Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Drugs and Behavior > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How is alcohol produced?

A

fermentation (sugar broken down into usable forms of alcohol) of different things like grapes, grain, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which disease is affected by alcohol?

A

Korsakoff’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

can you die from alcohol? how?

A

yes. respiratory failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does alcohol get to the blood?

A

drinken, then stomach, then small intestine, then large intestine. it can go to the blood from the stomach.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is blood alcohol level measured?

A

amount of alcohol (g) per 100 milliliters (ml) of blood. 80 mg/100ml= 0.08

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how is alcohol metabolized?

A

Ethanol is broken down by alcohol dehydrogenase into acetaldehyde is broken down by aldehyde dehydrogenase into acetate, which is then further broken down into energy, CO2, and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the mechanisms of action for alcohol?

A

GABA (GABAa) and Glutamate (NMDA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does alcohol affect GABA?

A

it enhances the ability of GABAa to open Cl- channel. it is a positive allosteric modulator. affects the cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Positive allosteric modulator

A

positive: drug enhances what the NT does. allosteric: different positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does alcohol affect glutamate

A

decreases function of NMDA functioning- blocks the channel, decreasing ability for ions to flow through.affects hippocampus since NMDA is packed there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

with chronic alcohol use, how is Glutamate affected?

A

NMDA receptors are upregulated- body makes more of them. pharmacodynamic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

does alcohol affect dopamine?

A

yes. indirectly though. alcohol affects GABA, enhancing inhibition of the cell that inhibits the VTA, meaning more dopamine is released from the VTA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which genes affect dependence of alcohol?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase

A

first enzyme in the pathway of alcohol. some people have a gene that causes rapid conversion of ethanol into acetaldehyde, which sucks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

aldehyde dehydrogenase

A

second enzyme in alcohol pathway. makes aldehyde dehydrogenase left effective, so acetaldehyde stays in the system longer, which also sucks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

difference between Anxiolytics and sedative-hypnotics?

A

anxiolytics are longer lasting while fast acting ones are sedative hypnotics. anxiolytics are used to make you less anxious while sedative-hypnotics are used to make you sleepy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

barbiturates

A

-barb in name. really effective, but also risky (replaced by benzodiazepines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

anxiety meds

A

alprozolam (Xanax) and diazepam (Valium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

sleep meds

A

trozalam (Halcion) and temazepam (restoring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Z drugs

A

sleep meds, pretty similar to benzodiazepines, but don’t interfere with sleep architecture, length of time, and progress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Z drug meds

A

zolpidem (ambiem) and eszopiclone (Lunesta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

can anxiolytics/sedative-hypnotics kill you?

A

yeah. barbiturates can have a high potential for overdose while benzodiazepines are rarely fatal by themselves, but can become dangerous combing them with a depressant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how does barbiturates kill you?

A

respiratory failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the mechanism of action for anxiolytics/sedative-hypnotics?

A

GABAa receptors. they are positive allosteric modulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where do different anxiolytics/sedative-hypnotics bind?

A

barbiturates bind at the same place as alcohol and an open the channel by themselves. benzos and Z drugs bind at different places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

does anxiolytics/sedative-hypnotics have an affect on dopamine?

A

yes, indirectly. again, it further inhibits GABA cells that inhibit cells of the VTA, causing more dopamine to be released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

which synapses do psychomotor stimulants stimulate?

A

DA, NE, E, and 5-HT

28
Q

catecholamines

A

DA, NE, and E

29
Q

indoleamine

A

5-HT

30
Q

difference between cocaine and crack cocaine?

A

crack can be smoked, as it has one less hydrogen and chlorine than cocaine.

31
Q

difference between amphetamine and methylamphetamines?

A

methylamphetamines have methyl added to it, allowing it to cross into the blood-brain barrier more easier, making it more risky and more likely to lead to dependency

32
Q

which ADHD meds are similar to the amphetamines?

A

adderall and Vyvanse

33
Q

which ADHD meds are similar to cocaine?

A

methylphenidate (ritalin) and dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)

34
Q

what cell problem is related to chronic consumption of psychomotor stimulants?

A

neurotoxicity (death of neurons, particularly of DA producing neurons)

35
Q

is psychomotor stimulants fatal? how?

A

yup.through heart failure

36
Q

punding

A

stereotyped behavior in humans

37
Q

what is monoamine psychosis similar to?

A

schizophrenia

38
Q

what are the mechanisms of action related to psychomotor stimulants?

A

neurotransmitter transporters (reuptake)- Dopamine Transporters (DATs) and Vascular Monoamine Transporter

39
Q

what do dopamine transporters do?

A

reuptake of dopamine (mainly)

40
Q

what do vascular monoamine transporters do?

A

sit on membrane of vesicles, taking the NT that came back in through reuptake and get them packaged into vesicles to maybe be released again later.

41
Q

how SHOULD dopamine transporters work??

A

dopamine is returned to the presynaptic cell via NT transporter, gets packed into a vesicle and dopamine can’t stimulate receptors

42
Q

how does cocaine affect DATs?

A

cocaine BLOCKS the transporter, causing more dopamine to remain in the synapse for longer and allowing cell to be stimulated by dopamine longer than normal

43
Q

how do amphetamines affect DATs?

A

amphetamines are taken into the presynaptic cell by the transporter, enter the vesicles and pushing out dopamine via the vesicular transporter, causing the vesicles to release stored dopamine into the cytoplasm, causing the transporter to work in reverse, pushing out dopamine out of the cell

44
Q

do psychomotor stimulants affect dopamine?

A

yes. directly. it impacts the VTA/reinforcement system directly.

45
Q

what are the 3 methylxanthines?

A

caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine

46
Q

sources of methylxanthines and what do they contain?

A

coffee- caffeine, tea- caffeine and theophylline, and cocoa-caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine

47
Q

what is the most widely spread behaviorally active drug in the world??

A

caffeine

48
Q

why is caffeine in some medications?

A

it can relieve headaches as it constricts blood vessels in the brain

49
Q

is methylxanthines lethal?

A

technically yes, but it takes extremely high doses to lead to convulsions and death. it can be more lethal if high doses are had with someone with heart conditions.

50
Q

what is the mechanism of action for methylxanthines?

A

Adenosine- A1 and A2a. they are antagonists for it, so methylxanthines block the receptors. metabotropic

51
Q

adenosine

A

Neuromodulator- not a full NT but can still affect functioning of nervous system. associated with alert fulness and wakefulness. when its high, it is associated with sleepiness and fatigue

52
Q

is nicotine lethal?

A

yes. you can die at high doses

53
Q

Mainstream smoke

A

what a smoker breathes back out after inhaling

54
Q

environmental tobacco smoke

A

effects of tobacco on other people, “second hand smoke”

55
Q

sidestream smoke

A

comes from a burning cigarette between puffs. this is the more harmful one

56
Q

thirdhand smoke

A

toxins that remain in an environment even when no one is actively smoking at the moment

57
Q

risks of second hand smoke in adults

A

breast cancer and other cancerrs

58
Q

risks of second hand smoke in children

A

leukemia, lymphoma, and brain tumorsr

59
Q

risks of second hand smoke in babies

A

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

60
Q

mechanism of action in nicotine

A

acetylcholine- nicotinic. nicotine mimics acetylcholine anc binds to the receptor to open it in the absence of acetylcholine. can be found on both pre and post ionic receptors.

61
Q

desensitized nicACh receptors

A

ACh is present, but the channel doesn’t open

62
Q

nicACH presynaptic cell

A

enhances release of NT

63
Q

nicACh postsynaptic receptor

A

mimics ACh and stimulates cell

64
Q

nicotine and reward pathway

A

cells in the VTA can have ACh receptors, increasing dopamine release. very addictive.

65
Q

genetic contributions of nicotine addiction

A

CYP2A6 breaks down nicotine into nicotine-1’-N-oxide. when it doesn’t work well, there is decreased risk of addiction. also, there are genes encoding different subunits of the receptor which are implicated in addiction

66
Q

Nicotine replacement therapy

A

safer forms of nicotine (like patches, gums, and lozenges) are used as they’re safer than smoking. can decrease dose and may not have withdrawals.

67
Q

Varenicline (Chantrix)

A

partially stimulates the nicotinic ACh receptor, making nicotine useless and so no need to smoke.

Drugs and Behavior (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions