Exam 1 Flashcards
The exchange of meaning between a sender and receiver
Communication
A code, which includes words and sentences used to convey ideas and feelings (spoken language, written language, sign language)
Language
Programmed movements of the oral cavity to form a sequence of sound that represents words, phrases, and sentences. How you form sound
Speech
Describes how a child is presented or born with a disorder
Congenital disorder
Describes how a child acquired a disorder after birth.
Acquired disorder
Getting into a car accident you may acquire a traumatic brain injury
Acquired disorder
Getting meningitis as a young child, resulting in becoming deaf
Acquired disorder
A loss or abnormality of a physiological, physchological or anatomic structure or function
Impairment
Loss of hearing-when a person may not be able to hear well is an example of
Impairment
A reduced incompetence in meeting daily living needs
disability
If an impairment is so big, they cant function daily
disability
a disorder that interferes with the exchange of meaning.
communication disorder
when a person has different language rules from other people
communication difference
a respectful way to address a person
first person language
you address the person first, then the disorder
first person language
“A girl with dyslexia” instead of “a dyslexic girl”
first person language
disorders with a physical cause. Example patients with stroke or cleft palate
Organic Disorders
disorders with no physical cause or reason. Example patients with stutter but cant identify why they are stuttering, it is considered a
Functional Disorders
disorders that appear as a person develops or grows up, like dyslexia.
Developmental Disorders
disorders that are acquired after birth due to something traumatic
Acquired Disorders
children with difficulty with motor production of speech sounds
Speech Sound Disorders (SSD)
usually involves interruptions in the flow of speaking that involves smoothness, rate and effort. example stuttering
Fluency Disorders
when a individual uses inappropriate voice quality pitch or loudness compared to others of his own age, gender, cultural background, or geographic location
Voice Disorders
abnormality in the vocal fold vibration.
Phonatory disorders
If you are screaming for a long period of time, your vocal fold can get inflamed or swollen and will not close well, resulting in no voice. Seen lots of times with signers
Phonatory disorders
problems in the back between the nose and the mouth
Resonance disorders
Problems with your voice as a result of physiological stress, like yelling
Psychogenic voice disorder
when people have trouble using words.
language Disorders
two types of language disorders:
Receptive and expressive
results from a pathological deterioration of the brain that progresses and worsens over time.
Dementia
A deficiency in the ability to detect sound
Hearing Disorders
due to the fluid in the middle ear, typically can be fixed with antibiotic medicine
Conductive Hearing Loss
disfunction of the cochlear in the ear, typically will need hearing aids
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
Mixed Hearing Loss
does labs, conduct research, but does not work with clients-ONLY DOES RESEARCH
Speech Language and Hearing Scientist
2 types of speech pathologist:
Assistant /master’s level
to be a SLP assistant you must have:
bachelors
to be a SLP you must have:
masters level and fully certified
study, asses, and treat individuals who have hearing impairments. Most work at hearing aid centers
Audiologists
national organization for speech pathologist
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA)
organization for audiologist
American Academy of Audiology (triple A)
Two ways in which induvial professionals are regulated.
licensure and certification
in the state of Texas, you do a background check, transcript sent over, fingerprint.
Licensure
need masters and will be supervised
Certification
Needed to finally be on your own! Have to have 9 months full time experience and pass exam.
Certificate of Clinical Competence
guide what you should be doing ‘code of ethics’ helps decide what is the right thing to do in a situation.
Ethics
Nervous System is divided into 2 systems
Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system
includes the brain and the spinal cord
Central nervous system
includes the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves
Peripheral nervous system
The nervous system has billions of _____. they differ in size, shape, and what they do. The basic unit of the nervous system.
neuron
smaller, short, lots of them, bring the information into the cell body by making contact with other cells.
Dendrites
controlling station
Nucleus
cell body
soma
sends information out to other cells
axon
found on the axon. Covers the entire axon helps transmit impulses
Myelin sheaths
sensory that sends information from the body, into the brain
Afferent
motor that sends information from the brain to the body
Efferent
chemical messengers of the nervous system
Neurotransmitters
process of firing neurotransmitters from the end of the axon over the dendrites of another neuron
Synapse
area at the end of the axon, that carries the neurotransmitters
Presynaptic area
the space between the presynaptic area and the postsynaptic area.
Synaptic Cleft
area on the dendrite, that receive information
Post synaptic area
includes the cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
made up of two hemispheres. Each hemisphere has four lobes
cerebrum
motor planning and execution
Frontal
sensory and spatial processing
parietal
auditory processes
Temporal
visual processing
Occipital
a series of connecting pathways between both hemispheres.
Corpus Callosum
Fissures are major landmarks that divide the brain.
Major Fissures
separates or divides the frontal and parental lobes from the temporal lobes.
Lateral fissure/Sylvian Fissure-
which separates or divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
Central Fissure/Central Sulcus/Rolandic Fissure-
within the cerebrum, we have _________ processing happening.
Sensory and Motor processing
lies at the base of the brain(bottom), have all kinds of afferent/efferent information going to and from the brain (example temperature and pain
brainstem
lies at the bottom of the brain, but behind the brain. Helps with balance and coordination
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
involves the
cervical(7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
sacral(5)
coccygeal
come from the cerebrum and brain stem. Sensory and or motor functions
cranial nerves
come from the spinal cord. Sensory and or motor functions
spinal nerves
in charge of speech and language
The left hemisphere
in charge of wholelistic processing, face recognition, comprehension and music
right hemisphere
numbers different parts of the brain and list what they are in charge of.
Brodmann’s numbering system
Numbering system corresponds with the brain and functions
Brodmann’s numbering system
anterior to the central Sulcus. In charge of motor functions for the opposite side of the body INITIATES MOTOR MOVEMENT
Precentral gyrus
posterior to the central Sulcus. In charge of sensory information on the opposite side of the body
Postcentral gyrus
If a stoke happens and the right side is paralyzed, this means the stoke happened on the ______ gyrus
left precentral gyrus
in between the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus is
the central fissure
Located in the frontal lobe. In charge of planning and carrying out speech movements.
Broca’s area/Frontal Lobe(BRODMANNS #44)
(BRODMANNS #44)-
Broca’s area
If a stoke happens in this area= speech delays or difficultly in speaking, but comprehension is good, which means you are able to understand what someone is saying.
brocas area
located in the temporal lobe. In charge of understanding speech.
Wernicke’s area/Temporal lobe(BRODMANNS#22)
If a stroke in this area= not be able to understand speech, but speech is good!
wernickes area
(BRODMANNS#22)
Wernicke’s area
connects the Wernicke’s area with the bocas area. Helps them to communicate
Arcuate Fasciculus
direct pathway from the cerebrum to the peripheral nerves. Originates in the precentral gyrus.
pyramidal
indirect pathways from the cerebrum to peripheral nerves
Extrapyramidal
when fibers or pathways cross from one side of the body to the other.
Decussion
producing the sounds and sound sequences of their language
Phonetics
with understanding and implementing the underlying rules for producing sounds and sequences
Phonology
What is the velopharyngeal closure
Velopharyngeal closure takes place during speech production and necessary for the pharynx to close.
velopharyngeal closure steps:
- the posterior pharyngeal wall has to move anteriorly
2.the lateral pharyngeal wall will have to move medially.
3.the soft palate has to move posteriorly and superiorly.
the major structures of the respiratory system
The major structures of the respiratory system are the trachea, the bronchus, the lungs, and the diaphragm
major structures of the resonation system?
pharynx
major structures of the articulatory system
the oral cavity.
major structures of the phonation system
larynx
What are some common speech disorders in children or adults?
cleft palate and cerebral palsy. Also, speech sounds disorders which can include lisps, and fluency disorders, which can include speech stutters.
how to differentiate between a communication disorder and a communication difference
look into the persons background
the differences between certification and licensure?
A licensure is given by the state, while a certification is giving by American- Speech- Language- Hearing Association (ASHA)
3 Major subsystems involved in producing speech:
the respiratory system,
the phonatory system,
the articulatory system
Consonants are described by:
Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
Voicing
when a person is behind schedule, but shows normal behavior for his age
Delay
when a person has difficulties and shows behaviors that are not normal for their age group.
Speech disorder
Severity related to:
The accuracy of production
Number of sounds produced accurately
Ability to produce sounds accurately in different word positions
The ability to produce sound sequences
Severity Levels:
mild, moderate, severe
if the child speaks the way he speaks in his neighborhood; look into his environment
Dialect
what caused a disorder
Etiology
when you can’t identify something physically wrong.
functional
when you are able to identify something physically wrong
organic
ability to take in information
Perceptual/Input related
something physically wrong, like a cleft palate
Structural
information carrying out of the body. If something is wrong with muscles or physical movement
Motor/output-related
A person may have speech sound disorders and other types of disorders as well. Seen in many patients with autism.
co-occurrence
determine the type and severity if the disorder or the delay (is it mild? What type of disorder? Delayed or disorder?)
Goals
Procedures/Materials for assessment:
the child’s suspected or diagnosed etiology,
chronological and developmental age,
the primary language spoken
as you prepare your materials, you need to look at these to make sure you have the correct information. Know their age group to avoid making any mistakes
preparing materials
Using the information gathered:
To analyze (what are they doing?)
To understand patterns (child’s productions and comparison population)
Decisions about treatment/therapy
gather a sample of the patient’s speech. Need to collect a REPRESENTATION speech sample! Meaning a sample of how he normally talks. Do this by asking questions, creating a safe environment, play with toys.
speech samples
Creating a list of what he can and cant do. “he said ____ instead of ____”
Inventory of speech sounds.
a child may be better in some areas, not just in single words assessments)
Several Measures of Assessment
Analyzing a single word
Articulation Tests
“has problems with fricatives”. You want to listen and write down all his speech patterns
Describe speech behaviors
look at his age group and compare
SLP compares child’s inventory to chronological age.
try to determine what is causing this problem
Etiology
Analyzing speech
Describe speech behaviors
SLP compares child’s inventory to chronological age.
Etiology
Address Respiration, Phonation, Resonation, Articulation.
Describing SODA:
producing one sound for another (wabbit for rabbit
Substitutions
leaves off sound or omits it (do for Dog)
ommisions
kind of making the sound, but distorting it(sue for shoe)
distortions
adds a sound (doga for dog)
addition
taking a look inside the patient’s mouth and making sure everything is okay. Looking to see if something is physically wrong. Take a look at the face, eyes, teeth
Oral Peripheral Exam
if a person fails a hearing test, we want to know is it an ear infection or are they not able to hear language
A hearing test
Other tests
checking for stutters, language, grammar, voice problems
looking to see if a child needs therapy
Treatment/Intervention
Goals of Treatment/Intervention
Chronological Age
Intelligibility
do they talk like somebody their age
Chronological Age
are they able to be understood by others
intelligibility
works with babies between 0-3 years old. With NICU babies and home visits
Early intervention programs
works with 4 year olds- seniors
In public school educational settings
Work in the NICU and patients who have had strokes, car accidents, or induvial at the hospital who need speech or eating help
Hospitals
therapy for 30 minutes, open to the community
Community clinics
three possible etiological categories for articulation disorders?
perceptual etiology, structural etiology, and motor etiology.
when a child has difficulty with speech production or producing speech.
Articulation Disorder
The way sound is produced.
Articulation.
The way a child speaks, which helps determine whether or not a child will need therapy.
Intelligibility
The smallest unit of sound that create meaning.
Phoneme
The rules used for combining sounds to form words.
Phonology
A test used for analyzing single words which focus on initial, medial, and final positions to see where a child stands within their speech production.
Single Word Articulation Test
A sample taken by speech language pathologist, which allows for a better understanding of how a child talks and what they need help with
Spontaneous Speech and Language Sample
When a person shows a delay or falls behind in speech production, but usually show normal behaviors.
Speech Delay
when a person shows difficultly with speech production, but usually show behaviors that are not normal.
Speech Disorder
