Exam 1 Flashcards
When we use the term personality in everyday speech we are usually referring to
A. unconscious forces
B. an unorganized pattern of the perception of “I”
C. that which determines an individual’s behavior
D. an individual’s public image or social role
D. an individual’s public image or social role
Of the following questions, which most accurately reflects the study of personality?
A. How do humans differ from animals?
B. Who am I?
C. How have humans changed over the course of history?
D. When are behavior patterns determined?
B. Who am I?
Freud’s theory of personality was developed on the basis of…
A. rigorous scientific testing of human behavior in laboratory settings.
B. experimentation on animals, the results of which were generalized to humans.
C. his experience living in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
D. his own clinical observations.
D. his own clinical observations.
Macro theories of personality are to micro theories as ________ is to ________
A. global; specific
B. implicit; explicit
C. optimistic; pessimistic
D. reactive; proactive
A. global; specific
What do personality theorists seek to accomplish in their role of scientists?
A. They deal with the study of ultimate reality.
B. They apply their findings to foster better living.
C. They explore what it means to be a person.
D. They test hypotheses to explain human behavior.
D. They test hypotheses to explain human behavior.
Of the following philosophical assumptions, which one concerns a person’s ability to control his own behavior and understand the motives behind it?
A. Freedom versus determinism
B. Heredity versus environment
C. Uniqueness versus universality
D. Optimism versus pessimism
A. Freedom versus determinism
The basic philosophical issue of optimism versus pessimism that personality theorists consider centers on whether…
A. people can change their personalities over time.
B. human nature is fundamentally good or bad.
C. hope is an essential feature of psychotherapy.
D. personality theories can adequately explain or predict human behavior.
A. people can change their personalities over time.
The logical consistency of a philosophical assumption refers to the criterion of…
A. Comprehensiveness
B. Coherence
C. Compellingness
D. Relevance
B. Coherence
One requirement of scientific statements is that they be…
A. based on extrasensory perception.
B. open to falsification.
C. based on an epiphanic act of knowledge.
D. evaluated by their compellingness.
B. open to falsification.
Freud suggested that destructive or socially unacceptable wishes are repressed because they…
A. are incompatible with the Oedipal stage.
B. are in conflict with one’s self-image.
C. would otherwise find an outlet in hysterical symptoms.
D. are in opposition to the id.
B. are in conflict with one’s self-image.
The dream we remember in the morning is known as the ________ dream, whereas its underlying meaning is referred to as the ________ dream.
A. Manifest; Latent
B. Primary; Secondary
C. Latent; Manifest
D. Secondary; Primary
A. Manifest; Latent
What does the term libido refer to?
A. Repressed aggressive impulses
B. The energy derived from the sex drive
C. The physical component of sexuality
D. The term for “sexual intercourse” in German
B. The energy derived from the sex drive
Which of the following would appropriately fit the definition of drive in Freud’s theory?
A. The envy Lena feels when she looks at Sally’s car
B. The lust Dennis feels on his wedding night
C. The sadness Glenda felt when she lost her dog
D. The headache Ron got from straining his vision
B. The lust Dennis feels on his wedding night
Freud believed that the primary purpose of sexuality is
A. to accommodate latent aggression.
B. to facilitate interpersonal relations.
C. to seek pleasure and reduce tension.
D. reproduction.
C. to seek pleasure and reduce tension.
Antonio is a boy who, according to Freudian theory, is experiencing the Oedipus complex. Which of the following is most likely to be true about Antonio?
A. He is less than three years old.
B. He has a strong desire to have a special relationship with his mother.
C. He views his father as an ally or teammate.
D. He is in the genital stage of psychosexual development.
B. He has a strong desire to have a special relationship with his mother.
What is the correct ordering of Freud’s psychosexual stages?
A. oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency
B. oral, genital, anal, latency, phallic
C. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
D. oral, phallic, genital, anal, latency
C. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Ego is to id as the ________ is to the _________.
A. life instinct; death instinct
B. sexuality; morality
C. reality principle; pleasure principle
D. unconscious; conscious
C. reality principle; pleasure principle
When Lisa was a child, her parents were negligent when it came to rewarding appropriate behavior and punishing inappropriate behavior. As a result, it is most likely that, as an adult, Lisa would display an…
A. Overdeveloped superego
B. Underdeveloped superego
C. overdeveloped ego
D. underdeveloped id
B. Underdeveloped superego
Which part of the personality is in charge in the well-adjusted adult personality?
A. Ego
B. Superego
C. Ego-ideal
D. Id
A. Ego
Which of the following is true with regard to defense mechanisms?
A. Studies of Asian Buddhists living in Thailand show that they use entirely different defense mechanisms from those used by Americans.
B. The component of the psyche from which defense mechanisms develop is the id.
C. Individuals are consciously aware of almost all of the defense mechanisms they develop.
D. Defense mechanisms help the individual cope with anxiety.
D. Defense mechanisms help the individual cope with anxiety.
Brian, who feels sexual stirrings whenever he looks at his next-door neighbor, has convinced himself that she is actually aroused by him. Brian’s belief reflects which of the following defense mechanisms?
A. Displacement
B. Identification
C. Projection
D. Reaction formation
C. Projection
Cahlil is angry at his mother but, rather than taking his anger out directly on her, he takes it out on his younger sister. Cahlil’s behavior exemplifies
A. Displacement
B. Projection
C. Regression
D. Sublimation
A. Displacement
When a patient in psychoanalysis reexperiences emotions and conflicts from his or her past but focuses these feelings on the therapist, he or she is said to be experiencing
A. Transference
B. Identification
C. Free Association
D. Catharsis
A. Transference
Adler and Sullivan’s theories mark a shift from a stress on ________ phenomena to an emphasis on ________ aspects.
A. intrapsychic; interpsychic
B. mental; physical
C. social; sexual
D. unique; universal
A. intrapsychic; interpsychic
According to Adler, ______ refers to the urge in human nature to adapt oneself to the conditions of the social environment.
A. Social interest
B. Synchronicity
C. The creative self
D. Striving for superiority
A. Social interest
According to Adler, life is motivated by the need to
A. reduce tension produced by unconscious forces.
B. surpass others in rank and position.
C. move up from a position of inferiority.
D. restore equilibrium to the personality structure.
C. move up from a position of inferiority.
Denise and Ellen are the only two siblings in their family, and Denise is older than Ellen. Adler would expect Denise to be more ________ and Ellen to be more _________.
A. competitive; oriented toward the past
B. conforming; dependent
C. pampered; intelligent
D. sociable; conforming
B. conforming; dependent
Which of the following illustrates overcompensation?
A. A girl who is too shy to act in the school play volunteers to work on set design.
B. A young man who is unusually short learns to accept his height.
C. A child with a reading disability is brought up to grade level by an inspiring, hard-working teacher.
D. A college student of low intelligence pretends not to know his limited ability and registers for the most challenging courses he can find.
D. A college student of low intelligence pretends not to know his limited ability and registers for the most challenging courses he can find.
Janice has a very strong need for the affection and approval of others, and she tends to choose dominant partners. What is her primary mode of relating to others?
A. Moving away
B. Moving against
C. Moving toward
D. Moving opposite
C. Moving toward
A neurotic need to be admired and to exploit that admiration represents, according to Horney, which of the following solutions to anxiety?
A. Self-assertion
B. Self-expansion
C. Self-effacement
D. Resignation
B. Self-expansion
Michelle has exaggerated needs for power, prestige, and admiration. She is most likely to utilize the ___________ mode of relating to others.
A. Moving toward
B. Moving against
C. Moving away
D. Moving around
B. Moving against
The idealized self represents…
A. the self as it appears to others.
B. what a person thinks he or she should be.
C. the physiological organism.
D. those things that are true about a person.
B. what a person thinks he or she should be.
According to Horney, “__________” represent(s) identification with the ideal self instead of the real or actual self.
A. the tyranny of the shoulds
B. moving toward
C. alienation
D. moving against
C. alienation
In the neurotic individual, the idealized self and the real self…
A. become repressed.
B. mostly coincide.
C. become separated.
D. are one.
C. become separated.
David, a 40-year-old male, has always been driven to achieve a great deal at work and also to create art through painting and sculpting. According to Horney, David is driven to perform these behaviors as…
A. a result of his inborn hypercompetitiveness with other males.
B. compensation for his inability to bear children.
C. a result of his inborn hypercompetitiveness with females.
D. a way to deal with his unconscious castration fears.
B. compensation for his inability to bear children.
List and define the four criteria by which philosophical assumptions are evaluated.
Describe Freud’s psychosexual stages of development. Explain the important events of each stage and how the id, ego, and superego are connected to the stages.
