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Drugs and Behavior > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two sources of cannabis?

A

cannabis indica and cannabis sativa

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2
Q

what’re the cannabinoids?

A

THC and CBD. newly discovered are THCP and CBDP

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3
Q

bodily effects of cannabis

A

bloodshot eyes, sensation of dry mouth, hunger, increased heart rate (which can be dangerous for those with cardiovascular problems) and drowsiness

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4
Q

mood and behavioral effects of cannnabis?

A

subjective pleasant, feelings of anxiety, increased sensory sensitivity reported, impairs driving, creativity (?)

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5
Q

medical usefulness of cannabis?

A

glaucoma-buildup pressure of the eyeball (releases pressure), stops nausea and vomitting, pain relief, appetite stimulation, reduces muscle spasms

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6
Q

harmful effects of cannabis

A

acute psychotic reaction is possible, while under the influence symptoms of psychotic episodes, smoking-related health problems, driving while impaired, brain differences in hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, cannabinoid hypermedia syndrome

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7
Q

is cannabis lethal?

A

no known cases of overdose deaths of THC/overdose

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8
Q

mechanism of action for Cannabis?

A

binds to heteroreceptors CB1 and CB2, mimicking the endogenous receptors, decreeing the release of the NT that would’ve been released

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9
Q

where is CB1 located?

A

nervous system (like the brain)

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10
Q

where is CB2 located?

A

immune system

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11
Q

endogenous cannabinoids

A

Anandamide and 2-AG. they are neuromodulators that are released by the postsynaptic cell to suppress the NT from releasing the NT in the presynaptic cell.

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12
Q

DSI and DSE

A

depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition and depolarization induced suppression of excitation. basically suppressing glutamate (DSE) or GABA (DSI)

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13
Q

is cannabis a drug of abuse?

A

yep

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14
Q

tolerance for cannabis

A

down regulation of cannabinoid receptors in animals, and tolerance for some effects in humans. also, potential sensitization

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15
Q

what is the classification of opioids?

A

drugs with similar properties to opium or morphine

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16
Q

which opioids are analgesics

A

opium, morphine, codeine, oxycontin, fentanyl, and methadone

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17
Q

which opioids are non analgesics/do other things

A

opium also stops constipating, codeine is also a antitussive (cough suppressant), heroin has no medical use, and methadone treats addiction

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18
Q

bodily effects of opioids

A

analgesia, cough inhibition, small pupils, consipation, respiratory center is depressed

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19
Q

mood and behavioral effects of opioids

A

positive feelings and euphoria (but in a calm sense of well being way)

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20
Q

harmful effects of opioids

A

convulsions (with repeated use), spread of hepatitis or HIV when needles are shared, decreased fertility in males and females

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21
Q

is opioids lethal?

A

yup!! depression of respiratory center (especially when taken with alcohol and anxiolytics and sedative hypnotics)

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22
Q

mechanism of action for opioids

A

opioid receptors in presynaptic heteroreceptors and postsynaptic metabotropic receptors. inhibits release of NT. mimics endogenous opioids. binds to receptor, decreasing NT (like GABA) release, leading to increase of DA release

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23
Q

where does opioids act and how?

A

brain, spinal cord, and digestive system. rewards in the VTA, nucleus accumbens and cortex. pain in PAG (brainstem) and spinal cord

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24
Q

is opioids a drug of abuse?

A

yup!

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25
Q

tolerance for opioids?

A

to most effects, tolerance develops so doses increase. to constriction of pupils and consipation, it doesn’t increase.

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26
Q

is there cross tolerance for opioids?

A

yes!

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27
Q

treating opioid addiction types?

A

maintenance therapy and overdose rescue kits

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28
Q

maintenance therapy

A

methadone binds to receptors and remains bound. taking heroin would not affect the individual. its cheap, safe, reliable, oral, once a day, etc.

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29
Q

overdose rescue kits

A

naloxone blocks opioid receptor. can reverse and overdose.

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30
Q

what does antipsychotics treat?

A

bipolar disorders, depression sometimes, but mainly schizophrenia

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31
Q

symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

hallucinations (auditory, visual, etc), paranoia (type of delusions. though process), restlessness, agitation

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32
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

symptoms in excess/distortion of what is “normal”- hallucinations and delusions

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33
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

less of what a “normal” person experiences- flat affect and emotionless

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34
Q

typical antipsychotic medications

A

first medications. chlorpromazine (thorazine) and haloperidol (haldol)

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35
Q

atypical antipsychotic medications

A

clozapine (clozaril) and risperidone (risparedol)

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36
Q

how effective are antipsychotics?

A

quite effective at treating positive symptoms not not for negative ones. typical medication can make negative symptoms worse

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37
Q

side effects pf antipsychotics

A

extrapyramidal symptoms (slow movements and tremors like Parkinsons. linked more to typical meds) and weight gain, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases

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38
Q

harmful effects of antipsychotics

A

low risk of death/no real concern. high therapeutic index. is tardive dyskensia- excess movement of head and mouth)

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39
Q

mechanism of action of typical antipsychotics

A

Block D2 dopamine receptors (metabotropic)

40
Q

mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotics

A

block D3 and D4 dopamine receptors along with blocking 5-HT2a receptors. all metabotropic. blocking serotonin increases dopamine in movement parts of brain.

41
Q

dopamine theory of schizophrenia

A

symptoms of schizophrenia are a result of excess dopamine. psychomotor stimulants enhance dopamine, producing symptoms that look like schizophrenia. blocking dopamine treats symptoms. doesn’t fully address schizophrenia as some drugs that produce psychosis affect glutamate, not dopamine

42
Q

are antipsychotics a drug of abuse?

A

no. not really pleasant and doesn’t have recreational value. the drugs aren’t abused or anything because they block dopamine and most drugs that are abused increase dopamine. they are used to treat medical diagnoses

43
Q

does dependence develop for antipsychotics?

A

not really. higher doses aren’t necessary, but they can change, but not steady incremental doses. withdrawal symptoms are mild if any.

44
Q

does addiction develop for antipsychotics?

A

nope.

45
Q

what does antidepressants treat

A

depression typically.

46
Q

how does efficacy and safety change with the generations of antidepressants?

A

efficacy doesn’t change. safety and tolerability improves.

47
Q

first generation antidepressants

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants

48
Q

examples of MAOIs

A

isocarboxazid (marplan) and moclobemide (aurorix)

49
Q

examples of tricyclic antidepressants

A

amitriptyline (elavil) and nortriptyline (pamelor)

50
Q

second generation antidepressants

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

51
Q

examples of SSRIs

A

fluoxetine (prozac) and citalopram (celexa)

52
Q

examples of third generation antidepresssants

A

venlafaxine (Effexor) and bupropion (Wellbutrin)

53
Q

what is the efficacy of antidepressants

A

60-70% of some symptoms and 28-50% of all symptom relief, it takes several weeks to show clinical benefits

54
Q

side effects of antidepressants

A

weight gain, dry mouth, dizziness, constipation, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction

55
Q

harmful effects of MAOIs

A

increased blood pressure if tyramine-rich foods are eaten (can be life threatening)

56
Q

harmful effects of TCAs

A

can lower seizure threshold (risky at high doses) and cardiovascular problems

57
Q

harmful effects of SSRIs

A

“serotonin syndrome” including disorientation, agitation, fever, diarrhea, impaired coordination (only if taken more than prescribed or with another SSRI)

58
Q

harmful effects of third genneration antidepressants

A

no specific ones as it’s not as a cohesive group as the others

59
Q

lethal effects of antidepressants

A

most risk is low, but TCAs have the highest risk as they lower seizure thresholds and have cardiovascular risk

60
Q

other medical uses of antidepressannts

A

anxiety disorders, OCD (certain Serotonin ones), PTSD (only certain types), depression in bipolar disorder (debated though), ADHD (Wellbutrin)

61
Q

mechanism of action for MAOIs

A

Monoamine oxidase breaks down monoamine NTs in cytoplasm, so MAOIs inhibit the enzyme leading to more NT available

62
Q

mechanism of action TCA

A

block reuptake of NNE and 5-HT, block NT transporter so NT is more available

63
Q

mechanism of action for 2 Gen SSRI

A

block reuptake of 5-HT

64
Q

mechanism of action for 3rd gen antidepressants

A

variable mechanism of action but typically blocks reuptake

65
Q

are antidepressants drugs of abuse?

A

nope.

66
Q

dependence of antidepressants

A

tolerance is unclear. there are bad withdrawal symptoms and they SHOULD NOT be stopped abruptly.

67
Q

symptomss of withdrawal of antidepressants

A

restlessness, anxiety, chills, delusion, discontinuation syndrome

68
Q

what do hallucinogens do?

A

causes hallucinations- visual imagery, altered perception of one’s body, increased emotionality, feeling of well-being

69
Q

what do psychedelics do?

A

gain personal insight or empathy

70
Q

how are club drugs classified?

A

recreational

71
Q

examples of hallucinogens, psychedelics, and club drugss

A

LSD, psilocybin, ecstacy, mescaline, peyote, PCP, ketamine, salvia, dextromethorphan, GHB, mephedrone

72
Q

LSD

A

resembles serotonin structurally. sythetic. lysergic acid diethyl amide

73
Q

effects of LSD

A

hallucinations or visual imagery, provides insight, appreciation of art and music

74
Q

harmful effects of LSD

A

acute psychosis, “psychedelic crisis”-unpleasant experience, flashbacks (hallucinogen persisting perception disorders- rare. hallucinations after taking drug)

75
Q

is LSD lethal?

A

pretty safe for lethality and overdose. you will get worse effects ,but you won’t die

76
Q

mechanism of action for LSD

A

stimulates some 5-HT receptors, but blocks others. more common in peripheral nervous system

77
Q

is LSD a drug of abuse?

A

yup

78
Q

tolerance of LSD

A

develops quickly, but dissipates quickly

79
Q

psilocybin

A

resembles serotonin structurally. derived from mushrrooms

80
Q

effects of psilocybin

A

spiritual experiences, pleasurable changes in mood or perception

81
Q

harmful effects of psilocybin

A

dysphoria, anxiety ,and headaches

82
Q

mechanism of action of psilocybin

A

stimulates 5-HT2a receptors

83
Q

MDMA

A

ecstasy and Molly. methylendioxymethamphetamine. resembles methamphetamine structurally. stimulant

84
Q

effects of MDMA

A

euphoria, increased sociability, endurance, sharpened sensory perception

85
Q

harmful effects of MDMA

A

hyponatraemia (imbalance of salts in blood. lack thereof) and hyperthermia (too hot).

86
Q

longterm effects of MDMA

A

sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, impulsiveness, hostility, and memory impairment

87
Q

is MDMA a drug of abuse?

A

yup. acute tolerance develops rapidly though.

88
Q

Ketamine usage

A

dissociative anesthetic (patients are “awake but appear disconnected from their environment). you’re not gonna be unconscious, but you won’t remember or feel uncomfortable. used for children!

89
Q

effects of ketamine

A

anesthesia, amnesia for events that occurred while under the influence of the drug. high therapeutic index

90
Q

mechanism of action of ketamine

A

antagonist to the NDMA glutamate receptor

91
Q

drugs that impact NT transporter (6-7)

A

SSRIs (5-HT transporter), 3rd Gen Antidepressants (variable), cocaine (DA transporter), (meth)amphetamines (DA), TCAs (NE and 5-HT), MDMA (5-HT)

92
Q

drugs that impact vesicular transporter (1)

A

(meth)amphetamines

93
Q

drugs that impact heteroreceptor (2)

A

cannabis (CB1 and CB2) and opioids (opioid receptors)

94
Q

drugs that impact presynaptic inotropic receptor (1)

A

nicotine (nicotinic receptor)

95
Q

drugs that impact postsynaptic ionotropic receptors (4)

A

alcohol (GABAa and NMDA glutamate), anxiolytics and sedative hypnotics (GABAa), nicotine (nicACH receptor)

95
Q

drugs that impact postsynaptic ionotropic receptors (4)

A

alcohol (GABAa and NMDA glutamate), anxiolytics and sedative hypnotics (GABAa), nicotine (nicACH receptor) and ketamine (NDMA glutamate)

96
Q

drugs that impact postsynaptic metabotropic receptors (6)

A

methylxanthines (Adenosine A1 and A2a receptors), opioids (opioid receptor), typical antipsychotic (D2), atypical antipsychotic (D3, D4, 5-HT2a), LSD (5-HT), and psilocybin (5-HT2a)

Drugs and Behavior (3 decks)

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