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genetics > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Possibles models of replication

A

-Conservative
-dispersive
-semiconservative

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2
Q

Conservative

A

both strands are copied to form a new duplicate with the original intact

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3
Q

Dispersive

A

sections of duplex are copied. two new molecules with sections of old and new duplex are assembled

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4
Q

semiconservative

A

each strand acts as a template for synthesizing a new strand. each duplex has old one strand and one new strand

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5
Q

structural genes

A

encoding proteins

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6
Q

regulatory genes

A

encoding products that interact with other sequences and affect the transcription and translation of these sequences

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7
Q

regulatory elements

A

DNA sequences that are not transcribed but play a role in regulating other nucleotides sequences

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8
Q

constitutive expression

A

continuously expressed under normal cellular conditions

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9
Q

positive control

A

stimulate gene expression

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10
Q

constituvie gene

A

a gene that is nor regulated and is expressed continually

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11
Q

negative control

A

inhibit gene expression

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12
Q

corepressor

A

a small molecule that binds to the repressor and makes it capable of binding to the operator to turn off transcription

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13
Q

inducer

A

small molecule that turns on the transcription

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14
Q

inducible operon

A

transcription is usually off and needs to be turned on

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15
Q

repressible operon

A

transcription is normally on and needs to be turned off

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16
Q

negative inducible

A

the control at the operator site is negative, molecule binding is to the operator, inhibiting transcription
-such operons are usually off and need to be turned on
-transcription is inducible

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17
Q

positive inducible

A

the default state of gene transcription is “off.” The regulatory protein alone cannot bind to the operator site to turn it on,

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18
Q

negative repressible

A

the control at the operator site is negative
-such transcription is on and needs to be turned off
-no transcription is repressible

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19
Q

positive repressible

A

he activator proteins are normally bound to the pertinent DNA segment

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20
Q

catabolite repression

A

using glucose when available and repressing the metabolite of other sugars
-positive control mechanism
-activated by cAMP

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21
Q

chromaiton remodleing

A

Chromatin-remodleing complexes: bind directly to DNA sites and reposition nucleosomes

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22
Q

forward mutation

A

wild type> mutant type

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23
Q

reverse mutation

A

mutant type> wild type

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24
Q

missense mutatoin

A

amino acid> different amino acid

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25
Q

nonsense mutation

A

sense codon> nonsense codon

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26
Q

silent mutation

A

codon> synonymous codon

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27
Q

neutral mutation

A

no change in function

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28
Q

loss of function mutation

A

A type of mutation in which the altered gene product possesses a new molecular function or a new pattern of gene expression

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29
Q

gain of function mutation

A

A type of mutation in which the altered gene product possesses a new molecular function or a new pattern of gene expression

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30
Q

conditional mutation

A

wild-type phenotype under certain (permissive) environmental conditions and a mutant phenotype under other (restrictive) conditions.

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31
Q

lethal mutation

A

genetic mutations that lead to death whether over a period of time or immediately after the mutation occurs

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32
Q

postitve supercoiling

A

DNA occurs when the right-handed, double-helical conformation of DNA is twisted even tighte

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33
Q

negative supercoiling

A

right-handed coiling of DNA thus winding occurs in the counterclockwise direction

34
Q

haploid cells

A

carry one set of genetic information

35
Q

diploid cells

A

two sets of chromosomes

36
Q

prokaryotic

A

-no nucleus
-small 1 to 10um
-no membrane bounded organelles
-DNA- not complexed with histones
-one circular DNA molecule
-unicellular
-made up of eubacteria and archara

37
Q

eukaryotic

A

-nucleus
-large 10 to 100 um
-multiple linear DNA molecule
-membrane bounded organelles
-complexed with histones
-unicellular and multicellular

38
Q

viruses organisms

A

neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic
-outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acid

39
Q

cellular organism

A

divided in two groups known as prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

40
Q

metacentric

A

the centromere located midway between the ends of the chromosome

41
Q

submetacentric

A

A submetacentric chromosome is a chromosome whose centromere is located near the middle

42
Q

acrocentric

A

A chromosome in which the centromere is located quite near one end of the chromosome

43
Q

telocentric

A

chromosome whose centromere is located at one end

44
Q

kinetochore

A

a complex of proteins associated with the centromere of a chromosome during cell division, to which the microtubules of the spindle attach

45
Q

cytokinesis

A

separation of cytoplasm

46
Q

monads

A

single

47
Q

dyads

A

double

48
Q

synapsis

A

close pairing of homologous chromosomes

49
Q

tetrad

A

closely associated four sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes

50
Q

crossing over

A

chromosome segments from the sister chromatid of one chromosome to the sister chromatid of the other synapsed

51
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies

52
Q

mismatch repair

A

-corrects mismatched bases and other DNA lesions
-enzymes cut out a section of the newly synthesized strand of DNA and replace it with new nucleotides
detection-single nick is made in the sugar phosphate backbone on one side
excision-old nucleotides are degraded

53
Q

base-excision repair

A

-glycosylase enzymes and recognize and remove specific types of modified bases
-entire nucleotide is then removed, and section of polynucleotide strand is replaced
detection-single nick is made in the sugar phosphate backbone
excision-DNA polymerase displaces the old nucleotides as it adds new nucleotides

54
Q

nucleotide-excision repair

A

-removes and replaces many types of damaged DNA structure
two strands of DNA are separated, a section of the DNA containing the distortion is removed
detection-nicks are made in both sides
excision-old nucleotides are displaced by helicase enzymes

55
Q

somatic

A

relating to the body, especially as distinct from the mind.

56
Q

germ-line mutation

A

A gene change in a reproductive cell (egg or sperm) that becomes incorporated into the DNA of every cell in the body of the offspring

57
Q

transitoin mutations

A

occur when a pyrimidine base (i.e., thymine [T] or cytosine [C]) substitutes for another pyrimidine base or when a purine base (i.e., adenine [A] or guanine [G]) substitutes for another purine base.

58
Q

transversion mutations

A

refers to a purine being replaced by a pyrimidine, or vice versa

59
Q

interphase

A

extended period between cell division, DNA synthesis, and chromosomes replication phase

60
Q

mitosis

A

separation of sister chromatids

61
Q

interphase

A

G1, S, G2

62
Q

G1

A

growth, proteins necessary for cell division

63
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

regulated decision point

64
Q

S

A

DNA synthesis

65
Q

G2

A

biochemical preparation for cell division

66
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

only passed if DNA is completely replicated and undamaged

67
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle forms

68
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope disintegrates, spindle microtubules anchor to kinetochores

69
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align on the metaphase plate; spindle assembly checkpoint

70
Q

Anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes that migrate toward spindle poles

71
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, the nuclear envelope re-forms, and the condensed chromosomes relax

72
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divides, cell wall forms in plant cells

73
Q

meiosis I

A

Separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and reduction of the chromosome number by half

74
Q

meiosis II

A

separation of sister chromatids, also known as equational division

75
Q

lacl

A

repressor encoding gene

76
Q

lacP

A

operon promoter

77
Q

lacO

A

operon operator

78
Q

lacZ

A

encoding beta galactosidases

79
Q

lacY

A

encoding permease

80
Q

lacA

A

encoding transacetylase

genetics (4 decks)

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