Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the three types in roots of racism?
-Psychological
-Cultural
-Social Structure
what are psychological roots of racism?
-ingroup vs outgroup, we are better then them
-prejudice groups
-they are unworthy
-project things people dislike about themselves onto others
what are cultural roots of racism?
-LEARNED
-depends on norms surrounding people (socialization)
-how children were raised
what are social structural roots of racism?
-social positions (STATUSES)
-expectations and rewards attached to these positions (ROLES)
-relationships among these positions
-inequality due to hierarchy
-groups of people who share common positions
what are the four patterns of interaction between minority and majority groups?
-subjugation
-expulsion
-assimilation
-pluralism
what is subjugation?
lower in ranking of one group and the assumption of a position of power and domination of others
-pushing down one group
what is expulsion?
forcing a group to leave the territory which they reside
-making the conditions bad or forcing them to leave
-Native Americans
what is assimilation?
being absorbed into the dominant or mainstream culture
-The Great American Melting Pot
-all individuality of cultures are BLENDED together to create a new culture
what is pluralism?
society is made up of many different groups, each distinct but contributes to the whole
-retain distinct characteristics of each culture
what is sex?
biologically distinct categories (male or female)
-chromosomes
-genitals
-hormones
what is gender?
cultural, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for it’s male and female members
-LEARNED
-masculinity vs femininity
what is intersex?
mixed or indeterminate male or female characteristics
-both genitals
what did Anne Fausto Sterling say about intersex?
sex is on a continuum (more than 2 sexes)
-5 SEXES
what are the 5 sexes according to Sterling?
female, ferms, herms, merms, male
what is the difference between cis and trans sex/gender?
cis: conform to existing notions of sex and gender, identity and body match
trans: does not conform to existing notions, identity and body DO NOT MATCH
NOT RELATED TO ONE’S SEXUAL PREFERENCES
what is nonbinary gender identity?
not the standard categorization of male/female
-neither male or female
what is sexism?
discrimination based on our perceived sex, gender, or cis/trans identity
what are the four beliefs of sexism?
-only 2 sexes
-one sex is superior to others
-sexes are very different and this needs to be addressed by laws, culture, etc.
-hatred of women, men, or trans
what is it called to hate women? men? trans?
women: misogyny
men: misandry
trans: transphobia
what do functionalists think about sex/gender?
some social roles are better suited to one sex/gender than the other
-sexes should be treated differently
-makes society more stable
what are Talcott Parson’s roles of sex? and what do they mean?
Instrumental Role: MALE, families material support, authority figure, brings in food and $
Expressive Role: FEMALE, families emotional support, nurturing, child care, household chores
what do conflict theorists think about sex/gender?
men have had access to most of societies material resources or privileges
-focus on power
-main the dominant position (hegemony)
-normalized/supported by norms and ideas that become “common sense”
what do symbolic interactionists think about sex/gender?
concept of gender is socially constructed, maintained, and reproduced in our everyday lives
-“doing” gender by appearing and behaving to our assigned gender role
-society creates definitions of what is appropriate for people of various sexes/genders
what is family?
group of people who consider themselves related by….
-blood
-marriage
-adoption
-legally
-close friends
-partner
what is the difference between a nuclear family and an extended famiily?
nuclear: consists of spouses and children
-for me: siblings and parents
-can have more than 1 nuclear family
extended: nuclear family plus other relatives
-grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.
what is family of orientation?
the family in which a person is raised
-family you were born into involuntarily
-everyone has at least one
-some have more due to death, divorce, foster homes, etc.
EX: children
what is family of procreation?
family is made when 1st child is born/adopted
-family that you create
EX: parents of the children
what are the (6) main functions of family?
-regulated sexual behavior
-pattern reproduction
-organize production and consumption (food, appliances, taxes)
-socialize children (values, politics, religion)
-provide care and reproduction
-provide social class/status
what is marriage?
socially recognized and legally approved union of individuals
what are (5) common trends of marriage?
-marriage rate (declining over time, increase of age overtime)
-childless couples
-household size (decrease due to BC)
-divorce
-‘commuter’ marriage (don’t live w/ each other due to jobs)
what is endogamy? monogamy? polygamy?
monogamy: married to only one person at a time
polygamy: being married to more than one person at a time
endogamy: marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe
what is the pattern of decent?
bilateral descent
-Both paternal and maternal ancestors are considered part of one’s family
kinship: one’s traceable ancestry
what does patrilineal, matrilineal, and ambilineal have to do with pattern of decent?
patrilineal: follows the father’s line only
matrilineal: follows the mother’s side only
ambilineal: follows either the father’s only or the mother’s side only
what are alternative lifestyles other than marriage?
-singlehood
-single-parent families
-blended (“step”) families
-cohabitation (living together, but not married)
what is religion?
system of beliefs, practices, philosophical values shared by a group of people
-beliefs, emotions, behaviors
why is religion important to society?
-bring people together
-gives cultural identity
-helps explain life and answer questions
how does religion fit into society? (Durkheim) (2)
Sacred: things that are holy, spiritual, or dedicated to religious purpose
Profane: things that are secular or non-religious, everyday
what are four elements of religion?
-ritual and prayer
-emotion
-belief
-organization
how are ritual and prayer incorporated into religion?
ritual: people come together to practice religion
prayer: means of individuals to communicate w/ supernatural beings, forces, or god(s)
-directly or through a leader (priest)
how is emotion incorporated into religion?
-music, smells, fasting, hallucinogens
-EX: weddings, funerals, rituals
(serpent preachers)
how is belief incorporated into religion?
supernatural force that control the things on earth
-vary widely from faith to faith
how is organization incorporated into religion?
-recruiting and training leaders
-recruiting members
-when, where the service is held
what is a universal church?
includes ALL members of a society w/in one united moral community
-everything you do is religious and all members of a society are involved
what is a ecclesia?
organization that shares same ethical/moral system as a society
-clear distinction b/w religious and not religious
what is a denomination?
subgroups w/in a religion that operates under common name, tradition, and identity
-distinct from other groups
-connected to a particular class, ethnic group, or regional group
-participate in secular affairs
-cooperate w/ other religious groups
EX: Catholic, Lutheran , Methodist
what is a sect?
group that adheres to strict religious doctrine that includes unconventional beliefs or forms of worship
-subgroup of the denomination!
EX: serpent preachers, Amish
what is a cult?
organization that is largely outside a societies cultural traditions
-leader w/ a message of a different way of the world
-did not stem from a religious group
-how many religions start though!
what are millenarian movements?
prophesy the end of the world, destruction of evil people, saving all the good people
-emerge in times of unstability
what are the differences b/w church, sect, and cult?
church: conventional religious organization
sect: deviant religious organization with traditional beliefs and practices
cult: deviant religious organization with new beliefs and practices
how do functionalists view religion?
-gives meaning and purpose to life
-reinforcing social unity and stability
-serves as an agent of social control of behavior
-keeps people ‘in line’
how do conflict theorists view religion?
-reinforces and promotes social inequality and social conflict
-helps convince any oppressed group to accept their life (ignore the hardships, God is watching)
-leads to hostility and violence motivated by religious differences
how do symbolic interactionists view religion?
-how individuals experience religion
-emphasizes nothing is sacred unless people regard it as such
-sacred events are important and give meaning to life
what is education?
ways in which info is transmitted to members of a society
-can lead to social change
what is schooling?
formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers
-don’t need a specific place to do this
what is one word each to describe how functionalists, conflict theorists, and symbolic interactionists view education?
Functionalism: Transmission (getting people knowledge)
Conflict Theory: Transformation (switch social classes)
Symbolic Interactionism: Interpretation (teachers, students)
what are the four purposes functionalists?
-intellectual
-political
-economic
-social
what are intellectual purposes of education?
-acquire basic skills and general knowledge
-learn skills of inquiry (learning how to learn on your own)
what are political purposes of education?
-educate people to be apart of political order
-promote patriotism and assimilation of immigrants
-ensure conformity to laws
what are economic purposes of education?
-prepare students for later work roles
-serves as a sorting mechanism for people to go into the right career for them
what are social purposes of education?
-promotes a sense of social and moral responsibility
-sites for the solution of social problems
how does a conflict theorist view education?
-education is unequally distributed and gives additional power to some
-education can be used as tools for discrimination
-hidden curriculum (values that aren’t explicitly taught, gender differences)
how does a symbolic interactionist view education?
-interaction b/w student/student or b/w teacher/student
-first time impression
-expectancy effect: teachers anticipate certain behaviors from students and that is what they receive
what is the difference b/w health and medicine?
health: state of complete physical, mental, and social WELL-BEING
medicine: social institution focused on fighting disease and improving health
what are the four links b/w health and society?
-cultural patterns define healthy (healthy can be termed differently)
-standards of health change overtime (women can’t run)
-technology
-social inequality (racism)
how do functionalists view health & medicine?
-medicine keeps people healthy
-health is needed for people to fulfill their roles
-“sick role”
what are types of behaviors apart of the “sick role”?
-released from everyday obligations
-required to look sick
-expected to seek help from a professional
-obligated to want to get better
how to conflict theorist view health & medicine?
-emphasizes the connection b/w health and society inequality
-access to care (wealthy = healthier)
-profit motive
-medicine as politics (BC, abortions)
how do symbolic interactionists view health & medicine?
-health & medicine are socially constructed by people in everyday interaction
-how we define out health affects how we feel
-doctors alter their appearance/behaviors to look professional
what is social change?
alteration of culture and society overtime
-TECHNOLOGY has a major role on this today
what is the difference b/w internal and external sources of social change?
internal: factors w/in a society (social conflict, rebellion)
external: factors outside a society (environment, war)
what are the theories of social change?
-conflict theory
-functionalist theory
-evolutionary theory
-gemeinschaft
-gesellschaft
-cyclical theory
whats the difference b/w gemeinschaft and gesellschaft?
gemeinschaft: intimate, cooperative relationships, sm. societies
gesellschaft: specialized, impersonal relationships, lg. societies
what are the (6) characteristics of social change?
-social change is inevitable
-cultural lag (some elements change quicker than others)
-unplanned consequences
-controversial
-some social changes matter more than others
-too complex and controversial to be equated w/ social progress
what is collective behavior?
relatively spontaneous social actions that occur when groups of people respond to unstructured situations
-unplanned
what is social movement?
large number of people, organized to either bring about or resist social change
-intentional
what are the four theories of collective behavior?
-contagion theory
-emergent norm theory
-convergence theory
-minimax strategy
what is the contagion theory of collective behavior?
it’s contagious and spreads easily from person to person
-irrational behavior due to high emotions
GROUP LEVEL
what is the emergent norm theory of collective behavior?
individual motives that don’t contradict each other
-semirational
-comes up with rules as it occurs
EX: lisa wants money, amanda wants nuggets, clay is mad at owners
GROUP LEVEL
what is the convergence theory of collective behavior?
people are drawn to certain collective behavior
-irrational
-occurs w/o thinking
EX: people building a devils tower w/o realizing it, aliens land on devils tower
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
what is the minimax strategy of collective behavior?
pro’s and con’s list
-rational
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
what is concentrated collective behavior?
occurs in same place at the same time
-CROWD
-RIOT
what is dispersed/diffuse collective behavior?
people aren’t in the same place at the same time
-RUMORS
-FASHION, TRENDS
-URBAN LEGENDS (warnings, social change, guilt, fear)
what makes social movements different from collective behavior?
-involve more people
-last longer
-more organized (assigned positions)
-can fall under larger movements (SMO: WWF, Ducks Unlimited)
what are the two variables in social movements? (David Aberle)
who is changed? (individual vs everyone)
how much change? (limited vs radial)
what theory is it called when it combines limited and specific individuals? what does it mean?
Alterative/Alternative Social Movement
-seek limited change in part of population
-partial individual change
EX: drunk driving
what theory is it called when it combines radical and specific individuals? what does it mean?
Redemptive Social Movements
-help certain people redeem their lives
-joining a cult
-total individual change
what theory is it called when it combines limited and everyone? what does it mean?
Reformative Social Movements
-limited change influencing everyone
-partial social change
EX: civil rights movement, same sex marriage
what theory is it called when it combines radical and everyone? what does it mean?
Revolutionary Social Movements
-reject existing social institutions in favor of a radical alternative
-total societal change
-get everyone on same page
what is the fifth type of social movement not created by David Aberle? what does it mean?
Resistance Movements
-strive to undo or prevent social change
EX: abortion rights
what are the stages in social movements?
- emerge (initial idea)
- coalesce (raise awareness)
- institutionalize/bureaucratize (structured system)
- success, failure, repression (silences group), or cooptation (being bought out)
- decline (falls off the map)
