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Drugs and Behavior > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a drug

A

any substance that alters the physiology of the body that is not food or nutrient

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2
Q

3 names for each drug

A

chemical, generic, trade

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3
Q

potency

A

dose at which effect occurs. HOW MUCH of a drug is needed to elicit an effect

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4
Q

what is the relationship between potency and ED50?

A

higher ED50, lower potency since the more it takes to get an effect, the less potent

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5
Q

Efficacy

A

the magnitude of the drug. BIGGEST effect you can get by taking the drug.

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6
Q

what is the relationship between efficacy and ED50?

A

none.

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7
Q

LD50

A

median lethal dose.

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8
Q

Therapeutic Index (TI)

A

the ratio of LD50 to ED50. higher TI, safer drug

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9
Q

antagonism

A

adding a second drug can diminish the potency of the first drug OR the efficacy could drop down

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10
Q

Potentiation

A

adding second drug can shift the DRC to the left (increasing potency)

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11
Q

Arteries

A

carry blood away from heart

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12
Q

Veins

A

carries blood to the heart

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13
Q

Capillaries

A

smallest diameter blood vessels. connects arteries to veins. drops off Oxygen and nutrients at arterial end and waste enters at venous ends

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14
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

prevents potentially harmful substances to access the brain. only certain molecules can reach the brain (lipid soluble ones and molecules using active transport)

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15
Q

Oral

A

most common way for medicine to be delivered to the body. pretty cheap, fast, safe.

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16
Q

Parenteral

A

injections

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17
Q

Subcutaneous

A

injection under the skin. can take a while to get into the blood, depends on heat and exercise

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18
Q

Intramuscular

A

injection into the muscle as they are highly vascularized as they need lots of blood to move so it can get into the blood fast

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19
Q

Intravenous

A

injection into the vein. instant access to blood supply

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20
Q

intraperitoneal

A

injection into the peritoneum0 sac containing organs. usually only done with small animals

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21
Q

Depot

A

injection in which drug is released slowly over time. can be subcutaneous or intramuscular.

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22
Q

Intrathecal

A

direct to the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) at the base of the skull near the spinal cord.

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23
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

clear fluid that flows through the ventricles near the brain. it cushions the brain.

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24
Q

intracerbroventricular

A

injection into the brain ventricle. very invasive

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25
Q

intracerbral

A

into the brain tissue

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26
Q

inhalation

A

breathin the drug through nose or mouth. gets in really fast through lungs and blood supply

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27
Q

insufflation

A

goes through the nose. faster because mucus membranes have quick access to blood supply

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28
Q

rectal route of administration

A

gains access to digestive system through the butt. typically done with individuals unconscious or vomiting.

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29
Q

transdermal route of administration

A

applying drugs to the surface of the skin and having it move slowly through the skin

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30
Q

Lipid solubility affecting absorption

A

molecules that have an electrical charge are NOT lipid soluble. drug molecules can be ionized ornate. nonionized molecules get into the blood stream faster because the digestive system is lined with cells that have lipid soluble membranes

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31
Q

which drugs get better absorbed orally?

A

weak acids (<7) better absorbed in acidic environments, so they’re good taken orally. weak bases (>7) better absorbed in basic environments as they will be ionized in acid ones, so they don’t absorb well orally)

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32
Q

Stomach

A

holds food and releases it in small increments in the small intestine. NO digesting, just holds stuff.

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33
Q

Small Intestine

A

where most nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

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34
Q

injection speeds

A

s.c: slow. im: depends. iv: fast. ip: fast. depot: slow. intrathecal/cerebroventricular/cerebral: fast

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35
Q

metabolism

A

breaks down the drug

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36
Q

First pass metabolism

A

drugs absorbed from the digestive system reaching the liver before entering general circulation

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37
Q

elimination

A

getting rid of the drug. done through kidneys mainly, but also exhaling and sweating to a lesser extent

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38
Q

kidneys

A

filter out everything, then selectively reabsorb what is needed after.

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39
Q

what was the purpose and main finding from the attitudes toward LAI antipsychotics?

A

purpose: understand physician and nurse attitudes and preferences for administration sites of antipsychotic meds. main findings: there are ups and downs of it. LAI means you have more interaction with physicians, it reduces stopping drugs, and it can be less humiliating and painful in the arm versus butt. the oral though is cheaper, it gives freedom and autonomy.

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40
Q

ways to measure unconditioned behavior in animals

A

spontaneous motor activity, stereotyped behavior, anxiety, analgesia

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41
Q

unconditioned behavior

A

behaviors that occur naturally

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42
Q

spontaneous motor activity (SMA)

A

how active is the animal? fairly quantifiable. see how many times they cross a line

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43
Q

stereotyped behavior

A

behavior that is repetitive and seemingly purposeless.

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44
Q

anxiety

A

elevated plus maze

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45
Q

analgesia

A

pain relief. paw lick latency test

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46
Q

conditioned behavior

A

behavior that is taught by unconditioned/conditioned responses and stimuli

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47
Q

reinforcement

A

increases frequency of a response

48
Q

punishment

A

decreases frequency of response

49
Q

operant conditioned behavior

A

voluntary responses and affected by consequences

50
Q

types of schedules of reinforcement

A

ratio (fixed and variable), interval (fixed and variable)

51
Q

ratio

A

how many times a behavior occurs to get something. number of responses an animal makes

52
Q

interval

A

responding to reinforced only if a period of time has elapsed since the previous reinforcer was given

53
Q

which reinforcement is the most effective?

A

variable ratio

54
Q

progressive ratio

A

the subject is required to work on a schedule that becomes increasingly more demanding

55
Q

breaking point

A

point at which demand becomes too high for the reinforcement. highly reinforcing drugs with have a high breaking point

56
Q

tolerance

A

decreased effectiveness OR potency of a drug that results from repeated administrations

57
Q

acute tolerance

A

tolerance developed during a single session of taking a drug (like alcohol)

58
Q

cross-tolerance

A

tolerance of 1 drug diminishes the effect of another drug

59
Q

sensitization

A

the potency or efficacy of a drug increases with repeated administrations. maybe the result of being more efficient at taking a drug?

60
Q

Pharmacokinetic Tolerance

A

increases the rate or ability of the body to metabolize a drug. what the body does to the drug. for example, increasing the amount of enzymes we have. also means ALL effects will diminish.

61
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

arises from the adjustments made by the body to compensate for the effect of continued presence of a drug. what the body does to the drug to maintain homeostasis. the body may try to make more receptors for the drug. this happens when pharmacokinetic can’t happen

62
Q

Withdrawal

A

physiological changes that occur when the use of a drug is stopped (or dosage is decreased)

63
Q

dependence

A

state in which withdrawal symptoms will occur when the drug use stops

64
Q

opponent process theory

A

at first, A (+) affect is strongest, but then the overall affect decrease, but it is still overall positive. then, the positive drug part wears off and you are just left with the B (-) side.

65
Q

main job of the Nervous system?

A

communication

66
Q

type of communication within a neuron

A

electrical (signal traveling across a neuron)

67
Q

Action Potential

A

neuron reaches threshold of excitement, it will have an action potential. only occurs if it is depolarized.

68
Q

type of communication between neurons

A

chemical, because one cell releases the chemical (neurotransmitter) and the other responds to it

69
Q

excitatory PSPs

A

when the membrane potential becomes more positive/less negative (closer to threshold). more likely to fire action potential)

70
Q

Inhibitory PSPs

A

membrane potential becomes more negative/less positive (farther from threshold).

71
Q

ummation

A

when a neuron has 2+ post synaptic potentials closely in time.

72
Q

spatial summation

A

2 positions get a PSP at the same time, it’ll be a stronger effect (if its the same type. if its a EPSP and a IPSP, it’ll null)

73
Q

parts of brain stem

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

74
Q

Medulla

A

has cells that affect autonomic nervous system, including breathing, and many death related drug overdoses, depression of breathing is a cause of that

75
Q

Pons

A

includes locus coeruleus which is a network that influences sleep and wakefulness and attention

76
Q

Midbrain

A

contains PAG and VTA

77
Q

Pariaqueductal Gray (PAG)

A

receptors for endogenous opioids (endogenous is naturally occurring in the body, like endorphins)

78
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A

contains cell bodies for dopamine producing neurons. part of the reward pathway. have pathway to other regions like the nucleus accumbens

79
Q

Classical Neurotransmitters

A

ACh, DA, NE, 5-HT, Glutamate, and GABA

80
Q

nicotinic

A

stimulated by nicotine, ionotropic

81
Q

muscarinic

A

stimulated by muscarine (in poisonous mushrooms), metabotropic

82
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

Tyrosine into L-DOPA into dopamine. very important in reward pathway

83
Q

norepinephrine (NE)

A

starts as DA then norepinephrine. cells in the locus coerleus use NE

84
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

starts as Tryptophan into stuff. common target for antidepressants.

85
Q

which neurotransmitters are monoamines/biogenic amines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin

86
Q

monoamine

A

made from a single amino acid

87
Q

Glutamate

A

major excitatory NT in the brain and found throughout the brain. when it is released, more likely to achieve action potential

88
Q

GABA

A

most widespread inhibitory NT in the brain. made from Glutamate

89
Q

neurolation

A

after conception, cells that can become anything become cells part of the nervous system (which later further differentiates to be the CNS)

90
Q

neural progenitor proliferation

A

cells that are part of the NS proliferate like crazy

91
Q

neural differentiation

A

some cells that tare going to become neurosn become certain parts of the brain or nervous system

92
Q

neural migration

A

lots of neurons are born in a spot of the nervous system where they dont stay, and instead far distances to become what they’re going to become

93
Q

apoptosis

A

one type of cell death. we end up making more neurons than what we want for a functioning system, and then certain ones die so we have the right amounts in the right places

94
Q

synaptogensis

A

cells start to talk to each other

95
Q

myelination

A

more myeline happens and it allows the nervous system to be faster

96
Q

teratogen

A

substances that cause problem in normal development in utero

97
Q

area postrema

A

where blood is monitored for impurities

98
Q

physical dependence

A

characterized by a need for the drug such that withdrawal symptoms will occur without it

99
Q

psychological dependence

A

a strong compulsion or desire to experience the effects of a rug because it produces pleasure or reduces emotional discomfort. can often be the reason for long term relapse, even after physical withdrawal

100
Q

addiction

A

” a state of periodic or chronic intoxication detrimental to the indivdiual or society, characterized by overpowering desire or need to continue taking the drug (WHO)

101
Q

10 classes of addiction

A

alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogen, inhalent, opioids, sedative/hypnotics/anxiolytics, stimulants, tabacco, and other (or unknown) substance

102
Q

Mesolimbic Dopamine System

A

includes VTA and nucleus accumbens. “reinforcement system” many animal testing is with this

103
Q

Motor Loop

A

nucleus accumbens sends info to the basal ganglia. reinforcement system stimulates the motor loop (eliciting an actual behavior). wants or needs influences behaviors, motivating our body to actually do something

104
Q

Learning and Memory System

A

influence behavior and reinforcement system

105
Q

role of dopamine in drugs of abuse

A

thought to be associated with drugs of abuse (because they can activate reward center more than food and sex), but not all drugs of abuse show a large increase in dopamine, but still probably important.

106
Q

presynaptic cell

A

pushes the neurotransmitters

107
Q

postsynaptic cell

A

receives the neurotransmitter

108
Q

vesicles

A

presynaptic. carries transmitters through the cell when nothing is happening. they bind to the membrane to release the neurotransmitters during the action potential

109
Q

neurotransmitter

A

presynaptic and cleft. molecules that carry information between neurons

110
Q

metabotropic receptor

A

postsynaptic. weaves across membrane 7 times. if a neurotransmitter binds to it, it will release a G protein allowing chemical reactions to occur.

111
Q

inotropic receptor

A

postsynaptic. receptor with an ion channel. at rest, its closed. if a neurotransmitter binds to it, it will allow ions to pass. neurotransmitters to NOT go through it.

112
Q

synaptic cleft

A

a gap or space between neurons

113
Q

autoreceptor

A

presynaptic. self-regulates and monitors how many neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft to see if the neuron should adjust the production of neurotransmitters.

114
Q

heteroreceptor

A

presynaptic. responds to signals released by the postsynaptic cell or other neurons

115
Q

neurotransmitter

A

presynaptic. reuptake. one way to clear neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft to maybe be used later. stops communication between cells.

Drugs and Behavior (3 decks)

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