act similarly to the other teens increases if…

A. she possesses a strong sense of self-esteem.
B. she believes that acting similarly to them will lead to positive results.
C. her parents have advised her to do what the other teens do.
D. rules of behavior are posted in the lunchroom.

Answer 19

B. she believes that acting similarly to them will lead to positive results.

Question 20

Jessica most experiences intrinsic reinforcement when she…

A. feels good after exercising in the gym.
B. receives a pat on the back from her soccer coach.
C. is named one of the top ten female high school athletes of the year.
D. wins a medal after finishing second in the track meet.

Answer 20

A. feels good after exercising in the gym.

Question 21

Of all the types of reinforcement that social learning theory takes into consideration, reinforcements that come from _________ are the most important.

A. peers
B. teachers
C. parents
D. the self

Answer 21

D. the self

Question 22

What is the difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

A. Self-efficacy entails judgments of self-worth; self-esteem entails judgments of ability.
B. Self-esteem entails judgments of self-worth; self-efficacy entails judgments of ability.
C. Self-esteem is a flexible concept; self-efficacy is a stable concept.
D. Self-esteem is a flexible concept; self-efficacy is a stable concept.

Answer 22

B. Self-esteem entails judgments of self-worth; self-efficacy entails judgments of ability.

Question 23

Bandura’s therapeutic strategies are designed to help patients improve their sense of…

A. consciousness
B. self-efficacy
C. aggression
D. commitment

Answer 23

B. self-efficacy

Question 24

A person with an internal locus of control would agree with which of the following statements?

A. Marriage is a gamble.
B. I am the master of my fate.
C. Success comes down to a roll of the dice.
D. People who succeed are just plain lucky.

Answer 24

B. I am the master of my fate.

Question 25

Rotter believes that…

A. extreme belief in an external locus of control maximizes psychological health.
B. extreme belief in an internal locus of control maximizes psychological health.
C. extreme belief in either an external or internal locus of control is preferable to a more balanced belief.
D. a more balanced belief is preferable to extreme belief in either an external or internal locus of control.

Answer 25

D. a more balanced belief is preferable to extreme belief in either an external or internal locus of control.

Question 26

Josh considers complaining to a hotel manager about poor service he has received, but he decides not to because he thinks nothing good will come of it. According to Rotter, the component of behavior prediction that Josh’s decision most clearly illustrates is…

A. behavior potential
B. expectancy
C. psychological situation.
D. reinforcement value

Answer 26

B. expectancy

Question 27

With regard to personality, Cattell emphasized the ability to

A. control
B. predict
C. explain
D. describe

Answer 27

B. predict

Question 28

The statistical procedure that Cattell used to find relationships among traits is…

A. trait analysis
B. criterion analysis
C. factor analysis
D. analysis of variance

Answer 28

C. factor analysis

Question 29

How did an analysis of language provide support for the Big Five?

A. It demonstrated that people describe one another in terms of a common set of five factors.
B. It disproved the lexical hypothesis.
C. It proved that the five factors are valid only in a limited range of cultures.
D. It uncovered the underlying causal traits of people’s behavior.

Answer 29

A. It demonstrated that people describe one another in terms of a common set of five factors.

Question 30

One difference between the Big Five and the Five-Factor Model is that…

A. only the Five-Factor Model was derived through the use of factor analysis.
B. the Big Five is based on experimental studies, whereas the Five-Factor Model is based on language studies.
C. the Big Five simply provides a description of the factors, whereas the Five-Factor Model provides an interpretation of the factors.
D. the Big Five suggests that factor differences are due to genetics and are stable over time; the Five-Factor Model makes no such claims.

Answer 30

C. the Big Five simply provides a description of the factors, whereas the Five-Factor Model provides an interpretation of the factors.

Question 31

Which of the following is true according to Five-Factor Theory?

A. Core components of the personality system have nothing to do with biological factors such as genes or brain structure.
B. Characteristic adaptations are unaffected by external influences.
C. One’s basic tendency for openness is biologically rooted and stable, but how one characteristically expresses it can change over time.
D. The various components of personality are static processes that interact with one another in only one predictable way throughout the person’s lifetime.

Answer 31

C. One’s basic tendency for openness is biologically rooted and stable, but how one characteristically expresses it can change over time.

Question 32

Adler’s “social interest,” Horney’s “moving toward,” and Erikson’s “basic trust” can all be seen as aspects of which factor?

A. Agreeableness
B. Conscientiousness
C. Openness
D. Neuroticism

Answer 32

A. Agreeableness

Question 33

Explain how imperfect parenting at very early ages might result in adult characteristics such as narcisssism (Kohut) OR borderline characteristics (Kernberg).

Question 34

Identify, Describe, and give an example of the four main conceptual parts of the learning process according to Dollard & Miller (in proper sequence).

Question 35

First, explain what Bandura means by triadic reciprocal causation and identify the three factors that comprise it (diagrams are allowed but not required). Then, provide an example from your character that illustrates reciprocal causation between all three factors.