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Intro to Comm Disorder > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

4 Causes of Brain Damage

A
  1. stroke
  2. head injury
  3. tumors
  4. progressive degeneration of the central nervous system
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2
Q

types of strokes

A

o Embolism
o Thrombosis
o Hemorrhage
o Aneurysm
o TIA – Transient Ischemic Attack

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3
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is caused by

A
  • Degeneration of neurons
  • Accumulation of amyloid plaques
  • Tangles of strands of protein
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4
Q

two types of head injuries

A

penetrating injury
closed head injury

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5
Q

4 things tumors do:

A
  1. Take up space
  2. destroys brain tissue
  3. create edema
  4. increased pressure in the skull
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6
Q

Progressive degeneration of brain functions

A

alzheimers disease
frontotemporal dementia
huntingtons disease and parkinsons disease

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7
Q

a moving clot from another part of the body that lodges in the artery,

A

embolus

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8
Q

occurs when an artery has gradually filled in with plaque.

A

Thrombosis

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9
Q

a weakening in the artery that bulges and eventually breaks, interrupting blood flow to tissues fed by the artery.

A

aneurysm

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10
Q

involve bleeding in the brain.

A

hemorrhage

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11
Q

temporary closing of the artery with symptoms that disappear within 24 hours.

A

TIA transient ischemic attack

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12
Q

deprivation of oxygen or lack of oxygen to the brain

A

anoxia

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13
Q

tissue death

A

Infarct

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14
Q

tissue swelling

A

Edema

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15
Q

a recovery of function ability goes up, and the patient spontaneously recovers.

A

Spontaneous Recovery

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16
Q

a foreign object enters into the skull and can cause damage to the brain. tears the skin, breaks the skull, goes into the brain

A

Penetrating injuries

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17
Q

not penetrating, skull is still intact. Whole brain shakes up (whiplash) brain is twisting

A

Closed head injury

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18
Q

a bruise on the cortex or surface of the brain

A

contusion

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19
Q

tearing of structures or blood vessels

A

lacerations

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20
Q

inside the brain damage to the nerve cells and fibers of the brain

A

Intracerebral damage

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21
Q

layers that help to protect the brain

A

Meninges

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22
Q

area of encapsulated blood pocket of blood that forms and pushes on the brain

A

Hematomas

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23
Q

Additional information about head injuries

A

head injury can be from mild to severe, more severe the brain injury is, the more problems they will have.

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24
Q

Tumors are also called

A

neoplasms or new growth

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25
Q

New growth that happens in the brain or other structures. space occupying legion- something occupying space in the brain. Can be cancerous or not.

A

tumors

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26
Q

of patients that have dementia, _____of them have Alzheimer’s disease.

A

70%

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27
Q

what happens during Alzheimer’s disease

A

Sulci in the brain become wider and brain starts to deteriorate (supposed to be compressed and closer together) lose neurons as they start to die. Tangles form in the brain. accumulation of amyloid plaques

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28
Q

frontal and temporal areas are the parts that start to degenerate first. Pick body starts to eat away at the brain.

A

Frontotemporal dementia (Pick’s disease)

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29
Q

Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease

A

degeneration basal ganglia

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30
Q

A patient will have problems with motor movement because it is degeneration of the basil ganglia

A

Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease

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31
Q

in charge of motor movement.

A

basil ganglia

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32
Q

Huntington’s disease can be inherited, there is a _____ chance a child may get it

A

50%

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33
Q

a language disorder caused by left hemisphere damage, typically resulting from a stroke.

A

aphasia

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34
Q

common characteristics of the aphasia

A

Auditory comprehension, verbal expression, and reading and writing deficits, naming problems

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35
Q

Can be caused by stroke and damage to the left hemisphere. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.

A

aphasia

36
Q

naming deficits include

A

verbal paraphasia
literal paraphasia
neologisms
circumlocution

37
Q

substituting the name of something for another word that is related to

A

verbal paraphasia

38
Q

example of verbal paraphasia

A

lion for tiger

39
Q

changing one letter in the word for another letter

A

Literal Paraphasia

40
Q

example of Literal Paraphasia

A

gable for cable

41
Q

a totally made up word with no meaning

A

Neologisms

42
Q

example of Neologisms

A

gabot for table

43
Q

talking in circles or around a word

A

Circumlocution

44
Q

Fluent Aphasia is also known as posterior aphasias

A

posterior aphasias

45
Q

characteristics of fluent aphasia

A

no struggle with speaking , fluent speaking, logorrhoea, poor comprehension, no paralysis

46
Q

talk & don’t make any sense

A

logorrhoea

47
Q

Nonfluent Aphasia is also known as

A

anterior aphasia

48
Q

characteristics of nonfluent apashia

A

lots of struggle with speaking, problems with naming and word finding, reduced mlu, telegraphically(only use few words to get to the point; use only nouns and verbs, forgetting a, the), good comprehension, right side paralysis

49
Q

some will have difficulty understanding and others don’t. if comprehension is impaired=fluent. If comprehension is good=nonfluent.

A

Auditory Comprehension

50
Q

language deficits of aphasia include

A

naming
fluent aphasia
nonfluent aphasia
auditory comprehension
repetition

51
Q

Broca’s Aphasia is also known as

A

anterior aphasia

52
Q

have expressive problems

A

brocas aphasia

53
Q

wernickes aphasia is also known as

A

posterior aphasia

54
Q

have comprehension problems

A

wernickes aphasia

55
Q

Characteristics of brocas aphasia include

A

nonfluent, paraphasia, getting upset and good comprehension

56
Q

. Characteristics of wernickes aphasia include

A

fluent, neologisms, long sentences that don’t make sense, speech is good, no struggle, good mood, but poor comprehension

57
Q

both the Wernicke’s and Broca’s area are damaged.

A

global aphasia

58
Q

A person will have severely reduced expression and maybe say one word or nonverbal. Some don’t even understand their name

A

global aphasia

59
Q

Right Hemisphere Communication Deficits

A

damage on the right side of the brain

60
Q

Emotion during right hemisphere communication deficits

A

A person will not understand emotion and cannot express emotion. If a person is crying, they will not understand. Says “I’m very excited” with no expression

61
Q

Figurative Language during right hemisphere communication deficits

A

a person will not understand what metaphors/similes mean.

62
Q

Discourse during right hemisphere communication deficits

A

when talking back and forth with a person but only giving you all this information you don’t need.

63
Q

example of discourse

A

Talking about Disney trip says —-get in car—-gas—back in the car. Never talks about what they actually did at Disneyland

64
Q

Conversations during right hemisphere communication deficits

A

ramble, cant turn take, cant stay on topic.

65
Q

lack awareness of the disorder or deficit. Don’t realize how bad is it. will say they are in for a broken leg, when in reality they have had a stroke

A

Anosognosia

66
Q

neglect everything on the left side of the body. Eating a plate of food, but only eating what is on the right side. Don’t pay attention to the left side

A

Left Side Neglect

67
Q

example of left side neglect

A

Eating a plate of food, but only eating what is on the right side. Don’t pay attention to the left side. dressing themselves only on the right side

68
Q

difficulty recognizing faces like famous people and even family members

A

Prosopagnosia

69
Q

can cause damage to different parts of the brain from being shaken up due to motor vehicle accidents

A

Brain Trauma

70
Q

physical effects of tbi

A

sleep disturbance
headache pains
loss of motor skills
seizures

71
Q

cognitive effects of tbi

A

repeating things
forgetfulness
problems with communication
difficulty processing

72
Q

behavioral effects of tbi

A

mood swings
personality changes
anxiety
depression
changes in social skills

73
Q

deterioration of the brain which causes memory problems

A

Dementia

74
Q

early stages of dementia

A

memory problems, speech and grammar is good and sometimes have problems thinking of the right word they want to say

75
Q

Middle stages of the disease

A

memory gets worse, increased difficulty with speech and grammar, difficulty putting sentences together and finding the right words

76
Q

Late stages of the disease

A

typically bed bound, cant walk, cant talk, sometimes not able to eat by mouth and need to be fed through tube

77
Q

Stuttering Occurs more frequently during:

A

o Critical content
o Long/complex utterances
o Speaking with Authority figures
o Speaking quickly/short of time.

78
Q

When are Stutterers most fluent

A

Singing
Using pretend voice- like puppet voice or playing with action figure
Choral reading- when people all read aloud together at the same time
When they talk to babies to animals

79
Q

Differences Between Individuals Who Do/Do Not Stutter

A

Stutters;
Have a negative self concept- covering their mouths and say they cant speak
Have higher levels of concern for speech
On multisyllabic words will be more difficult- telephone
Complex words or sentences will be more difficult
Slower abilities to react quickly neurotically- takes longer to react
Normal child-
Will say IIIIIII and will not care about it, they don’t even realize it

80
Q

list two stuttering myths

A

Stuttering Is a Nervous Reaction
stuttering is caused by overly sensitive parents

81
Q

causes of Stuttering

A
  • Genetic Influences
  • Environmental Demands and the Capacity for Fluency
  • The Influence of Learning
82
Q

Contributing Factors of stuttering

A
  • Genetics
  • Negative Feelings and Attitudes
  • Difficulties with Speech Motor Control
  • Avoidance
  • Internal/External Conditions
83
Q

Internal factors of stuttering include

A

neural structures and functions, inherited traits, temperament, cognitive abilities, language abilities, information processing mechanisms and speech motor control

84
Q

The external conditions of stuttering include

A

culture, parental expectations, childrearing practices, communicative experiences, and relationships with parents, siblings, and peers.

85
Q

Indicators of Early Stuttering in Children

A
  • An average of 3 or more sound repetitions, prolongations, or blocks per 100 words.
  • An average of 3 or more stuttering-like disfluencies (single-syllable-word repetitions, syllable repetitions, sound repetitions, prolongations, or blocks) per 100 words.
  • Adjacency
  • Increases in the rate and irregularity of repetitions.
  • Excess tension/struggle.
  • Secondary behaviors before or during disfluencies.
  • Feelings of frustration
86
Q

Assessment of Stuttering are designed to determine:

A

o whether the person is a stutterer,
o to describe the patterns of disfluency that are exhibited,
o and to determine what therapy procedures to use.

87
Q

often caused by a gradual loss of brain cells resulting in brain atrophy

A

progressive deterioration

Intro to Comm Disorder (3 decks)

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