Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro to Sociology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three types in roots of racism?

A

-Psychological
-Cultural
-Social Structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are psychological roots of racism?

A

-ingroup vs outgroup, we are better then them
-prejudice groups
-they are unworthy
-project things people dislike about themselves onto others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are cultural roots of racism?

A

-LEARNED
-depends on norms surrounding people (socialization)
-how children were raised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are social structural roots of racism?

A

-social positions (STATUSES)
-expectations and rewards attached to these positions (ROLES)
-relationships among these positions
-inequality due to hierarchy
-groups of people who share common positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the four patterns of interaction between minority and majority groups?

A

-subjugation
-expulsion
-assimilation
-pluralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is subjugation?

A

lower in ranking of one group and the assumption of a position of power and domination of others
-pushing down one group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is expulsion?

A

forcing a group to leave the territory which they reside
-making the conditions bad or forcing them to leave
-Native Americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is assimilation?

A

being absorbed into the dominant or mainstream culture
-The Great American Melting Pot
-all individuality of cultures are BLENDED together to create a new culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is pluralism?

A

society is made up of many different groups, each distinct but contributes to the whole
-retain distinct characteristics of each culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is sex?

A

biologically distinct categories (male or female)
-chromosomes
-genitals
-hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is gender?

A

cultural, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for it’s male and female members
-LEARNED
-masculinity vs femininity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is intersex?

A

mixed or indeterminate male or female characteristics
-both genitals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what did Anne Fausto Sterling say about intersex?

A

sex is on a continuum (more than 2 sexes)
-5 SEXES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 5 sexes according to Sterling?

A

female, ferms, herms, merms, male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the difference between cis and trans sex/gender?

A

cis: conform to existing notions of sex and gender, identity and body match

trans: does not conform to existing notions, identity and body DO NOT MATCH

NOT RELATED TO ONE’S SEXUAL PREFERENCES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is nonbinary gender identity?

A

not the standard categorization of male/female
-neither male or female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is sexism?

A

discrimination based on our perceived sex, gender, or cis/trans identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the four beliefs of sexism?

A

-only 2 sexes
-one sex is superior to others
-sexes are very different and this needs to be addressed by laws, culture, etc.
-hatred of women, men, or trans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is it called to hate women? men? trans?

A

women: misogyny
men: misandry
trans: transphobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do functionalists think about sex/gender?

A

some social roles are better suited to one sex/gender than the other
-sexes should be treated differently
-makes society more stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are Talcott Parson’s roles of sex? and what do they mean?

A

Instrumental Role: MALE, families material support, authority figure, brings in food and $

Expressive Role: FEMALE, families emotional support, nurturing, child care, household chores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do conflict theorists think about sex/gender?

A

men have had access to most of societies material resources or privileges
-focus on power
-main the dominant position (hegemony)
-normalized/supported by norms and ideas that become “common sense”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what do symbolic interactionists think about sex/gender?

A

concept of gender is socially constructed, maintained, and reproduced in our everyday lives
-“doing” gender by appearing and behaving to our assigned gender role
-society creates definitions of what is appropriate for people of various sexes/genders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is family?

A

group of people who consider themselves related by….
-blood
-marriage
-adoption
-legally
-close friends
-partner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the difference between a nuclear family and an extended famiily?

A

nuclear: consists of spouses and children
-for me: siblings and parents
-can have more than 1 nuclear family

extended: nuclear family plus other relatives
-grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is family of orientation?

A

the family in which a person is raised
-family you were born into involuntarily
-everyone has at least one
-some have more due to death, divorce, foster homes, etc.

EX: children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is family of procreation?

A

family is made when 1st child is born/adopted
-family that you create

EX: parents of the children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the (6) main functions of family?

A

-regulated sexual behavior
-pattern reproduction
-organize production and consumption (food, appliances, taxes)
-socialize children (values, politics, religion)
-provide care and reproduction
-provide social class/status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is marriage?

A

socially recognized and legally approved union of individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are (5) common trends of marriage?

A

-marriage rate (declining over time, increase of age overtime)
-childless couples
-household size (decrease due to BC)
-divorce
-‘commuter’ marriage (don’t live w/ each other due to jobs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is endogamy? monogamy? polygamy?

A

monogamy: married to only one person at a time
polygamy: being married to more than one person at a time
endogamy: marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the pattern of decent?

A

bilateral descent
-Both paternal and maternal ancestors are considered part of one’s family

kinship: one’s traceable ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what does patrilineal, matrilineal, and ambilineal have to do with pattern of decent?

A

patrilineal: follows the father’s line only
matrilineal: follows the mother’s side only
ambilineal: follows either the father’s only or the mother’s side only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are alternative lifestyles other than marriage?

A

-singlehood
-single-parent families
-blended (“step”) families
-cohabitation (living together, but not married)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is religion?

A

system of beliefs, practices, philosophical values shared by a group of people
-beliefs, emotions, behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

why is religion important to society?

A

-bring people together
-gives cultural identity
-helps explain life and answer questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how does religion fit into society? (Durkheim) (2)

A

Sacred: things that are holy, spiritual, or dedicated to religious purpose

Profane: things that are secular or non-religious, everyday

38
Q

what are four elements of religion?

A

-ritual and prayer
-emotion
-belief
-organization

39
Q

how are ritual and prayer incorporated into religion?

A

ritual: people come together to practice religion

prayer: means of individuals to communicate w/ supernatural beings, forces, or god(s)
-directly or through a leader (priest)

40
Q

how is emotion incorporated into religion?

A

-music, smells, fasting, hallucinogens
-EX: weddings, funerals, rituals
(serpent preachers)

41
Q

how is belief incorporated into religion?

A

supernatural force that control the things on earth
-vary widely from faith to faith

42
Q

how is organization incorporated into religion?

A

-recruiting and training leaders
-recruiting members
-when, where the service is held

43
Q

what is a universal church?

A

includes ALL members of a society w/in one united moral community
-everything you do is religious and all members of a society are involved

44
Q

what is a ecclesia?

A

organization that shares same ethical/moral system as a society
-clear distinction b/w religious and not religious

45
Q

what is a denomination?

A

subgroups w/in a religion that operates under common name, tradition, and identity
-distinct from other groups
-connected to a particular class, ethnic group, or regional group
-participate in secular affairs
-cooperate w/ other religious groups

EX: Catholic, Lutheran , Methodist

46
Q

what is a sect?

A

group that adheres to strict religious doctrine that includes unconventional beliefs or forms of worship
-subgroup of the denomination!

EX: serpent preachers, Amish

47
Q

what is a cult?

A

organization that is largely outside a societies cultural traditions
-leader w/ a message of a different way of the world
-did not stem from a religious group
-how many religions start though!

48
Q

what are millenarian movements?

A

prophesy the end of the world, destruction of evil people, saving all the good people
-emerge in times of unstability

49
Q

what are the differences b/w church, sect, and cult?

A

church: conventional religious organization

sect: deviant religious organization with traditional beliefs and practices

cult: deviant religious organization with new beliefs and practices

50
Q

how do functionalists view religion?

A

-gives meaning and purpose to life
-reinforcing social unity and stability
-serves as an agent of social control of behavior
-keeps people ‘in line’

51
Q

how do conflict theorists view religion?

A

-reinforces and promotes social inequality and social conflict
-helps convince any oppressed group to accept their life (ignore the hardships, God is watching)
-leads to hostility and violence motivated by religious differences

52
Q

how do symbolic interactionists view religion?

A

-how individuals experience religion
-emphasizes nothing is sacred unless people regard it as such
-sacred events are important and give meaning to life

53
Q

what is education?

A

ways in which info is transmitted to members of a society
-can lead to social change

54
Q

what is schooling?

A

formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers
-don’t need a specific place to do this

55
Q

what is one word each to describe how functionalists, conflict theorists, and symbolic interactionists view education?

A

Functionalism: Transmission (getting people knowledge)
Conflict Theory: Transformation (switch social classes)
Symbolic Interactionism: Interpretation (teachers, students)

56
Q

what are the four purposes functionalists?

A

-intellectual
-political
-economic
-social

57
Q

what are intellectual purposes of education?

A

-acquire basic skills and general knowledge
-learn skills of inquiry (learning how to learn on your own)

58
Q

what are political purposes of education?

A

-educate people to be apart of political order
-promote patriotism and assimilation of immigrants
-ensure conformity to laws

59
Q

what are economic purposes of education?

A

-prepare students for later work roles
-serves as a sorting mechanism for people to go into the right career for them

60
Q

what are social purposes of education?

A

-promotes a sense of social and moral responsibility
-sites for the solution of social problems

61
Q

how does a conflict theorist view education?

A

-education is unequally distributed and gives additional power to some
-education can be used as tools for discrimination
-hidden curriculum (values that aren’t explicitly taught, gender differences)

62
Q

how does a symbolic interactionist view education?

A

-interaction b/w student/student or b/w teacher/student
-first time impression
-expectancy effect: teachers anticipate certain behaviors from students and that is what they receive

63
Q

what is the difference b/w health and medicine?

A

health: state of complete physical, mental, and social WELL-BEING
medicine: social institution focused on fighting disease and improving health

64
Q

what are the four links b/w health and society?

A

-cultural patterns define healthy (healthy can be termed differently)
-standards of health change overtime (women can’t run)
-technology
-social inequality (racism)

65
Q

how do functionalists view health & medicine?

A

-medicine keeps people healthy
-health is needed for people to fulfill their roles
-“sick role”

66
Q

what are types of behaviors apart of the “sick role”?

A

-released from everyday obligations
-required to look sick
-expected to seek help from a professional
-obligated to want to get better

67
Q

how to conflict theorist view health & medicine?

A

-emphasizes the connection b/w health and society inequality
-access to care (wealthy = healthier)
-profit motive
-medicine as politics (BC, abortions)

68
Q

how do symbolic interactionists view health & medicine?

A

-health & medicine are socially constructed by people in everyday interaction
-how we define out health affects how we feel
-doctors alter their appearance/behaviors to look professional

69
Q

what is social change?

A

alteration of culture and society overtime
-TECHNOLOGY has a major role on this today

70
Q

what is the difference b/w internal and external sources of social change?

A

internal: factors w/in a society (social conflict, rebellion)
external: factors outside a society (environment, war)

71
Q

what are the theories of social change?

A

-conflict theory
-functionalist theory
-evolutionary theory
-gemeinschaft
-gesellschaft
-cyclical theory

72
Q

whats the difference b/w gemeinschaft and gesellschaft?

A

gemeinschaft: intimate, cooperative relationships, sm. societies
gesellschaft: specialized, impersonal relationships, lg. societies

73
Q

what are the (6) characteristics of social change?

A

-social change is inevitable
-cultural lag (some elements change quicker than others)
-unplanned consequences
-controversial
-some social changes matter more than others
-too complex and controversial to be equated w/ social progress

74
Q

what is collective behavior?

A

relatively spontaneous social actions that occur when groups of people respond to unstructured situations
-unplanned

75
Q

what is social movement?

A

large number of people, organized to either bring about or resist social change
-intentional

76
Q

what are the four theories of collective behavior?

A

-contagion theory
-emergent norm theory
-convergence theory
-minimax strategy

77
Q

what is the contagion theory of collective behavior?

A

it’s contagious and spreads easily from person to person
-irrational behavior due to high emotions

GROUP LEVEL

78
Q

what is the emergent norm theory of collective behavior?

A

individual motives that don’t contradict each other
-semirational
-comes up with rules as it occurs

EX: lisa wants money, amanda wants nuggets, clay is mad at owners

GROUP LEVEL

79
Q

what is the convergence theory of collective behavior?

A

people are drawn to certain collective behavior
-irrational
-occurs w/o thinking

EX: people building a devils tower w/o realizing it, aliens land on devils tower

INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

80
Q

what is the minimax strategy of collective behavior?

A

pro’s and con’s list
-rational

INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

81
Q

what is concentrated collective behavior?

A

occurs in same place at the same time
-CROWD
-RIOT

82
Q

what is dispersed/diffuse collective behavior?

A

people aren’t in the same place at the same time
-RUMORS
-FASHION, TRENDS
-URBAN LEGENDS (warnings, social change, guilt, fear)

83
Q

what makes social movements different from collective behavior?

A

-involve more people
-last longer
-more organized (assigned positions)
-can fall under larger movements (SMO: WWF, Ducks Unlimited)

84
Q

what are the two variables in social movements? (David Aberle)

A

who is changed? (individual vs everyone)
how much change? (limited vs radial)

85
Q

what theory is it called when it combines limited and specific individuals? what does it mean?

A

Alterative/Alternative Social Movement
-seek limited change in part of population
-partial individual change
EX: drunk driving

86
Q

what theory is it called when it combines radical and specific individuals? what does it mean?

A

Redemptive Social Movements
-help certain people redeem their lives
-joining a cult
-total individual change

87
Q

what theory is it called when it combines limited and everyone? what does it mean?

A

Reformative Social Movements
-limited change influencing everyone
-partial social change
EX: civil rights movement, same sex marriage

88
Q

what theory is it called when it combines radical and everyone? what does it mean?

A

Revolutionary Social Movements
-reject existing social institutions in favor of a radical alternative
-total societal change
-get everyone on same page

89
Q

what is the fifth type of social movement not created by David Aberle? what does it mean?

A

Resistance Movements
-strive to undo or prevent social change
EX: abortion rights

90
Q

what are the stages in social movements?

A
  1. emerge (initial idea)
  2. coalesce (raise awareness)
  3. institutionalize/bureaucratize (structured system)
  4. success, failure, repression (silences group), or cooptation (being bought out)
  5. decline (falls off the map)

Intro to Sociology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions