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College Bio 101 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A cell with two full sets of chromosomes would be termed a _______________ cell.

A

diploid

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2
Q

A cell with one set of chromosomes would be termed a ________________ cell.

A

Haploid

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3
Q

In biology lab, you are observing specimens of muscle cells and nerve cells, as examples of

A

Somatic cells

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4
Q

Sexual reproduction is important to the survival of a species in a changing environment because

A

sexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals.

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5
Q

A desert plant called Kalanchoe can reproduce, either with sexual reproduction through flowers, or asexually by budding off miniature leaf and root clusters from its leaves. When buds are produced, they land on the ground, take root, and grow, genetically identical to the original. If budding is used for several years, a large area may be covered with these descendents from the same original plant. The resulting population of plants will

A

not be suited to adapt to environments

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6
Q

The abbreviation n indicates cells are

A

Haploid

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7
Q

In humans during meiosis, a diploid germ cell reduces its chromosome number by half to generate __________ haploid cells.

A

4 Haploid daughter cells

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8
Q

Meiotic cell division replicates a cell’s DNA ____________ and then divides ______________.

A

once,twice

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9
Q

The human chromosomes that do not determine whether an individual is male or female are

A

Autosomes

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10
Q

Identify the correct comparison between the human X and Y chromosomes.

A

The X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome

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11
Q

In a cell dividing by meiosis, DNA is replicated

A

Before meiosis 1

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12
Q

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during

A

Anaphase 1

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13
Q

What role does DNA play in the cell?

A

stores genetic information

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14
Q

Subunits called ______ are the building blocks of nucleic acids, as determined by scientists by about 1930.

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

The information that each cell needs to produce proteins is stored in a molecule called

A

DNA

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16
Q

What scientists worked out the double helical structure of DNA using a ball-and-stick model?

A

Watson and Crick

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17
Q

Select all of the following that are components of nucleotides.

A

Phosphorus group, Nitrogenous base, and surgars

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18
Q

The term genome refers to

A

All the genetic material in a cell

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19
Q

Which scientist showed that the amount of the base guanine in a DNA molecule equals the amount of the base cytosine in a DNA molecule?

A

Chargaff

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20
Q

The promoter is a sequence on the ______ that signals the start of a gene.

A

template strands of dna

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21
Q

All of the genetic material that is within a cell is called its

A

Genome

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22
Q

In the “central dogma,” information flows from DNA to RNA to

A

proteins

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23
Q

In an RNA molecule, a(n) ______ is a genetic “code word” that corresponds to one amino acid.

A

codon

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24
Q

The ______ describes the correspondence of three-nucleotide codons to specific amino acids or directions for starting and stopping translation.

A

genetic code

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25
Q

The ______ is a sequence of DNA that signals the start of a gene and is the site where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription.

A

promoter

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26
Q

In eukaryotes, a part of an mRNA molecule that is removed before translation is called a(n)

A

intron

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27
Q

After translation is complete, the newly synthesized polypeptide must ______, as determined by some regions of the amino acid chain.

A

fold into its functional shape

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28
Q

What 3-base site of a tRNA molecule is complementary to an mRNA codon?

A

Anticodon

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29
Q

Enzymes and chaperone proteins assist in ______ that takes place after translation is complete.

A

polypeptide folding

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30
Q

Transcription factors are eukaryotic proteins that are required for RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter and initiate

A

transcription of genes

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31
Q

Splicing of different exons together from the same mRNA molecules can result in

A

production of different proteins

32
Q

is a change in a cell’s DNA sequence.

A

Mutation

33
Q

A(n) ______ mutation is caused by the replacement of one nucleotide with another.

A

substitution

34
Q

Cell division is necessary for an organism to

A

reproduce

35
Q

In asexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically ________ to each other.

A

Identical

36
Q

Because apoptosis is an intentional act on the part of the cell, it is sometimes referred to as “______ cell death.”

A

programmed

37
Q

In order for a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell to divide, it needs to first duplicate its entire ______, which consists of all of its genetic material.

A

genome

38
Q

A single molecule of DNA and its associated proteins is called a(n)

A

chromosome

39
Q

What type of reproduction results in the production of genetically identical offspring?

A

a-sexual

40
Q

In sexual reproduction, the sex cells of two different parents fuse to form

A

genetically different from off spring

41
Q

What enzyme adds complementary bases to exposed single strands of DNA during DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

42
Q

The process of reading a DNA strand and making a complementary DNA copy of that strand is called

A

DNA replication

43
Q

Although they occur rarely, mistakes in DNA replication result in ______, a change in a cell’s DNA sequence.

A

Mutation

44
Q

The production of offspring with a genetic makeup derived from two parents and is unique, is called

A

sexual reproduction

45
Q

Binary fission is a type of ______ seen in prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria.

A

a-sexual reproduction

46
Q

Eukaryotic cell division is more complicated than binary fission because eukaryotes house the DNA in

A

multiple chromosomes

47
Q

The ______ describes the series of events that occur in a eukaryotic cell from cell division, including division of the genetic material and the cytoplasm, through the interval of cell activity before the next cell division.

A

cell cycle

48
Q

In the eukaryotic cell cycle, the time of cell growth between successive cell divisions is called

A

interphase

49
Q

What type of cells may divide constantly throughout their life?

A

stem cells

50
Q

The chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope and the nucleolus disappears in what phase of mitosis?

A

prophase

51
Q

Proteins called ______ are chemical signals that bind to receptors on a cell membrane and trigger cell division.

A

growth factros

52
Q

What type of cells may divide constantly throughout their life?

A

stem cells

53
Q

What type of cells lack specialized features, are differently-shaped, often have multiple nuclei, and divide eternally?

A

cancer cells

54
Q

What is the key feature that classifies a disease as cancer?

A

Maligant cells

55
Q

In order for cancer to form, usually _______ of a tumor suppressor gene must be mutated.

A

both copies

56
Q

In ______ reproduction, genetically identical offspring are produced, while in ______ reproduction, offspring are genetically different from each other.

A

asexual, sexual

57
Q

A single molecule of DNA and its associated proteins form a

A

chromosome

58
Q

Diploid cells contain two full sets of

A

chromosomes

59
Q

What chromosomes occur in pairs of the same size and contain the same genes in both genders?

A

autosomes

60
Q

Humans reproduce via

A

sexual reproduction

61
Q

A(n) ______ cell contains only one copy of each chromosome.

A

Hapliod

62
Q

Different versions of a gene are called

A

Alleles

63
Q

In animals, specialized diploid cells that undergo meiosis are called

A

germ cells

64
Q

The chromosomes of offspring are not identical to those of their parents or siblings because ______ is shuffled during meiosis.

A

genetic informations

65
Q

How many rounds of cell division occur in meiosis?

A

2 rounds

66
Q

The 22 pairs of human chromosomes that are the same in both males and females are called

A

autosomes

67
Q

A cell in which homologous chromosomes are arranged in pairs along the equator of the cell is in what phase?

A

Meiosis 1

68
Q

A(n) ______ cell has at least one extra set of chromosomes.

A

polyploid

69
Q

An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes

A

down syndrome

70
Q

What produces gametes with a missing or extra chromosome and results in embryonic, fetal, or infant death or a trisomic individual?

A

non disjunction

71
Q

Nondisjunction of the ______ chromosome during meiosis can produce offspring that are XXX or XXY.

A

X chromosome

72
Q

Select the true statement about human gametes.

A

sperm and egg cells are different in size

73
Q

The mature, haploid egg cell of a human female is also called a(n)

A

ovum

74
Q

What is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that holds the instructions to make a protein?

A

Gene

75
Q

Alternative forms of a gene are called

A

alleles

76
Q

If both parents contribute identical versions of a gene, then the offspring are ______ for that gene.

A

Homozygous

College Bio 101 (3 decks)

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