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Intro to Sociology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is socialization?

A

the process where people learn the characteristics of their group

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2
Q

what are some examples of socialization?

A

language, humor, religion, attitudes, values, actions

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3
Q

what are the 5 agents of socialization?

A

family
religion
school
peers
mass media

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4
Q

what is the most important agent of socialization?

A

family
-due to most exposure

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5
Q

how we learn socialization from our family?

A

through your social class
-working class
-middle class

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6
Q

what are some traits valued by middle class families?

A

creativity
self exposure
self control

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7
Q

what are some traits valued by working class families?

A

obedience
conformity
rule following

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8
Q

how is socialization involved religion?

A

it teaches us culture

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9
Q

some examples of traits we learn through socialization in religion

A

morality, community, beliefs
respecting other’s views, holidays, laws

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10
Q

what are the three ways school can socialize us?

A

manifest functions
latent functions
hidden curriculum

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11
Q

what is manifest functions?

A

recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

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12
Q

what are latent functions?

A

consequences that are unrecognized and/or unintended

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13
Q

what is the hidden curriculum?

A

values not directly taught

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14
Q

examples of manifest functions

A

reading, writing, math

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15
Q

example of latent functions

A

kindergarten as daycare for kids

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16
Q

examples of the hidden curriculum

A

sex bias, gender roles, race inequality

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17
Q

how are peers involved in socialization?

A

they are roughly the same age or linked by common interests
-2nd MOST IMPORTANT

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18
Q

what are the three ways peer groups are powerful in socialization?

A

-common interests
-provide guidelines/norms
-they are voluntary and can leave

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19
Q

how is the mass media involved in socialization?

A

impersonal communication direct at a huge group of people

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20
Q

what are examples of mass media?

A

newspaper, news network, billboards, TV
-NOT SOCIAL MEDIA

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21
Q

what are positives of mass media?

A

spread info fast and can see things you never can in real life

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22
Q

what are negatives of mass media?

A

fake news, not outside enjoying nature, lots of violence shownn

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23
Q

what is anticipatory socialization?

A

playing a role before entering

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24
Q

what are some examples of anticipatory socialization?

A

-doing college to prepare you for a job
-doing things to prepare you for a child

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25
Q

what is primary socialization?

A

mastery of skills and info required for society

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26
Q

what are some examples of primary socialization?

A

teenage going to the store to get groceries, toilet training

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27
Q

what is adult socialization?

A

adults learning new statuses and roles
-influenced by parenthood, marriage, and careers

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28
Q

how is adult socialization different from primary socialization?

A

-adults are aware
-adults have control over it

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29
Q

what is resocialization?

A

new ideas and values that conflict with what we previously learned

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30
Q

can resocialization be intentional?

A

yes
-can be intentional or unintentional

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31
Q

can resocialization be voluntary?

A

yes
-can be voluntary and involuntary

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32
Q

what is total institution?

A

place where people are isolated from the world
-everything is controlled by others

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33
Q

what are some examples of a total institution?

A

prison, psych ward, military training, rehab facility

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34
Q

how are total institutions effective? (5)

A

-isolation from outside world
-always with same people in same place
-gives up clothes and possessions for uniform
-little/regulated contact with friends & family
-loss of freedom of action

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35
Q

what are five types of social interaction?

A

-nonverbal behavior
-exchange
-cooperation
-conflict
-competition

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36
Q

what is nonverbal behavior?

A

body movements and positions
-intentional and replace language

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37
Q

what are some examples of nonverbal behavior?

A

gesticulations (air quotes), posture, “man spread”

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38
Q

what is exchange in social interaction?

A

doing something for a person and getting a reward/return for it

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39
Q

what are some examples of exchange in social interaction?

A

job (work -> money)
changing someones tire (fix tire -> good feeling)

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40
Q

what is cooperation in social interaction?

A

people act together to promote common interests or goals

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41
Q

what are the four types of cooperation in social interaction?

A

-spontaneous
-traditional
-directed
-contractual

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42
Q

what is spontaneous cooperation?

A

something happens and we work together to fix it

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43
Q

example of spontaneous cooperation?

A

natural disasters
ceiling falling on classmates

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44
Q

what is traditional cooperation?

A

tied to custom and done in a certain way

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45
Q

examples of traditional cooperation?

A

amish barn raising, holiday meal (potluck)

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46
Q

what is directed cooperation?

A

activity under people of authority, someone can ‘fill’ in

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47
Q

what are examples of directed cooperation?

A

teacher, coach, boss

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48
Q

what is contractual cooperation?

A

everyone has a specific role and everyone must stay in their lane

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49
Q

what is an example of contactual cooperation?

A

remodeling a house
-electrician does wiring
-plumber does garbage disposal

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50
Q

what is conflict in social interaction?

A

people struggle against one another for some commonly prized object or value
-can be individual or group

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51
Q

what is competition in social interaction?

A

conflict where individuals or groups confine (solve) the conflict w/in agreed-upon rules
-conflict isn’t always bad

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52
Q

what are some examples of competition in social interaction?

A

sports games, elections, student in college, jobs

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53
Q

what is a status?

A

socially defined positions that people have in a society

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54
Q

for a status, they exist ___ from the individual

A

INDEPENDENT

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55
Q

what is an example of a status?

A

Michael Jordan is an NBA player
-there are still NBA players w/o Jordan

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56
Q

what are the three types of status?

A

ascribed, achieved, master

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57
Q

what is an ascribed status?

A

born into it and not controlled by our actions or decisions

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58
Q

examples of an ascribed status

A

social class, family, race
-oldest becoming a sibling

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59
Q

what is an achieved status?

A

result of an individuals actions

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60
Q

examples of achieved status

A

college student, employee, friend, spouse, athlete, parent

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61
Q

what is master status?

A

many statuses a person occupies that dominate in a person’s life
-can be ascribed or achieved

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62
Q

what is an example of a master status?

A

parent, spouse, employee
-job depends on when you can see family
disability

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63
Q

we play ___ in our statuses

A

roles

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64
Q

what is a role?

A

culturally defined rules for proper behavior with our status

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65
Q

what is a role set?

A

all roles attached to a single status

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66
Q

what is an example of a role set?

A

student
-study, attendance, do HW, tuition, party, activities

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67
Q

what is role strain?

A

single role has conflicting demands

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68
Q

what is an example of role strain?

A

student
-get good grades
-earn points in participation but don’t want to talk too much

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69
Q

what is role conflict?

A

inability to do roles of one status w/o violating another status
-due to having multiple statuses

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70
Q

examples of role conflict

A

student -> study for exam
daughter -> mom in hospital
-can’t do it all at the same time, they conflict

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71
Q

what is an anomie?

A

feeling of not belonging
-w/o connection to other we get sad

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72
Q

what is a group?

A

2+ people with something in common and an ongoing interactoin

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73
Q

example of a group?

A

the Soc107 class

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74
Q

what is a category?

A

collection of people with similar interests
-no on-going interaction

75
Q

examples of a category

A

blonde hair, football player, coe college alum 2020

76
Q

what is an aggregate?

A

collection of people in the same place at the same time
-no shared traits

77
Q

what is an example of an aggregate?

A

airport, grocery store

78
Q

what is a primary group?

A

intimate, long-term, face to face association and cooperation
-informal

79
Q

example of a primary group

A

friends, family

80
Q

what is a secondary group?

A

large, formal, somewhat impersonal based on interest or activity

81
Q

example of a secondary group

A

Soc107, drivers ED

82
Q

what are in-groups?

A

groups towards which one feels loyalty
-US, we are superior than others

83
Q

examples of an in-group

A

Coe volleyball, greek life, athletes

84
Q

what are out-groups?

A

groups towards which one feels antagonism
-THEM, not as good as us

85
Q

examples of out-groups for coe volleyball

A

wartburg, cornell

86
Q

what is the point of in-groups?

A

-sense of belonging
-feeling of superiority
-command loyalty and not switch sides

87
Q

what is a reference group?

A

use as a standard to evaluate ourselves
-don’t have to belong to it

88
Q

examples of a reference group

A

parents, other students, other employees

89
Q

what is a formal organization?

A

secondary groups designed to achieve explicit objectives

90
Q

example of a formal organization

A

churches, clubs

91
Q

what are 3 characteristics of organizations?

A

-deliberate construction (intentional)
-structure (well defined roles and statuses)
-specific rules and sanctions for violating these rules

92
Q

what is a bureaucracy?

A

organization based on rules with a clear, impersonal, and hierarchical authority structure

93
Q

examples of a bureaucracy?

A

government, military, colleges

94
Q

what are Webers essential characteristics of a bureaucracy? (5)

A

hierarchy
division of labor
written rules
written communications and records
impersonality (position not person)

95
Q

what are three negatives to bureaucracies?

A

-service w/o a smile
-rules are rules
-goal displacement

96
Q

what is meant by ‘rules are rules’?

A

don’t know how to deal with anything outside of the rules
-trained incapacity (compulsive rule following)

97
Q

what is meant by ‘goal displacement’?

A

organizations goal was achieved so they create a new organization
-some money for charities goes to advertising and not all to the charity

98
Q

what does Parkinson’s law state?

A

busy work is used to fill the time available
-“look busy”
-lots of down time
-used as why bureaucracies are inefficient

99
Q

what does Peter Principle state?

A

you rise to the level of incompetence
-you continue to get promoted until you suck at the job
-you do well = promotion
-you suck at job = stay in that position
-used as why bureaucracies are inefficient

100
Q

what does Iron Law of Oligarchy (Michels) state?

A

people do what they can to hold their power and not whats best for the organization
-ex: politics
-used as why bureaucracies are inefficient

101
Q

what is an economic system?

A

responsible for the production and distribution of goods and services

102
Q

what are three things an economic systems takes into account when producing and distributing goods?

A

-what should be produced and how much
-how should limited resources be used to produce
-for whom should get the goods/services

103
Q

what are the three types of economic systems?

A

-capitalism
-socialism
-mixed economies

104
Q

what is capitalism?

A

-private ownership
-pursuit of profit
-market competition (authority of group decides what and how to sell)

105
Q

what is socialism?

A

-public ownership
-no profit motive
-central planning (gov. decides)

106
Q

what is a mixed economy?

A

contains elements of both capitalism and socialism

107
Q

what is the main type of economic system in todays society?

A

mixed economy

108
Q

what are the 5 historical stages of economic systems throughout the yeas?

A

1) hunting & gathering
2) pastoral and or horticultural
3) agriculture (growth of trade)
4) industrial (birth of machines)
5) postindustrial (information age)

109
Q

what occurred in the hunting and gathering stage?

A

subsistence: having just enough to survive
-no extra
-many people didn’t survive

110
Q

what occurred in the Pastoral and Horticultural stage?

A

domestication and growing/controlling plants
-created a surplus of supplies

111
Q

what are some positives of surplus?

A

allows for…
-populations to grow
-settling in one place
-specialized division of labor
-trade in different group

112
Q

what occurred in the agriculture (growth of trade) stage?

A

-cities were the center of trade (lessened travel)
-accelerated use of currency
-greater use of power
-new inventions for ag efficiency ( the plow)

113
Q

what occurred in the industrial stage?

A

-invented machinery that didn’t require human/animal power
-more consumers than producers
-mass production of goods/services

114
Q

what occurred in the postindustrial stage?

A

-extensive increase of trade b/w nations
-finished items (furniture, objects)
-lg. surplus of goods
-lots of employment opportunities
-more availability of goods/service
-information is known immediately (telephone)

115
Q

what is a negative of surplus?

A

although there is a surplus, it doesn’t mean everyones needs are met

116
Q

what is deviance?

A

recognized violation of cultural norms that someone or a group deemed important
-can be illegal but not always

117
Q

what are the four perspectives of deviance?

A

statistical perspective
absolutist perspective
normative perspective
relativistic perspective

118
Q

what is the statistical perspective of deviance?

A

whatever majority of people do is normal, everything else is deviant
-EX: Alc use is 67%, drinking is normal so not drinking is deviant

119
Q

what is the negatives of the statistical perspective of deviance?

A

ignores cultural norms and values

120
Q

what is the absolutist perspective of deviance?

A

deviance is behavior that violates the public morality
-black and white perspective (deviant or not deviant)
-based on potential for harm
-EX: Alc use is always okay, alc use is never okay

121
Q

negatives of absolutist perspective of deviance?

A

bad view on overall world
-if alc use is always okay, I can drink and drive/perform surgery/work

122
Q

what is the normative perspective of deviance?

A

deviance is rule-breaking or norm-violating behavior
-must have a clear set of norms/rules
-expectations, laws
-EX: alc use is okay over 21 and under 0.08 BAC

123
Q

negatives of normative perspective of deviance

A

assumes each culture has clear norms and distinctions b/w right and wrong

124
Q

what is the relativistic perspective of deviance?

A

deviance is a label applied to SOME behaviors done by SOME people in SOME places at SOMEtimes
-label applied to others
-higher ups have the power to determine this
-EX: alc use can be done at work or at home depending on situation

125
Q

what is a negative to the relativistic perspective of deviance?

A

ignores overall cultural standards and values

126
Q

what is crime?

A

anything that violates a society’s laws
-always deviant

127
Q

what are four ways a society punishes for crime?

A

retribution
deterrence
rehabilitation
social protection

128
Q

what is retribution?

A

redemption for a moral wrong (eye for eye)
-you do the crime, you do the time
-punishment matches the crime (jail time)

129
Q

what is deterrence?

A

fear of punishment keeps people from committing crimes
-minimizes reoffending the same crime (recidivism)
-not accurate (we don’t do crimes due to our morals, not fear)

130
Q

what is rehabilitation?

A

improve conditions of offenders so they won’t commit future crimes
-people must WANT to be fixed and is very $$$

131
Q

what is social protection?

A

keep general public safe from criminals
-can create a subculture of criminals due to only being able to live in a certain area

132
Q

what is a violent crime?

A

the crime has the potential to result in injury to a person
-use of threat or force

133
Q

examples of a violent crime

A

murder, rape, robbery

134
Q

what is property crime?

A

intent of gaining/damaging property
-does not involve threat
-might threaten an object, but not a person

135
Q

examples of a property crime?

A

burglary, theft, arson

136
Q

what is victimless crime?

A

violation of the law where there are no apparent victims
-both parties are guilty

137
Q

example of a victimless crime?

A

Lisa bought illegal drugs from a drug dealer
-both are doing illegal activities

138
Q

what is a felony?

A

punishment by a year or more in person

139
Q

what is a misdemeanor?

A

less serious offense, punished less severely

140
Q

what does UCR stand for?

A

Uniform Crime Report

141
Q

what is the UCR?

A

jurisdictions report to the FBI the number of crimes committed in a year

142
Q

what are issues with the UCR?

A

-not everyone reports to the FBI (not required)
-not all crimes are known by the police (rape, theft)

143
Q

what does NCVS stand for?

A

National Crime Victimization Survey

144
Q

what is the NCVS?

A

through the US department of justice
-does a representative nationwide random sample
-telephone questionare
-asks if they have been a victim of a crime
-NOT MURDER OR ARSON (you would be dead/hard to prove)

145
Q

benefits of the NCVS?

A

can ask people that too shy to bring crimes to the police
-they come to you

146
Q

negatives of the NCVS?

A

-can’t remember timeline and if it was within the last year
-can’t distinguish b/w robbery, burglary, theft

147
Q

what are the differences b/w robber, burglary, and theft?

A

robbery: threat, force
burglary: entering a secured area to cause a crime
theft: stealing stuff not in a secured area (bike on porch)

148
Q

what is social evaluation?

A

making judgments on basis of individual characteristics or behavior
-INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

149
Q

what is social inequality?

A

uneven distribution of privilege, material reward, opportunities, or power w/in a society
-GROUP LEVEL

150
Q

what is social stratification?

A

division of people into levels/layers according to power/property
-looks at big picture of inequality

151
Q

what are the two models of social stratification?

A

rock layer
ladder

152
Q

what is the difference between rock layer model and ladder model?

A

-rock layer is a set in stone placement, hard to switch
-ladder you can move up and down, dynamic model

153
Q

what are the four systems of social stratification?

A

-slavery
-caste
-clan
-class

154
Q

what is slavery in social strata?

A

people are owned by other people
-not always based on race (could be debt, crimes, war, etc.)
-strata: slaves, slave owners, former slaves, non-owners

155
Q

what is caste in social strata?

A

status is determined by birth and is lifelong
-contains rigid and defined groups
-marriage w/in ones group (endogamy in India)

156
Q

what is clan in social strata?

A

social standing derived from belonging to an extended network
-“its who you know”
-higher reaching network = higher up in social class
-status moves as a GROUP, not individually
-marriage across groups (exogamy)

157
Q

what is class in social strata?

A

based on money or material possessions
-allows for social mobility
-ranking of people based on wealth, power, prestige (Weber)

158
Q

which of the four strata best fits the rock model?

A

Caste
-b/c you stay in the same strata lifelong

159
Q

which of the four strata best fits the ladder model?

A

Class
-you can move in social class throughout your life
-can be dependent on job you earn

160
Q

what is power?

A

ability to carry out one’s desires, despite opposition from others

161
Q

what is prestige?

A

respect or regard based on occupation

162
Q

what is race?

A

physical characteristics that believed to distinguish one group from another
-skin color, hair texture, body type, eye shape
-arbitrary (someone decided this)

163
Q

what are the three definitions to determine race?

A

genetic
legal
social

164
Q

genetic definition of race

A

looks at gene frequencies

165
Q

legal definition of race

A

separate but equal, white vs colors
-1/8 rule (1/8 black = colored)

166
Q

social definition of race

A

how you identify yourself
-MAIN WAY

167
Q

what is an ethnic group?

A

group with distinct cultural tradition which it’s own members identify
-not about physical characteristics
-clothing, food, holidays, traditions
-LEARNED

168
Q

what is a minority group?

A

group that is singled out for different and unequal treatment
-collective discrimination
-religion, sex preference, education

169
Q

what is racism?

A

any attitude, belief, practice, or arrangement that favors one racial or ethnic group over another

170
Q

what is prejudice?

A

pre-conceived attitude toward certain groups and people perceived to be members of them
-the THOUGHTS

171
Q

what is discrimination?

A

different treatment towards individuals who are assumed to belong to a particular group
-the ACTIONS

172
Q

what is Merton’s 4 categories of prejudice/discrimination?

A

Discriminate + Prejudice = all weather Bigot
Discriminate = fair weather Liberal
Prejudice = fair weather Bigot
neither = all weather Liberal

173
Q

how can you be discriminate but not prejudice? (how can you act on it but not think it)

A

-order to
-peer pressure
-laughing at things deemed offensive (passive route)

174
Q

what is Individual Racism?

A

pre-judgment, bias, or discrimination by an individual based on race
-not always intentional

175
Q

what is implicit bias?

A

holding attitude towards people or associate stereotypes with them w/o our conscious knowledge

176
Q

what is microaggression?

A

comment or action that subtly expresses a prejudice toward a member of a marginalized group
-“you sound/act white”
-type of individual racism

177
Q

what is the Louisiana voting exam?

A

African American had to pass before the right to vote
-nearly impossible to pass

178
Q

what was the amendment passed that allowed african americans to vote and what year was this passed?

A

15th amendment in 1869

179
Q

when was the last Louisiana voting exam taken?

A

1965

180
Q

what is institutionalized racism?

A

social arrangement where institutions give benefits to one group and withhold them from another
-Louisiana voting exam is an example of this

181
Q

what is structural racism?

A

social, economic, or political system featuring public policies and practice, cultural representation, and other norms that perpetuate inequalities

182
Q

what is an example of structural racism?

A

Redlining
-gov. made neighborhoods only for blacks

183
Q

what is symbolic racism?

A

subtle form of racial prejudice which
-people deny reality of unequal opportunity therefore
-people would blame minorities for their own disadvantages therefore
-oppose all efforts to promote greater racial equality

Intro to Sociology (3 decks)

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