Exam 2 Flashcards
what is socialization?
the process where people learn the characteristics of their group
what are some examples of socialization?
language, humor, religion, attitudes, values, actions
what are the 5 agents of socialization?
family
religion
school
peers
mass media
what is the most important agent of socialization?
family
-due to most exposure
how we learn socialization from our family?
through your social class
-working class
-middle class
what are some traits valued by middle class families?
creativity
self exposure
self control
what are some traits valued by working class families?
obedience
conformity
rule following
how is socialization involved religion?
it teaches us culture
some examples of traits we learn through socialization in religion
morality, community, beliefs
respecting other’s views, holidays, laws
what are the three ways school can socialize us?
manifest functions
latent functions
hidden curriculum
what is manifest functions?
recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
what are latent functions?
consequences that are unrecognized and/or unintended
what is the hidden curriculum?
values not directly taught
examples of manifest functions
reading, writing, math
example of latent functions
kindergarten as daycare for kids
examples of the hidden curriculum
sex bias, gender roles, race inequality
how are peers involved in socialization?
they are roughly the same age or linked by common interests
-2nd MOST IMPORTANT
what are the three ways peer groups are powerful in socialization?
-common interests
-provide guidelines/norms
-they are voluntary and can leave
how is the mass media involved in socialization?
impersonal communication direct at a huge group of people
what are examples of mass media?
newspaper, news network, billboards, TV
-NOT SOCIAL MEDIA
what are positives of mass media?
spread info fast and can see things you never can in real life
what are negatives of mass media?
fake news, not outside enjoying nature, lots of violence shownn
what is anticipatory socialization?
playing a role before entering
what are some examples of anticipatory socialization?
-doing college to prepare you for a job
-doing things to prepare you for a child
what is primary socialization?
mastery of skills and info required for society
what are some examples of primary socialization?
teenage going to the store to get groceries, toilet training
what is adult socialization?
adults learning new statuses and roles
-influenced by parenthood, marriage, and careers
how is adult socialization different from primary socialization?
-adults are aware
-adults have control over it
what is resocialization?
new ideas and values that conflict with what we previously learned
can resocialization be intentional?
yes
-can be intentional or unintentional
can resocialization be voluntary?
yes
-can be voluntary and involuntary
what is total institution?
place where people are isolated from the world
-everything is controlled by others
what are some examples of a total institution?
prison, psych ward, military training, rehab facility
how are total institutions effective? (5)
-isolation from outside world
-always with same people in same place
-gives up clothes and possessions for uniform
-little/regulated contact with friends & family
-loss of freedom of action
what are five types of social interaction?
-nonverbal behavior
-exchange
-cooperation
-conflict
-competition
what is nonverbal behavior?
body movements and positions
-intentional and replace language
what are some examples of nonverbal behavior?
gesticulations (air quotes), posture, “man spread”
what is exchange in social interaction?
doing something for a person and getting a reward/return for it
what are some examples of exchange in social interaction?
job (work -> money)
changing someones tire (fix tire -> good feeling)
what is cooperation in social interaction?
people act together to promote common interests or goals
what are the four types of cooperation in social interaction?
-spontaneous
-traditional
-directed
-contractual
what is spontaneous cooperation?
something happens and we work together to fix it
example of spontaneous cooperation?
natural disasters
ceiling falling on classmates
what is traditional cooperation?
tied to custom and done in a certain way
examples of traditional cooperation?
amish barn raising, holiday meal (potluck)
what is directed cooperation?
activity under people of authority, someone can ‘fill’ in
what are examples of directed cooperation?
teacher, coach, boss
what is contractual cooperation?
everyone has a specific role and everyone must stay in their lane
what is an example of contactual cooperation?
remodeling a house
-electrician does wiring
-plumber does garbage disposal
what is conflict in social interaction?
people struggle against one another for some commonly prized object or value
-can be individual or group
what is competition in social interaction?
conflict where individuals or groups confine (solve) the conflict w/in agreed-upon rules
-conflict isn’t always bad
what are some examples of competition in social interaction?
sports games, elections, student in college, jobs
what is a status?
socially defined positions that people have in a society
for a status, they exist ___ from the individual
INDEPENDENT
what is an example of a status?
Michael Jordan is an NBA player
-there are still NBA players w/o Jordan
what are the three types of status?
ascribed, achieved, master
what is an ascribed status?
born into it and not controlled by our actions or decisions
examples of an ascribed status
social class, family, race
-oldest becoming a sibling
what is an achieved status?
result of an individuals actions
examples of achieved status
college student, employee, friend, spouse, athlete, parent
what is master status?
many statuses a person occupies that dominate in a person’s life
-can be ascribed or achieved
what is an example of a master status?
parent, spouse, employee
-job depends on when you can see family
disability
we play ___ in our statuses
roles
what is a role?
culturally defined rules for proper behavior with our status
what is a role set?
all roles attached to a single status
what is an example of a role set?
student
-study, attendance, do HW, tuition, party, activities
what is role strain?
single role has conflicting demands
what is an example of role strain?
student
-get good grades
-earn points in participation but don’t want to talk too much
what is role conflict?
inability to do roles of one status w/o violating another status
-due to having multiple statuses
examples of role conflict
student -> study for exam
daughter -> mom in hospital
-can’t do it all at the same time, they conflict
what is an anomie?
feeling of not belonging
-w/o connection to other we get sad
what is a group?
2+ people with something in common and an ongoing interactoin
example of a group?
the Soc107 class
what is a category?
collection of people with similar interests
-no on-going interaction
examples of a category
blonde hair, football player, coe college alum 2020
what is an aggregate?
collection of people in the same place at the same time
-no shared traits
what is an example of an aggregate?
airport, grocery store
what is a primary group?
intimate, long-term, face to face association and cooperation
-informal
example of a primary group
friends, family
what is a secondary group?
large, formal, somewhat impersonal based on interest or activity
example of a secondary group
Soc107, drivers ED
what are in-groups?
groups towards which one feels loyalty
-US, we are superior than others
examples of an in-group
Coe volleyball, greek life, athletes
what are out-groups?
groups towards which one feels antagonism
-THEM, not as good as us
examples of out-groups for coe volleyball
wartburg, cornell
what is the point of in-groups?
-sense of belonging
-feeling of superiority
-command loyalty and not switch sides
what is a reference group?
use as a standard to evaluate ourselves
-don’t have to belong to it
examples of a reference group
parents, other students, other employees
what is a formal organization?
secondary groups designed to achieve explicit objectives
example of a formal organization
churches, clubs
what are 3 characteristics of organizations?
-deliberate construction (intentional)
-structure (well defined roles and statuses)
-specific rules and sanctions for violating these rules
what is a bureaucracy?
organization based on rules with a clear, impersonal, and hierarchical authority structure
examples of a bureaucracy?
government, military, colleges
what are Webers essential characteristics of a bureaucracy? (5)
hierarchy
division of labor
written rules
written communications and records
impersonality (position not person)
what are three negatives to bureaucracies?
-service w/o a smile
-rules are rules
-goal displacement
what is meant by ‘rules are rules’?
don’t know how to deal with anything outside of the rules
-trained incapacity (compulsive rule following)
what is meant by ‘goal displacement’?
organizations goal was achieved so they create a new organization
-some money for charities goes to advertising and not all to the charity
what does Parkinson’s law state?
busy work is used to fill the time available
-“look busy”
-lots of down time
-used as why bureaucracies are inefficient
what does Peter Principle state?
you rise to the level of incompetence
-you continue to get promoted until you suck at the job
-you do well = promotion
-you suck at job = stay in that position
-used as why bureaucracies are inefficient
what does Iron Law of Oligarchy (Michels) state?
people do what they can to hold their power and not whats best for the organization
-ex: politics
-used as why bureaucracies are inefficient
what is an economic system?
responsible for the production and distribution of goods and services
what are three things an economic systems takes into account when producing and distributing goods?
-what should be produced and how much
-how should limited resources be used to produce
-for whom should get the goods/services
what are the three types of economic systems?
-capitalism
-socialism
-mixed economies
what is capitalism?
-private ownership
-pursuit of profit
-market competition (authority of group decides what and how to sell)
what is socialism?
-public ownership
-no profit motive
-central planning (gov. decides)
what is a mixed economy?
contains elements of both capitalism and socialism
what is the main type of economic system in todays society?
mixed economy
what are the 5 historical stages of economic systems throughout the yeas?
1) hunting & gathering
2) pastoral and or horticultural
3) agriculture (growth of trade)
4) industrial (birth of machines)
5) postindustrial (information age)
what occurred in the hunting and gathering stage?
subsistence: having just enough to survive
-no extra
-many people didn’t survive
what occurred in the Pastoral and Horticultural stage?
domestication and growing/controlling plants
-created a surplus of supplies
what are some positives of surplus?
allows for…
-populations to grow
-settling in one place
-specialized division of labor
-trade in different group
what occurred in the agriculture (growth of trade) stage?
-cities were the center of trade (lessened travel)
-accelerated use of currency
-greater use of power
-new inventions for ag efficiency ( the plow)
what occurred in the industrial stage?
-invented machinery that didn’t require human/animal power
-more consumers than producers
-mass production of goods/services
what occurred in the postindustrial stage?
-extensive increase of trade b/w nations
-finished items (furniture, objects)
-lg. surplus of goods
-lots of employment opportunities
-more availability of goods/service
-information is known immediately (telephone)
what is a negative of surplus?
although there is a surplus, it doesn’t mean everyones needs are met
what is deviance?
recognized violation of cultural norms that someone or a group deemed important
-can be illegal but not always
what are the four perspectives of deviance?
statistical perspective
absolutist perspective
normative perspective
relativistic perspective
what is the statistical perspective of deviance?
whatever majority of people do is normal, everything else is deviant
-EX: Alc use is 67%, drinking is normal so not drinking is deviant
what is the negatives of the statistical perspective of deviance?
ignores cultural norms and values
what is the absolutist perspective of deviance?
deviance is behavior that violates the public morality
-black and white perspective (deviant or not deviant)
-based on potential for harm
-EX: Alc use is always okay, alc use is never okay
negatives of absolutist perspective of deviance?
bad view on overall world
-if alc use is always okay, I can drink and drive/perform surgery/work
what is the normative perspective of deviance?
deviance is rule-breaking or norm-violating behavior
-must have a clear set of norms/rules
-expectations, laws
-EX: alc use is okay over 21 and under 0.08 BAC
negatives of normative perspective of deviance
assumes each culture has clear norms and distinctions b/w right and wrong
what is the relativistic perspective of deviance?
deviance is a label applied to SOME behaviors done by SOME people in SOME places at SOMEtimes
-label applied to others
-higher ups have the power to determine this
-EX: alc use can be done at work or at home depending on situation
what is a negative to the relativistic perspective of deviance?
ignores overall cultural standards and values
what is crime?
anything that violates a society’s laws
-always deviant
what are four ways a society punishes for crime?
retribution
deterrence
rehabilitation
social protection
what is retribution?
redemption for a moral wrong (eye for eye)
-you do the crime, you do the time
-punishment matches the crime (jail time)
what is deterrence?
fear of punishment keeps people from committing crimes
-minimizes reoffending the same crime (recidivism)
-not accurate (we don’t do crimes due to our morals, not fear)
what is rehabilitation?
improve conditions of offenders so they won’t commit future crimes
-people must WANT to be fixed and is very $$$
what is social protection?
keep general public safe from criminals
-can create a subculture of criminals due to only being able to live in a certain area
what is a violent crime?
the crime has the potential to result in injury to a person
-use of threat or force
examples of a violent crime
murder, rape, robbery
what is property crime?
intent of gaining/damaging property
-does not involve threat
-might threaten an object, but not a person
examples of a property crime?
burglary, theft, arson
what is victimless crime?
violation of the law where there are no apparent victims
-both parties are guilty
example of a victimless crime?
Lisa bought illegal drugs from a drug dealer
-both are doing illegal activities
what is a felony?
punishment by a year or more in person
what is a misdemeanor?
less serious offense, punished less severely
what does UCR stand for?
Uniform Crime Report
what is the UCR?
jurisdictions report to the FBI the number of crimes committed in a year
what are issues with the UCR?
-not everyone reports to the FBI (not required)
-not all crimes are known by the police (rape, theft)
what does NCVS stand for?
National Crime Victimization Survey
what is the NCVS?
through the US department of justice
-does a representative nationwide random sample
-telephone questionare
-asks if they have been a victim of a crime
-NOT MURDER OR ARSON (you would be dead/hard to prove)
benefits of the NCVS?
can ask people that too shy to bring crimes to the police
-they come to you
negatives of the NCVS?
-can’t remember timeline and if it was within the last year
-can’t distinguish b/w robbery, burglary, theft
what are the differences b/w robber, burglary, and theft?
robbery: threat, force
burglary: entering a secured area to cause a crime
theft: stealing stuff not in a secured area (bike on porch)
what is social evaluation?
making judgments on basis of individual characteristics or behavior
-INDIVIDUAL LEVEL
what is social inequality?
uneven distribution of privilege, material reward, opportunities, or power w/in a society
-GROUP LEVEL
what is social stratification?
division of people into levels/layers according to power/property
-looks at big picture of inequality
what are the two models of social stratification?
rock layer
ladder
what is the difference between rock layer model and ladder model?
-rock layer is a set in stone placement, hard to switch
-ladder you can move up and down, dynamic model
what are the four systems of social stratification?
-slavery
-caste
-clan
-class
what is slavery in social strata?
people are owned by other people
-not always based on race (could be debt, crimes, war, etc.)
-strata: slaves, slave owners, former slaves, non-owners
what is caste in social strata?
status is determined by birth and is lifelong
-contains rigid and defined groups
-marriage w/in ones group (endogamy in India)
what is clan in social strata?
social standing derived from belonging to an extended network
-“its who you know”
-higher reaching network = higher up in social class
-status moves as a GROUP, not individually
-marriage across groups (exogamy)
what is class in social strata?
based on money or material possessions
-allows for social mobility
-ranking of people based on wealth, power, prestige (Weber)
which of the four strata best fits the rock model?
Caste
-b/c you stay in the same strata lifelong
which of the four strata best fits the ladder model?
Class
-you can move in social class throughout your life
-can be dependent on job you earn
what is power?
ability to carry out one’s desires, despite opposition from others
what is prestige?
respect or regard based on occupation
what is race?
physical characteristics that believed to distinguish one group from another
-skin color, hair texture, body type, eye shape
-arbitrary (someone decided this)
what are the three definitions to determine race?
genetic
legal
social
genetic definition of race
looks at gene frequencies
legal definition of race
separate but equal, white vs colors
-1/8 rule (1/8 black = colored)
social definition of race
how you identify yourself
-MAIN WAY
what is an ethnic group?
group with distinct cultural tradition which it’s own members identify
-not about physical characteristics
-clothing, food, holidays, traditions
-LEARNED
what is a minority group?
group that is singled out for different and unequal treatment
-collective discrimination
-religion, sex preference, education
what is racism?
any attitude, belief, practice, or arrangement that favors one racial or ethnic group over another
what is prejudice?
pre-conceived attitude toward certain groups and people perceived to be members of them
-the THOUGHTS
what is discrimination?
different treatment towards individuals who are assumed to belong to a particular group
-the ACTIONS
what is Merton’s 4 categories of prejudice/discrimination?
Discriminate + Prejudice = all weather Bigot
Discriminate = fair weather Liberal
Prejudice = fair weather Bigot
neither = all weather Liberal
how can you be discriminate but not prejudice? (how can you act on it but not think it)
-order to
-peer pressure
-laughing at things deemed offensive (passive route)
what is Individual Racism?
pre-judgment, bias, or discrimination by an individual based on race
-not always intentional
what is implicit bias?
holding attitude towards people or associate stereotypes with them w/o our conscious knowledge
what is microaggression?
comment or action that subtly expresses a prejudice toward a member of a marginalized group
-“you sound/act white”
-type of individual racism
what is the Louisiana voting exam?
African American had to pass before the right to vote
-nearly impossible to pass
what was the amendment passed that allowed african americans to vote and what year was this passed?
15th amendment in 1869
when was the last Louisiana voting exam taken?
1965
what is institutionalized racism?
social arrangement where institutions give benefits to one group and withhold them from another
-Louisiana voting exam is an example of this
what is structural racism?
social, economic, or political system featuring public policies and practice, cultural representation, and other norms that perpetuate inequalities
what is an example of structural racism?
Redlining
-gov. made neighborhoods only for blacks
what is symbolic racism?
subtle form of racial prejudice which
-people deny reality of unequal opportunity therefore
-people would blame minorities for their own disadvantages therefore
-oppose all efforts to promote greater racial equality
