Exam 1

Question 1

When we use the term personality in everyday speech we are usually referring to

A. unconscious forces
B. an unorganized pattern of the perception of “I”
C. that which determines an individual’s behavior
D. an individual’s public image or social role

Answer 1

D. an individual’s public image or social role

Question 2

Of the following questions, which most accurately reflects the study of personality?

A. How do humans differ from animals?
B. Who am I?
C. How have humans changed over the course of history?
D. When are behavior patterns determined?

Answer 2

B. Who am I?

Question 3

Freud’s theory of personality was developed on the basis of…

A. rigorous scientific testing of human behavior in laboratory settings.
B. experimentation on animals, the results of which were generalized to humans.
C. his experience living in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
D. his own clinical observations.

Answer 3

D. his own clinical observations.

Question 4

Macro theories of personality are to micro theories as ________ is to ________

A. global; specific
B. implicit; explicit
C. optimistic; pessimistic
D. reactive; proactive

Answer 4

A. global; specific

Question 5

What do personality theorists seek to accomplish in their role of scientists?

A. They deal with the study of ultimate reality.
B. They apply their findings to foster better living.
C. They explore what it means to be a person.
D. They test hypotheses to explain human behavior.

Answer 5

D. They test hypotheses to explain human behavior.

Question 6

Of the following philosophical assumptions, which one concerns a person’s ability to control his own behavior and understand the motives behind it?

A. Freedom versus determinism
B. Heredity versus environment
C. Uniqueness versus universality
D. Optimism versus pessimism

Answer 6

A. Freedom versus determinism

Question 7

The basic philosophical issue of optimism versus pessimism that personality theorists consider centers on whether…

A. people can change their personalities over time.
B. human nature is fundamentally good or bad.
C. hope is an essential feature of psychotherapy.
D. personality theories can adequately explain or predict human behavior.

Answer 7

A. people can change their personalities over time.

Question 8

The logical consistency of a philosophical assumption refers to the criterion of…

A. Comprehensiveness
B. Coherence
C. Compellingness
D. Relevance

Answer 8

B. Coherence

Question 9

One requirement of scientific statements is that they be…

A. based on extrasensory perception.
B. open to falsification.
C. based on an epiphanic act of knowledge.
D. evaluated by their compellingness.

Answer 9

B. open to falsification.

Question 10

Freud suggested that destructive or socially unacceptable wishes are repressed because they…

A. are incompatible with the Oedipal stage.
B. are in conflict with one’s self-image.
C. would otherwise find an outlet in hysterical symptoms.
D. are in opposition to the id.

Answer 10

B. are in conflict with one’s self-image.

Question 11

The dream we remember in the morning is known as the ________ dream, whereas its underlying meaning is referred to as the ________ dream.

A. Manifest; Latent
B. Primary; Secondary
C. Latent; Manifest
D. Secondary; Primary

Answer 11

A. Manifest; Latent

Question 12

What does the term libido refer to?

A. Repressed aggressive impulses
B. The energy derived from the sex drive
C. The physical component of sexuality
D. The term for “sexual intercourse” in German

Answer 12

B. The energy derived from the sex drive

Question 13

Which of the following would appropriately fit the definition of drive in Freud’s theory?

A. The envy Lena feels when she looks at Sally’s car
B. The lust Dennis feels on his wedding night
C. The sadness Glenda felt when she lost her dog
D. The headache Ron got from straining his vision

Answer 13

B. The lust Dennis feels on his wedding night

Question 14

Freud believed that the primary purpose of sexuality is

A. to accommodate latent aggression.
B. to facilitate interpersonal relations.
C. to seek pleasure and reduce tension.
D. reproduction.

Answer 14

C. to seek pleasure and reduce tension.

Question 15

Antonio is a boy who, according to Freudian theory, is experiencing the Oedipus complex. Which of the following is most likely to be true about Antonio?

A. He is less than three years old.
B. He has a strong desire to have a special relationship with his mother.
C. He views his father as an ally or teammate.
D. He is in the genital stage of psychosexual development.

Answer 15

B. He has a strong desire to have a special relationship with his mother.

Question 16

What is the correct ordering of Freud’s psychosexual stages?

A. oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency
B. oral, genital, anal, latency, phallic
C. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
D. oral, phallic, genital, anal, latency

Answer 16

C. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 17

Ego is to id as the ________ is to the _________.

A. life instinct; death instinct
B. sexuality; morality
C. reality principle; pleasure principle
D. unconscious; conscious

Answer 17

C. reality principle; pleasure principle

Question 18

When Lisa was a child, her parents were negligent when it came to rewarding appropriate behavior and punishing inappropriate behavior. As a result, it is most likely that, as an adult, Lisa would display an…

A. Overdeveloped superego
B. Underdeveloped superego
C. overdeveloped ego
D. underdeveloped id

Answer 18

B. Underdeveloped superego

Question 19

Which part of the personality is in charge in the well-adjusted adult personality?

A. Ego
B. Superego
C. Ego-ideal
D. Id

Answer 19

A. Ego

Question 20

Which of the following is true with regard to defense mechanisms?

A. Studies of Asian Buddhists living in Thailand show that they use entirely different defense mechanisms from those used by Americans.
B. The component of the psyche from which defense mechanisms develop is the id.
C. Individuals are consciously aware of almost all of the defense mechanisms they develop.
D. Defense mechanisms help the individual cope with anxiety.

Answer 20

D. Defense mechanisms help the individual cope with anxiety.

Question 21

Brian, who feels sexual stirrings whenever he looks at his next-door neighbor, has convinced himself that she is actually aroused by him. Brian’s belief reflects which of the following defense mechanisms?

A. Displacement
B. Identification
C. Projection
D. Reaction formation

Answer 21

C. Projection

Question 22

Cahlil is angry at his mother but, rather than taking his anger out directly on her, he takes it out on his younger sister. Cahlil’s behavior exemplifies

A. Displacement
B. Projection
C. Regression
D. Sublimation

Answer 22

A. Displacement

Question 23

When a patient in psychoanalysis reexperiences emotions and conflicts from his or her past but focuses these feelings on the therapist, he or she is said to be experiencing

A. Transference
B. Identification
C. Free Association
D. Catharsis

Answer 23

A. Transference

Question 24

Adler and Sullivan’s theories mark a shift from a stress on ________ phenomena to an emphasis on ________ aspects.

A. intrapsychic; interpsychic
B. mental; physical
C. social; sexual
D. unique; universal

Answer 24

A. intrapsychic; interpsychic

Question 25

According to Adler, ______ refers to the urge in human nature to adapt oneself to the conditions of the social environment.

A. Social interest
B. Synchronicity
C. The creative self
D. Striving for superiority

Answer 25

A. Social interest

Question 26

According to Adler, life is motivated by the need to

A. reduce tension produced by unconscious forces.
B. surpass others in rank and position.
C. move up from a position of inferiority.
D. restore equilibrium to the personality structure.

Answer 26

C. move up from a position of inferiority.

Question 27

Denise and Ellen are the only two siblings in their family, and Denise is older than Ellen. Adler would expect Denise to be more ________ and Ellen to be more _________.

A. competitive; oriented toward the past
B. conforming; dependent
C. pampered; intelligent
D. sociable; conforming

Answer 27

B. conforming; dependent

Question 28

Which of the following illustrates overcompensation?

A. A girl who is too shy to act in the school play volunteers to work on set design.
B. A young man who is unusually short learns to accept his height.
C. A child with a reading disability is brought up to grade level by an inspiring, hard-working teacher.
D. A college student of low intelligence pretends not to know his limited ability and registers for the most challenging courses he can find.

Answer 28

D. A college student of low intelligence pretends not to know his limited ability and registers for the most challenging courses he can find.

Question 29

Janice has a very strong need for the affection and approval of others, and she tends to choose dominant partners. What is her primary mode of relating to others?

A. Moving away
B. Moving against
C. Moving toward
D. Moving opposite

Answer 29

C. Moving toward

Question 30

A neurotic need to be admired and to exploit that admiration represents, according to Horney, which of the following solutions to anxiety?

A. Self-assertion
B. Self-expansion
C. Self-effacement
D. Resignation

Answer 30

B. Self-expansion

Question 31

Michelle has exaggerated needs for power, prestige, and admiration. She is most likely to utilize the ___________ mode of relating to others.

A. Moving toward
B. Moving against
C. Moving away
D. Moving around

Answer 31

B. Moving against

Question 32

The idealized self represents…

A. the self as it appears to others.
B. what a person thinks he or she should be.
C. the physiological organism.
D. those things that are true about a person.

Answer 32

B. what a person thinks he or she should be.

Question 33

According to Horney, “__________” represent(s) identification with the ideal self instead of the real or actual self.

A. the tyranny of the shoulds
B. moving toward
C. alienation
D. moving against

Answer 33

C. alienation

Question 34

In the neurotic individual, the idealized self and the real self…

A. become repressed.
B. mostly coincide.
C. become separated.
D. are one.

Answer 34

C. become separated.

Question 35

David, a 40-year-old male, has always been driven to achieve a great deal at work and also to create art through painting and sculpting. According to Horney, David is driven to perform these behaviors as…

A. a result of his inborn hypercompetitiveness with other males.
B. compensation for his inability to bear children.
C. a result of his inborn hypercompetitiveness with females.
D. a way to deal with his unconscious castration fears.

Answer 35

B. compensation for his inability to bear children.

Question 36

List and define the four criteria by which philosophical assumptions are evaluated.

Question 37

Describe Freud’s psychosexual stages of development. Explain the important events of each stage and how the id, ego, and superego are connected to the stages.