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genetics > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Karoytype

A

-chromosomes prepared from actively dividing cells
-halted in metaphase
-chromosome arranged according to size

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2
Q

chromosome reaaragnements

A

change in chromosome structure

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3
Q

aneuploidy

A

change in number of individual chromosomes
-extra missing chromosomes usually due to nondisjunction of homologs in meiosis I..

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4
Q

duplication

A

duplication of a chromosome segment
-effects

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5
Q

deletion

A

deletion of a chromosome segment
-effects-

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6
Q

inversion

A

chromosome segment inverted 180 degrees
-effects-

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7
Q

paracentric

A

inversion that does not include the centromere in the inverted region

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8
Q

pericentric

A

inversion that includes the centromere in the inverted region

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9
Q

translocation

A

movement of a chromosome segment to a nonhomologous chromosome or to another region of the same chromosome
-effects-

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10
Q

robertsonian

A

is a genetic abnormality
-special case of reciprocal results in a fusion

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11
Q

klinefelter syndrome

A

-XXY, or XXXY, or XXXXY, or XXYY; 1/1000 male births

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12
Q

turner syndrome

A

-XO; 1/3000 female births

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13
Q

nullisomy

A

loss of both members of a homologous pair, 2n-2

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14
Q

monosomy

A

loss of one member of homologous pair
-2n-1

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15
Q

trisomy

A

gain of one chromosome, resulting in three homologous chromosomes
-2n+1

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16
Q

tetrasomy

A

gain of two homologous chromosomes resulting in four homologous chromosomes
-2n+2

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17
Q

down syndrome (trisomy 21)

A

-primary down syndrome: 75% random nondisjunction in egg formation
-familial down syndrome: Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21

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18
Q

edward syndrome (trisomy 18)

A

1/8000 live births

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19
Q

Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)

A

1/15,000 live births

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20
Q

trisomy *

A

1/25,000-1/50,000 live births

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21
Q

polypoidy

A

addition of entire chromosome sets
-common in plants, rare in animals

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22
Q

uniparental disomy

A

occurs when a person receives two copies of a chromosome, or part of a chromosome, from one parent and no copies from the other parent.

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23
Q

autopolyploidy

A

polyploidy in which extra chromosomes sets are derived from the same species
-often caused by failure of cytokinesis

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24
Q

allopolyploidy

A

polyploidy in which extra chromosome sets are derived from two or more species
-hybirdization between different species with different chromosome sets

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25
Q

gene

A

an inherited factor (encoded in the DNA) that helps determine a characteristic

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26
Q

allele

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene

27
Q

locus

A

specific place of a chromosome occupied by an allele

28
Q

homozygote

A

an individual organism possessing two of the same alleles at a locus

29
Q

heterzygote

A

an individual organism processing two different alleles at a locus

30
Q

genotype

A

set of alleles possessed by an induvial organism

31
Q

phenotype

A

the appearance or manifestation of a characteristics

32
Q

testcross

A

a genetic cross between a homozygous recessive individual and a corresponding suspected heterozygote to determine the genotype of the latter.

33
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between two parents that differ in a single characteristic

34
Q

dihybrid cross

A

examine two traits at a time

35
Q

independent assortment

A

alleles at different loci separate independently

36
Q

XX

A

homogametic

37
Q

XY

A

heterogametic

38
Q

Y-linked genes

A

passed from fathers to sons

39
Q

X-linked genes

A

passed from mothers to both sons and daughters
-and from fathers to daughters
-males are hemizygous for X-linked genes and cannot be carries

40
Q

hemizygous

A

is having or characterized by one or more genes

41
Q

complete dominance

A

phenotype of the heterozygous is the same as the phenotype of one of the homozygotes

42
Q

incomplete dominace

A

phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes

43
Q

codominance

A

phenotype of the heterozygote includes the phenotypes of both homozygotes

44
Q

lethal genotypes

A

alleles that cause the death of the organism that carries them

45
Q

variable expressivity

A

the degree to which a trait is expressed

46
Q

incomplete pentrance

A

the percentage of individuals having a particular genotype that express that expected phenotype

47
Q

epistasis

A

one gene masks the effect of another gene

48
Q

sex-linked traits

A

genes located on the sex chromosomes

49
Q

sex-limited traits

A

autosomal genes whose expression is limited to one sex

50
Q

sex influenced traits

A

autosomal genes that are more readily expressed in one sex

51
Q

cytoplasmic inheritance

A

cytoplasmic genes, which are usually inherited from only one parent

52
Q

epigenetics

A

phenomena due to alterations to DNA
that do not include changes in the base sequence
-often affect the way in which the DNA sequences
are expressed

53
Q

genomic imprinting

A

genes whose expression is affected by the sex of the transmitting parent

54
Q

phenocopy

A

an individual showing features characteristic of a genotype other than its own but produced environmentally rather than genetically.

55
Q

continous characteristc

A

continuous distribution of phenotypes; occurs when genes at many loci interact

56
Q

discontinous characteristics

A

relatively few phenotype

57
Q

polygenic characteristics

A

characteristics encoded by genes at many loci

58
Q

pleiotropy

A

refers to the effect of a single gene on the expression of múltiple characteristics
-one gene affects multiple characteristics

59
Q

polygeny

A

refers to the influence of multiple genes
on the expression of a single characteristic.

60
Q

XX-XO systems

A

-XX-females
XO-males
-grasshoppers

61
Q

XX-XY system

A

-XX-female
-XY-male
-mammals

62
Q

ZZ-ZW system

A

-ZZ-male
-ZW-female
-birds, snakes, butterflies

63
Q

Haplodiploidy system

A

-haploid set- male
-diploid set- female
-bees, wasps, and ants

genetics (4 decks)

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