Exam 3 Flashcards
Source-filter theory
How laryngeal and supralaryngeal functions working together can produce a variety of speech sounds
Source for speech
-phonation or vocal fold vibration
-during phonation air flow is organized into series of harmonic frequencies (vibration)
Filter for speech
-articulation or the vocal tract resonances
-harmonic frequency= resonant frequency-> increased amplitude
Resonant frequency
-objects natural frequency of vibration
-optimal(best) frequency
-longest vibration time
-minimal energy to cause vibration
-Friction has least effect on it and damping is minimized
Resonance
-to amplify closest frequencies to resonant frequency and attenuate farthest frequencies from resonant frequency
-causes glass to break by matching frequency of glass
Resonator
-device or system that is set into forced vibration by another vibration
-acts as a filter
-resonator is articulator
Calculating resonant frequency of a neutral vowel
Wavelength= 4l
Wavelength= c/f
c= 344m/s or 34400cm/s
Formant frequency
The resonances of the human tract are called formants and their frequencies are formant frequencies (capital F)
Transfer functions
Frequency responses of the vocal tract shapes
What is the adjusting tube model
-Articulatory changes produce a vocal tract with different configurations and consequently different formant patterns
-vowels change formant patterns
Relationship between source and filter
Changes in sound source are relatively independent of change in the sound filter
The formant frequency will ________ if the shape of the vocal tract remains the same
Remain the same
What happens to the formant frequency is articulation changes
It changes
What happens to formant frequency if articulation remains the same but pitch changes
It will remain the same
Articulation and phonation can function largely________
Independently
Are lower or higher frequencies further apart?
Higher
Are lower or higher frequencies closer together?
Lower
What is waveform?
Change of energy over time
What is spectrum?
-snap shot of a sound at one I stand in time
-shows how many harmonics there are
What is a spectrogram?
-Graph that strings together a spectra and allows us to see how it changes over time
-x axis: time
-y-axis: frequency
-amplitude is function of darkness of grayscale
Articulation of /i/
The tongue body is raised and fronted
-oral cavity is small
-pharyngeal cavity enlarges
Acoustic effects of /i/
Low F1, high F2
F1: 300, F2: 2300, F3: 3000
Articulation of /a/
-tongue is lowered and moves toward back
-oral cavity is large while pharyngeal cavity is small
Acoustic effects of /a/
-high F1, low F2
-F1: 750, F2: 1200, F3: 2500
