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Intro to Sociology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is sociology?

A

the scientific study of human interactions and their societies

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2
Q

what is a social science?

A

understanding the social world objectively
-opinions, objective (fair, unbiased)

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3
Q

what is science?

A

systematically with a purpose to make sense of our world

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4
Q

what are the goals of science? (3)

A

explanation: answering whys
generalize: go behind the individual
predict: future

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5
Q

what is the sociological perspective?

A

understanding human behavior by placing it in its broader social context
-“everyone does it”

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6
Q

what is social location?

A

people’s group membership in time and society

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7
Q

what is society?

A

group of people who share a culture and territory

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8
Q

what is sociological imagination?

A

relationship b/w individual experiences and society that shape our actions

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9
Q

what did C. Wright Mill do?

A

-ability to see the general in the specific
-need to understand history of society and the individual
-intersection of biography, history, and society

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10
Q

what are personal “troubles”?

A

private matters involving individual’s personal characteristics
-relatively narrow scope

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11
Q

what are public “issues”?

A

go beyond the lives of individual
-broader scope
-social causes and social outcomes

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12
Q

what are the three things that lead to the development of sociology?

A

-social upheaval
-expansion of imperialism
-success of natural sciences

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13
Q

what is social upheaval?

A

shifting from agriculture to industrial
-poor working conditions, child labor, etc.
-every aspect of life changed

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14
Q

what was the expansion of imperialism?

A

geological expansion of a nation and their resources
-people sent to other countries
-observation of other cultures and how they function

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15
Q

what was the success of natural sciences?

A

getting answers from our world using science
-physics, chemistry, etc.

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16
Q

what is Positivism?

A

scientific method to the social world

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17
Q

what is August Cornte do?

A

-FRENCH
-observed social order and social change
-used science
-LOGOs (study of being together)
-create sociolgie (never researched)

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18
Q

what did Karl Marx do?

A

-GERMAN
-social arguments/conflicts
-how it effects the economy
-wanted to get rid of the bourgeoisie
-contributed to Conflict Theory

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19
Q

what did Herbert Spencer do?

A

-ENGLISH
-societies operate on fixed laws
-societies evolve and change
-social Darwinism

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20
Q

who created the first sociology textbook

A

Herbert Spencer

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21
Q

what are 3 tendencies shared by societies and organisms?

A

-growth in size
-high complexity of structure
-differentiation of function

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22
Q

what did Emile Durkheim do?

A

-FRENCH
-first to do a sociology study
-focused on religion
-worked with Spencer to create Functionalism

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23
Q

what is social integration?

A

how people are connected to their social group

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24
Q

what did Max Weber do?

A

-GERMAN
-clarified the works of Marx and Durkheim
-focused on constant social change
-interested in religion
-contributed to symbolic interactionism
-created Verstehen

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25
Q

what is Verstehen?

A

empathetic understanding
-to make sense
-not making assumptions
-get info from those experiencing it

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26
Q

what is subjective meaning?

A

how people interpret their own behaviors

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27
Q

what did Harriet Martineau do?

A

-BRITISH
-analyzed social life around the world
-hid her note (she was a woman)
-wrote “society in america”
-know for translating Compte

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28
Q

what did Jane Adams do?

A

-AMERICAN
-traveled to Europe
-looked at poverty and social justice
-co-winner of 1921 Nobel Peace Prize
-wanted to bridge the gap b/w rich and poor

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29
Q

what did WEB DuBois do?

A

-AMERICAN
-first african american researcher in sociology
-looked into social justice and racism
-wrote over 2,000 pieces
-founded NAACP
-

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30
Q

what is a theory?

A

framework of how we make sense of our world through distinct observations

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31
Q

what is a paradigm?

A

general framework of looking at life

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32
Q

what are the three main theories of sociology?

A

-functionalism
-conflict theory
-symbolic interactionism

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33
Q

what is functionalism?

A

life works like a set of parts that work together
-smooth functioning of society
-parts operate together and when in harmony, so it society

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34
Q

criticisms to functionalism

A

-can’t account for change
-conservative bias (never wanting to change)

35
Q

what is a teleological argument?

A

-philosophical: everything has a purpose
-scientific: cause and effect

36
Q

what is the conflict theory?

A

-society is always changing
-response to social inequality
-how do those in power, stay in power

37
Q

criticisms to conflict theory

A

-doesn’t account for stability
-emphasis on economic sources

38
Q

what is symbolic interactionism?

A

focus on individuals and how we make sense of our world
-definitions and meanings in human interaction

39
Q

criticisms to symbolic interactionism

A

too much focus on individual and doesn’t account for society

40
Q

what is macro level analysis?

A

large-scale as a whole
-big picture

41
Q

which theories are macro level analysis?

A

functionalism and conflict theory

42
Q

what is micro level analysis?

A

small-scale
-specific things

43
Q

which theories are micro level analysis?

A

symbolic interactionism

44
Q

the 8 steps of research

A
  1. select a topic
  2. define the problem or purpose
  3. review previous research
  4. develop a hypothesis
  5. determine the research design
  6. define the sample and collect data
  7. analyze results and draw conclusions
  8. share the research results
45
Q

what are empirical questions?

A

answered by observing the world
-NOT faith, value

46
Q

what are operational definitions?

A

explanation of observable features

47
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

a testable statement b/w 2+ variables and the expected relationship

48
Q

what is a variable?

A

something that changes or is different from case to case

49
Q

what is an independent variable?

A

changes that have nothing to do with dependent variable
-cause/influencing factor

50
Q

what is a dependent variable?

A

changes in response to the independent variable
-the effect

51
Q

what is causality?

A

one variable influences/alters another variable

52
Q

what is correlation?

A

relationship b/w variables, but not the cause of eachother

53
Q

all 1 relationships are 2 but 3 are NOT 4

A
  1. casual
  2. correlated
  3. correlations
  4. causal
54
Q

what do surveys test?

A

-attitude and beliefs
-able to test a lg. group of people

55
Q

what are surveys bad at testing?

A

behaviors

56
Q

what do observations test?

A

behavior

57
Q

what are observations bad at testing?

A

attitudes

58
Q

what do experiments test?

A

relationship b/w variables

59
Q

what is a population?

A

specific group/category of interest for a study

60
Q

what is a sample?

A

particular subset of a population

61
Q

what is validity?

A

extent to which ones study actually tests what it was designed for

62
Q

what is reliability?

A

study can be reproduced and have consistent results
-does NOT mean accurate

63
Q

what is culture?

A

what humans
-learn to do
-use
-produce
-know
-believe
-behave
in a social group

64
Q

what is material culture?

A

things we can touch (objects)

65
Q

what is nonmaterial culture?

A

thinking, doing, knowledge, memories

66
Q

what is ethnocentrism?

A

judging someone else’s culture based on your own beliefs

67
Q

what is culture relativism?

A

understanding people by the standards of their own culture

68
Q

what is culture shock?

A

in a situation where your normal day-to-day life is very different in a different culture

69
Q

what are the 9 elements of culture?

A
  1. symbols
  2. language
  3. gestures
  4. values
  5. norms
  6. sanctions
  7. folkways
  8. mores
  9. taboo
70
Q

what are sanctions?

A

reward and punishment for upholding and violating norms
-informal (+)
-informal (-)
-formal (+)
-formal (-)

71
Q

what are folkways?

A

norms not strictly enforced (casual clothes for class)

72
Q

what are mores?

A

norms strictly enforced to maintain values

73
Q

what is taboo?

A

norms so strong, when violated it is repulsed
-incest, catabolism

74
Q

what is a cultural log?

A

one aspect of culture changes faster than other aspects
-material culture

75
Q

what is innovation?

A

new practice/tool that is widely accepted

76
Q

what is diffusion?

A

different cultures blending together

77
Q

what is culture capital?

A

knowledge, skills, ideas, behaviors that serve as a form of wealth

78
Q

types of culture capital?

A

-institutionalized
-embodied
-objectified

79
Q

what are examples of institutionalized?

A

qualifications, honors, awards, titles

80
Q

what are examples of embodied?

A

knowledge, language, beliefs, tastes, style, habits

81
Q

what are examples of objectified?

A

possessions, property

82
Q

what is social class reproduction?

A

the way class status is passed on from generation to generation

83
Q

what is the flow of culture change?

A

culture capital -> academic achievement -> economic capital -> class reproduction

Intro to Sociology (3 decks)

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