Exam 3 Flashcards
4 Causes of Brain Damage
- stroke
- head injury
- tumors
- progressive degeneration of the central nervous system
types of strokes
o Embolism
o Thrombosis
o Hemorrhage
o Aneurysm
o TIA – Transient Ischemic Attack
Alzheimer’s disease is caused by
- Degeneration of neurons
- Accumulation of amyloid plaques
- Tangles of strands of protein
two types of head injuries
penetrating injury
closed head injury
4 things tumors do:
- Take up space
- destroys brain tissue
- create edema
- increased pressure in the skull
Progressive degeneration of brain functions
alzheimers disease
frontotemporal dementia
huntingtons disease and parkinsons disease
a moving clot from another part of the body that lodges in the artery,
embolus
occurs when an artery has gradually filled in with plaque.
Thrombosis
a weakening in the artery that bulges and eventually breaks, interrupting blood flow to tissues fed by the artery.
aneurysm
involve bleeding in the brain.
hemorrhage
temporary closing of the artery with symptoms that disappear within 24 hours.
TIA transient ischemic attack
deprivation of oxygen or lack of oxygen to the brain
anoxia
tissue death
Infarct
tissue swelling
Edema
a recovery of function ability goes up, and the patient spontaneously recovers.
Spontaneous Recovery
a foreign object enters into the skull and can cause damage to the brain. tears the skin, breaks the skull, goes into the brain
Penetrating injuries
not penetrating, skull is still intact. Whole brain shakes up (whiplash) brain is twisting
Closed head injury
a bruise on the cortex or surface of the brain
contusion
tearing of structures or blood vessels
lacerations
inside the brain damage to the nerve cells and fibers of the brain
Intracerebral damage
layers that help to protect the brain
Meninges
area of encapsulated blood pocket of blood that forms and pushes on the brain
Hematomas
Additional information about head injuries
head injury can be from mild to severe, more severe the brain injury is, the more problems they will have.
Tumors are also called
neoplasms or new growth
New growth that happens in the brain or other structures. space occupying legion- something occupying space in the brain. Can be cancerous or not.
tumors
of patients that have dementia, _____of them have Alzheimer’s disease.
70%
what happens during Alzheimer’s disease
Sulci in the brain become wider and brain starts to deteriorate (supposed to be compressed and closer together) lose neurons as they start to die. Tangles form in the brain. accumulation of amyloid plaques
frontal and temporal areas are the parts that start to degenerate first. Pick body starts to eat away at the brain.
Frontotemporal dementia (Pick’s disease)
Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
degeneration basal ganglia
A patient will have problems with motor movement because it is degeneration of the basil ganglia
Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease
in charge of motor movement.
basil ganglia
Huntington’s disease can be inherited, there is a _____ chance a child may get it
50%
a language disorder caused by left hemisphere damage, typically resulting from a stroke.
aphasia
common characteristics of the aphasia
Auditory comprehension, verbal expression, and reading and writing deficits, naming problems
Can be caused by stroke and damage to the left hemisphere. The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.
aphasia
naming deficits include
verbal paraphasia
literal paraphasia
neologisms
circumlocution
substituting the name of something for another word that is related to
verbal paraphasia
example of verbal paraphasia
lion for tiger
changing one letter in the word for another letter
Literal Paraphasia
example of Literal Paraphasia
gable for cable
a totally made up word with no meaning
Neologisms
example of Neologisms
gabot for table
talking in circles or around a word
Circumlocution
Fluent Aphasia is also known as posterior aphasias
posterior aphasias
characteristics of fluent aphasia
no struggle with speaking , fluent speaking, logorrhoea, poor comprehension, no paralysis
talk & don’t make any sense
logorrhoea
Nonfluent Aphasia is also known as
anterior aphasia
characteristics of nonfluent apashia
lots of struggle with speaking, problems with naming and word finding, reduced mlu, telegraphically(only use few words to get to the point; use only nouns and verbs, forgetting a, the), good comprehension, right side paralysis
some will have difficulty understanding and others don’t. if comprehension is impaired=fluent. If comprehension is good=nonfluent.
Auditory Comprehension
language deficits of aphasia include
naming
fluent aphasia
nonfluent aphasia
auditory comprehension
repetition
Broca’s Aphasia is also known as
anterior aphasia
have expressive problems
brocas aphasia
wernickes aphasia is also known as
posterior aphasia
have comprehension problems
wernickes aphasia
Characteristics of brocas aphasia include
nonfluent, paraphasia, getting upset and good comprehension
. Characteristics of wernickes aphasia include
fluent, neologisms, long sentences that don’t make sense, speech is good, no struggle, good mood, but poor comprehension
both the Wernicke’s and Broca’s area are damaged.
global aphasia
A person will have severely reduced expression and maybe say one word or nonverbal. Some don’t even understand their name
global aphasia
Right Hemisphere Communication Deficits
damage on the right side of the brain
Emotion during right hemisphere communication deficits
A person will not understand emotion and cannot express emotion. If a person is crying, they will not understand. Says “I’m very excited” with no expression
Figurative Language during right hemisphere communication deficits
a person will not understand what metaphors/similes mean.
Discourse during right hemisphere communication deficits
when talking back and forth with a person but only giving you all this information you don’t need.
example of discourse
Talking about Disney trip says —-get in car—-gas—back in the car. Never talks about what they actually did at Disneyland
Conversations during right hemisphere communication deficits
ramble, cant turn take, cant stay on topic.
lack awareness of the disorder or deficit. Don’t realize how bad is it. will say they are in for a broken leg, when in reality they have had a stroke
Anosognosia
neglect everything on the left side of the body. Eating a plate of food, but only eating what is on the right side. Don’t pay attention to the left side
Left Side Neglect
example of left side neglect
Eating a plate of food, but only eating what is on the right side. Don’t pay attention to the left side. dressing themselves only on the right side
difficulty recognizing faces like famous people and even family members
Prosopagnosia
can cause damage to different parts of the brain from being shaken up due to motor vehicle accidents
Brain Trauma
physical effects of tbi
sleep disturbance
headache pains
loss of motor skills
seizures
cognitive effects of tbi
repeating things
forgetfulness
problems with communication
difficulty processing
behavioral effects of tbi
mood swings
personality changes
anxiety
depression
changes in social skills
deterioration of the brain which causes memory problems
Dementia
early stages of dementia
memory problems, speech and grammar is good and sometimes have problems thinking of the right word they want to say
Middle stages of the disease
memory gets worse, increased difficulty with speech and grammar, difficulty putting sentences together and finding the right words
Late stages of the disease
typically bed bound, cant walk, cant talk, sometimes not able to eat by mouth and need to be fed through tube
Stuttering Occurs more frequently during:
o Critical content
o Long/complex utterances
o Speaking with Authority figures
o Speaking quickly/short of time.
When are Stutterers most fluent
Singing
Using pretend voice- like puppet voice or playing with action figure
Choral reading- when people all read aloud together at the same time
When they talk to babies to animals
Differences Between Individuals Who Do/Do Not Stutter
Stutters;
Have a negative self concept- covering their mouths and say they cant speak
Have higher levels of concern for speech
On multisyllabic words will be more difficult- telephone
Complex words or sentences will be more difficult
Slower abilities to react quickly neurotically- takes longer to react
Normal child-
Will say IIIIIII and will not care about it, they don’t even realize it
list two stuttering myths
Stuttering Is a Nervous Reaction
stuttering is caused by overly sensitive parents
causes of Stuttering
- Genetic Influences
- Environmental Demands and the Capacity for Fluency
- The Influence of Learning
Contributing Factors of stuttering
- Genetics
- Negative Feelings and Attitudes
- Difficulties with Speech Motor Control
- Avoidance
- Internal/External Conditions
Internal factors of stuttering include
neural structures and functions, inherited traits, temperament, cognitive abilities, language abilities, information processing mechanisms and speech motor control
The external conditions of stuttering include
culture, parental expectations, childrearing practices, communicative experiences, and relationships with parents, siblings, and peers.
Indicators of Early Stuttering in Children
- An average of 3 or more sound repetitions, prolongations, or blocks per 100 words.
- An average of 3 or more stuttering-like disfluencies (single-syllable-word repetitions, syllable repetitions, sound repetitions, prolongations, or blocks) per 100 words.
- Adjacency
- Increases in the rate and irregularity of repetitions.
- Excess tension/struggle.
- Secondary behaviors before or during disfluencies.
- Feelings of frustration
Assessment of Stuttering are designed to determine:
o whether the person is a stutterer,
o to describe the patterns of disfluency that are exhibited,
o and to determine what therapy procedures to use.
often caused by a gradual loss of brain cells resulting in brain atrophy
progressive deterioration
