Exam 3

Question 1

Source-filter theory

Answer 1

How laryngeal and supralaryngeal functions working together can produce a variety of speech sounds

Question 2

Source for speech

Answer 2

-phonation or vocal fold vibration
-during phonation air flow is organized into series of harmonic frequencies (vibration)

Question 3

Filter for speech

Answer 3

-articulation or the vocal tract resonances
-harmonic frequency= resonant frequency-> increased amplitude

Question 4

Resonant frequency

Answer 4

-objects natural frequency of vibration
-optimal(best) frequency
-longest vibration time
-minimal energy to cause vibration
-Friction has least effect on it and damping is minimized

Question 5

Resonance

Answer 5

-to amplify closest frequencies to resonant frequency and attenuate farthest frequencies from resonant frequency
-causes glass to break by matching frequency of glass

Question 6

Resonator

Answer 6

-device or system that is set into forced vibration by another vibration
-acts as a filter
-resonator is articulator

Question 7

Calculating resonant frequency of a neutral vowel

Answer 7

Wavelength= 4l
Wavelength= c/f
c= 344m/s or 34400cm/s

Question 8

Formant frequency

Answer 8

The resonances of the human tract are called formants and their frequencies are formant frequencies (capital F)

Question 9

Transfer functions

Answer 9

Frequency responses of the vocal tract shapes

Question 10

What is the adjusting tube model

Answer 10

-Articulatory changes produce a vocal tract with different configurations and consequently different formant patterns
-vowels change formant patterns

Question 11

Relationship between source and filter

Answer 11

Changes in sound source are relatively independent of change in the sound filter

Question 12

The formant frequency will ________ if the shape of the vocal tract remains the same

Answer 12

Remain the same

Question 13

What happens to the formant frequency is articulation changes

Answer 13

It changes

Question 14

What happens to formant frequency if articulation remains the same but pitch changes

Answer 14

It will remain the same

Question 15

Articulation and phonation can function largely________

Answer 15

Independently

Question 16

Are lower or higher frequencies further apart?

Answer 16

Higher

Question 17

Are lower or higher frequencies closer together?

Answer 17

Lower

Question 18

What is waveform?

Answer 18

Change of energy over time

Question 19

What is spectrum?

Answer 19

-snap shot of a sound at one I stand in time
-shows how many harmonics there are

Question 20

What is a spectrogram?

Answer 20

-Graph that strings together a spectra and allows us to see how it changes over time
-x axis: time
-y-axis: frequency
-amplitude is function of darkness of grayscale

Question 21

Articulation of /i/

Answer 21

The tongue body is raised and fronted
-oral cavity is small
-pharyngeal cavity enlarges

Question 22

Acoustic effects of /i/

Answer 22

Low F1, high F2
F1: 300, F2: 2300, F3: 3000

Question 23

Articulation of /a/

Answer 23

-tongue is lowered and moves toward back
-oral cavity is large while pharyngeal cavity is small

Question 24

Acoustic effects of /a/

Answer 24

-high F1, low F2
-F1: 750, F2: 1200, F3: 2500

Question 25

Articulation of /u/

Answer 25

-the tongue for sun is raised and back
-enlarges pharyngeal and oral cavities
-protrusion of lips increasing vocal tract

Question 26

Acoustic effects of /u/

Answer 26

-low F1, low F2
-F1: 350, F2: 800, F3: 2200

Question 27

High vowels have _____ F1

Answer 27

Low

Question 28

Front vowels have ______ F2

Answer 28

High

Question 29

Diphthong vowels

Answer 29

Gradual changes of formants