exam 3

Question 1

A cell with two full sets of chromosomes would be termed a _______________ cell.

Answer 1

diploid

Question 2

A cell with one set of chromosomes would be termed a ________________ cell.

Answer 2

Haploid

Question 3

In biology lab, you are observing specimens of muscle cells and nerve cells, as examples of

Answer 3

Somatic cells

Question 4

Sexual reproduction is important to the survival of a species in a changing environment because

Answer 4

sexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals.

Question 5

A desert plant called Kalanchoe can reproduce, either with sexual reproduction through flowers, or asexually by budding off miniature leaf and root clusters from its leaves. When buds are produced, they land on the ground, take root, and grow, genetically identical to the original. If budding is used for several years, a large area may be covered with these descendents from the same original plant. The resulting population of plants will

Answer 5

not be suited to adapt to environments

Question 6

The abbreviation n indicates cells are

Answer 6

Haploid

Question 7

In humans during meiosis, a diploid germ cell reduces its chromosome number by half to generate __________ haploid cells.

Answer 7

4 Haploid daughter cells

Question 8

Meiotic cell division replicates a cell’s DNA ____________ and then divides ______________.

Answer 8

once,twice

Question 9

The human chromosomes that do not determine whether an individual is male or female are

Answer 9

Autosomes

Question 10

Identify the correct comparison between the human X and Y chromosomes.

Answer 10

The X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome

Question 11

In a cell dividing by meiosis, DNA is replicated

Answer 11

Before meiosis 1

Question 12

In meiosis, homologous chromosomes separate during

Answer 12

Anaphase 1

Question 13

What role does DNA play in the cell?

Answer 13

stores genetic information

Question 14

Subunits called ______ are the building blocks of nucleic acids, as determined by scientists by about 1930.

Answer 14

nucleotides

Question 15

The information that each cell needs to produce proteins is stored in a molecule called

Answer 15

DNA

Question 16

What scientists worked out the double helical structure of DNA using a ball-and-stick model?

Answer 16

Watson and Crick

Question 17

Select all of the following that are components of nucleotides.

Answer 17

Phosphorus group, Nitrogenous base, and surgars

Question 18

The term genome refers to

Answer 18

All the genetic material in a cell

Question 19

Which scientist showed that the amount of the base guanine in a DNA molecule equals the amount of the base cytosine in a DNA molecule?

Answer 19

Chargaff

Question 20

The promoter is a sequence on the ______ that signals the start of a gene.

Answer 20

template strands of dna

Question 21

All of the genetic material that is within a cell is called its

Answer 21

Genome

Question 22

In the “central dogma,” information flows from DNA to RNA to

Answer 22

proteins

Question 23

In an RNA molecule, a(n) ______ is a genetic “code word” that corresponds to one amino acid.

Answer 23

codon

Question 24

The ______ describes the correspondence of three-nucleotide codons to specific amino acids or directions for starting and stopping translation.

Answer 24

genetic code

Question 25

The ______ is a sequence of DNA that signals the start of a gene and is the site where RNA polymerase binds to begin transcription.

Answer 25

promoter

Question 26

In eukaryotes, a part of an mRNA molecule that is removed before translation is called a(n)

Answer 26

intron

Question 27

After translation is complete, the newly synthesized polypeptide must ______, as determined by some regions of the amino acid chain.

Answer 27

fold into its functional shape

Question 28

What 3-base site of a tRNA molecule is complementary to an mRNA codon?

Answer 28

Anticodon

Question 29

Enzymes and chaperone proteins assist in ______ that takes place after translation is complete.

Answer 29

polypeptide folding

Question 30

Transcription factors are eukaryotic proteins that are required for RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter and initiate

Answer 30

transcription of genes

Question 31

Splicing of different exons together from the same mRNA molecules can result in

Answer 31

production of different proteins

Question 32

is a change in a cell's DNA sequence.

Answer 32

Mutation

Question 33

A(n) ______ mutation is caused by the replacement of one nucleotide with another.

Answer 33

substitution

Question 34

Cell division is necessary for an organism to

Answer 34

reproduce

Question 35

In asexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically ________ to each other.

Answer 35

Identical

Question 36

Because apoptosis is an intentional act on the part of the cell, it is sometimes referred to as "______ cell death."

Answer 36

programmed

Question 37

In order for a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell to divide, it needs to first duplicate its entire ______, which consists of all of its genetic material.

Answer 37

genome

Question 38

A single molecule of DNA and its associated proteins is called a(n)

Answer 38

chromosome

Question 39

What type of reproduction results in the production of genetically identical offspring?

Answer 39

a-sexual

Question 40

In sexual reproduction, the sex cells of two different parents fuse to form

Answer 40

genetically different from off spring

Question 41

What enzyme adds complementary bases to exposed single strands of DNA during DNA replication?

Answer 41

DNA polymerase

Question 42

The process of reading a DNA strand and making a complementary DNA copy of that strand is called

Answer 42

DNA replication

Question 43

Although they occur rarely, mistakes in DNA replication result in ______, a change in a cell's DNA sequence.

Answer 43

Mutation

Question 44

The production of offspring with a genetic makeup derived from two parents and is unique, is called

Answer 44

sexual reproduction

Question 45

Binary fission is a type of ______ seen in prokaryotes, such as archaea and bacteria.

Answer 45

a-sexual reproduction

Question 46

Eukaryotic cell division is more complicated than binary fission because eukaryotes house the DNA in

Answer 46

multiple chromosomes

Question 47

The ______ describes the series of events that occur in a eukaryotic cell from cell division, including division of the genetic material and the cytoplasm, through the interval of cell activity before the next cell division.

Answer 47

cell cycle

Question 48

In the eukaryotic cell cycle, the time of cell growth between successive cell divisions is called

Answer 48

interphase

Question 49

What type of cells may divide constantly throughout their life?

Answer 49

stem cells

Question 50

The chromosomes condense and become visible under a light microscope and the nucleolus disappears in what phase of mitosis?

Answer 50

prophase

Question 51

Proteins called ______ are chemical signals that bind to receptors on a cell membrane and trigger cell division.

Answer 51

growth factros

Question 52

What type of cells may divide constantly throughout their life?

Answer 52

stem cells

Question 53

What type of cells lack specialized features, are differently-shaped, often have multiple nuclei, and divide eternally?

Answer 53

cancer cells

Question 54

What is the key feature that classifies a disease as cancer?

Answer 54

Maligant cells

Question 55

In order for cancer to form, usually _______ of a tumor suppressor gene must be mutated.

Answer 55

both copies

Question 56

In ______ reproduction, genetically identical offspring are produced, while in ______ reproduction, offspring are genetically different from each other.

Answer 56

asexual, sexual

Question 57

A single molecule of DNA and its associated proteins form a

Answer 57

chromosome

Question 58

Diploid cells contain two full sets of

Answer 58

chromosomes

Question 59

What chromosomes occur in pairs of the same size and contain the same genes in both genders?

Answer 59

autosomes

Question 60

Humans reproduce via

Answer 60

sexual reproduction

Question 61

A(n) ______ cell contains only one copy of each chromosome.

Answer 61

Hapliod

Question 62

Different versions of a gene are called

Answer 62

Alleles

Question 63

In animals, specialized diploid cells that undergo meiosis are called

Answer 63

germ cells

Question 64

The chromosomes of offspring are not identical to those of their parents or siblings because ______ is shuffled during meiosis.

Answer 64

genetic informations

Question 65

How many rounds of cell division occur in meiosis?

Answer 65

2 rounds

Question 66

The 22 pairs of human chromosomes that are the same in both males and females are called

Answer 66

autosomes

Question 67

A cell in which homologous chromosomes are arranged in pairs along the equator of the cell is in what phase?

Answer 67

Meiosis 1

Question 68

A(n) ______ cell has at least one extra set of chromosomes.

Answer 68

polyploid

Question 69

An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes

Answer 69

down syndrome

Question 70

What produces gametes with a missing or extra chromosome and results in embryonic, fetal, or infant death or a trisomic individual?

Answer 70

non disjunction

Question 71

Nondisjunction of the ______ chromosome during meiosis can produce offspring that are XXX or XXY.

Answer 71

X chromosome

Question 72

Select the true statement about human gametes.

Answer 72

sperm and egg cells are different in size

Question 73

The mature, haploid egg cell of a human female is also called a(n)

Answer 73

ovum

Question 74

What is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that holds the instructions to make a protein?

Answer 74

Gene

Question 75

Alternative forms of a gene are called

Answer 75

alleles

Question 76

If both parents contribute identical versions of a gene, then the offspring are ______ for that gene.

Answer 76

Homozygous