Exam 1 Flashcards
what is a drug
any substance that alters the physiology of the body that is not food or nutrient
3 names for each drug
chemical, generic, trade
potency
dose at which effect occurs. HOW MUCH of a drug is needed to elicit an effect
what is the relationship between potency and ED50?
higher ED50, lower potency since the more it takes to get an effect, the less potent
Efficacy
the magnitude of the drug. BIGGEST effect you can get by taking the drug.
what is the relationship between efficacy and ED50?
none.
LD50
median lethal dose.
Therapeutic Index (TI)
the ratio of LD50 to ED50. higher TI, safer drug
antagonism
adding a second drug can diminish the potency of the first drug OR the efficacy could drop down
Potentiation
adding second drug can shift the DRC to the left (increasing potency)
Arteries
carry blood away from heart
Veins
carries blood to the heart
Capillaries
smallest diameter blood vessels. connects arteries to veins. drops off Oxygen and nutrients at arterial end and waste enters at venous ends
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)
prevents potentially harmful substances to access the brain. only certain molecules can reach the brain (lipid soluble ones and molecules using active transport)
Oral
most common way for medicine to be delivered to the body. pretty cheap, fast, safe.
Parenteral
injections
Subcutaneous
injection under the skin. can take a while to get into the blood, depends on heat and exercise
Intramuscular
injection into the muscle as they are highly vascularized as they need lots of blood to move so it can get into the blood fast
Intravenous
injection into the vein. instant access to blood supply
intraperitoneal
injection into the peritoneum0 sac containing organs. usually only done with small animals
Depot
injection in which drug is released slowly over time. can be subcutaneous or intramuscular.
Intrathecal
direct to the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) at the base of the skull near the spinal cord.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
clear fluid that flows through the ventricles near the brain. it cushions the brain.
intracerbroventricular
injection into the brain ventricle. very invasive
intracerbral
into the brain tissue
inhalation
breathin the drug through nose or mouth. gets in really fast through lungs and blood supply
insufflation
goes through the nose. faster because mucus membranes have quick access to blood supply
rectal route of administration
gains access to digestive system through the butt. typically done with individuals unconscious or vomiting.
transdermal route of administration
applying drugs to the surface of the skin and having it move slowly through the skin
Lipid solubility affecting absorption
molecules that have an electrical charge are NOT lipid soluble. drug molecules can be ionized ornate. nonionized molecules get into the blood stream faster because the digestive system is lined with cells that have lipid soluble membranes
which drugs get better absorbed orally?
weak acids (<7) better absorbed in acidic environments, so they’re good taken orally. weak bases (>7) better absorbed in basic environments as they will be ionized in acid ones, so they don’t absorb well orally)
Stomach
holds food and releases it in small increments in the small intestine. NO digesting, just holds stuff.
Small Intestine
where most nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream
injection speeds
s.c: slow. im: depends. iv: fast. ip: fast. depot: slow. intrathecal/cerebroventricular/cerebral: fast
metabolism
breaks down the drug
First pass metabolism
drugs absorbed from the digestive system reaching the liver before entering general circulation
elimination
getting rid of the drug. done through kidneys mainly, but also exhaling and sweating to a lesser extent
kidneys
filter out everything, then selectively reabsorb what is needed after.
what was the purpose and main finding from the attitudes toward LAI antipsychotics?
purpose: understand physician and nurse attitudes and preferences for administration sites of antipsychotic meds. main findings: there are ups and downs of it. LAI means you have more interaction with physicians, it reduces stopping drugs, and it can be less humiliating and painful in the arm versus butt. the oral though is cheaper, it gives freedom and autonomy.
ways to measure unconditioned behavior in animals
spontaneous motor activity, stereotyped behavior, anxiety, analgesia
unconditioned behavior
behaviors that occur naturally
spontaneous motor activity (SMA)
how active is the animal? fairly quantifiable. see how many times they cross a line
stereotyped behavior
behavior that is repetitive and seemingly purposeless.
anxiety
elevated plus maze
analgesia
pain relief. paw lick latency test
conditioned behavior
behavior that is taught by unconditioned/conditioned responses and stimuli
reinforcement
increases frequency of a response
punishment
decreases frequency of response
operant conditioned behavior
voluntary responses and affected by consequences
types of schedules of reinforcement
ratio (fixed and variable), interval (fixed and variable)
ratio
how many times a behavior occurs to get something. number of responses an animal makes
interval
responding to reinforced only if a period of time has elapsed since the previous reinforcer was given
which reinforcement is the most effective?
variable ratio
progressive ratio
the subject is required to work on a schedule that becomes increasingly more demanding
breaking point
point at which demand becomes too high for the reinforcement. highly reinforcing drugs with have a high breaking point
tolerance
decreased effectiveness OR potency of a drug that results from repeated administrations
acute tolerance
tolerance developed during a single session of taking a drug (like alcohol)
cross-tolerance
tolerance of 1 drug diminishes the effect of another drug
sensitization
the potency or efficacy of a drug increases with repeated administrations. maybe the result of being more efficient at taking a drug?
Pharmacokinetic Tolerance
increases the rate or ability of the body to metabolize a drug. what the body does to the drug. for example, increasing the amount of enzymes we have. also means ALL effects will diminish.
pharmacodynamic tolerance
arises from the adjustments made by the body to compensate for the effect of continued presence of a drug. what the body does to the drug to maintain homeostasis. the body may try to make more receptors for the drug. this happens when pharmacokinetic can’t happen
Withdrawal
physiological changes that occur when the use of a drug is stopped (or dosage is decreased)
dependence
state in which withdrawal symptoms will occur when the drug use stops
opponent process theory
at first, A (+) affect is strongest, but then the overall affect decrease, but it is still overall positive. then, the positive drug part wears off and you are just left with the B (-) side.
main job of the Nervous system?
communication
type of communication within a neuron
electrical (signal traveling across a neuron)
Action Potential
neuron reaches threshold of excitement, it will have an action potential. only occurs if it is depolarized.
type of communication between neurons
chemical, because one cell releases the chemical (neurotransmitter) and the other responds to it
excitatory PSPs
when the membrane potential becomes more positive/less negative (closer to threshold). more likely to fire action potential)
Inhibitory PSPs
membrane potential becomes more negative/less positive (farther from threshold).
ummation
when a neuron has 2+ post synaptic potentials closely in time.
spatial summation
2 positions get a PSP at the same time, it’ll be a stronger effect (if its the same type. if its a EPSP and a IPSP, it’ll null)
parts of brain stem
medulla, pons, midbrain
Medulla
has cells that affect autonomic nervous system, including breathing, and many death related drug overdoses, depression of breathing is a cause of that
Pons
includes locus coeruleus which is a network that influences sleep and wakefulness and attention
Midbrain
contains PAG and VTA
Pariaqueductal Gray (PAG)
receptors for endogenous opioids (endogenous is naturally occurring in the body, like endorphins)
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
contains cell bodies for dopamine producing neurons. part of the reward pathway. have pathway to other regions like the nucleus accumbens
Classical Neurotransmitters
ACh, DA, NE, 5-HT, Glutamate, and GABA
nicotinic
stimulated by nicotine, ionotropic
muscarinic
stimulated by muscarine (in poisonous mushrooms), metabotropic
Dopamine (DA)
Tyrosine into L-DOPA into dopamine. very important in reward pathway
norepinephrine (NE)
starts as DA then norepinephrine. cells in the locus coerleus use NE
Serotonin (5-HT)
starts as Tryptophan into stuff. common target for antidepressants.
which neurotransmitters are monoamines/biogenic amines
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin
monoamine
made from a single amino acid
Glutamate
major excitatory NT in the brain and found throughout the brain. when it is released, more likely to achieve action potential
GABA
most widespread inhibitory NT in the brain. made from Glutamate
neurolation
after conception, cells that can become anything become cells part of the nervous system (which later further differentiates to be the CNS)
neural progenitor proliferation
cells that are part of the NS proliferate like crazy
neural differentiation
some cells that tare going to become neurosn become certain parts of the brain or nervous system
neural migration
lots of neurons are born in a spot of the nervous system where they dont stay, and instead far distances to become what they’re going to become
apoptosis
one type of cell death. we end up making more neurons than what we want for a functioning system, and then certain ones die so we have the right amounts in the right places
synaptogensis
cells start to talk to each other
myelination
more myeline happens and it allows the nervous system to be faster
teratogen
substances that cause problem in normal development in utero
area postrema
where blood is monitored for impurities
physical dependence
characterized by a need for the drug such that withdrawal symptoms will occur without it
psychological dependence
a strong compulsion or desire to experience the effects of a rug because it produces pleasure or reduces emotional discomfort. can often be the reason for long term relapse, even after physical withdrawal
addiction
” a state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the indivdiual or society, characterized by overpowering desire or need to continue taking the drug (WHO)
10 classes of addiction
alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogen, inhalent, opioids, sedative/hypnotics/anxiolytics, stimulants, tabacco, and other (or unknown) substance
Mesolimbic Dopamine System
includes VTA and nucleus accumbens. “reinforcement system” many animal testing is with this
Motor Loop
nucleus accumbens sends info to the basal ganglia. reinforcement system stimulates the motor loop (eliciting an actual behavior). wants or needs influences behaviors, motivating our body to actually do something
Learning and Memory System
influence behavior and reinforcement system
role of dopamine in drugs of abuse
thought to be associated with drugs of abuse (because they can activate reward center more than food and sex), but not all drugs of abuse show a large increase in dopamine, but still probably important.
presynaptic cell
pushes the neurotransmitters
postsynaptic cell
receives the neurotransmitter
vesicles
presynaptic. carries transmitters through the cell when nothing is happening. they bind to the membrane to release the neurotransmitters during the action potential
neurotransmitter
presynaptic and cleft. molecules that carry information between neurons
metabotropic receptor
postsynaptic. weaves across membrane 7 times. if a neurotransmitter binds to it, it will release a G protein allowing chemical reactions to occur.
inotropic receptor
postsynaptic. receptor with an ion channel. at rest, its closed. if a neurotransmitter binds to it, it will allow ions to pass. neurotransmitters to NOT go through it.
synaptic cleft
a gap or space between neurons
autoreceptor
presynaptic. self-regulates and monitors how many neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft to see if the neuron should adjust the production of neurotransmitters.
heteroreceptor
presynaptic. responds to signals released by the postsynaptic cell or other neurons
neurotransmitter
presynaptic. reuptake. one way to clear neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft to maybe be used later. stops communication between cells.
