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College Bio 101 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What statement describes a cell?

A

The smallest unit that can be called life

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2
Q

Rank the following levels of biological organization from smallest to largest

A

Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ

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3
Q

A leaf is composed of several tissues organized to work together and is a(n) ______ of a plant.

A

Organ

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4
Q

What term refers to all parts of the planet that can support life?

A

Biosphere

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5
Q

What are the small chemical units that can combine to form molecules?

A

Atoms

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6
Q

What is the basic unit of life and consists of a membrane enclosing water, DNA, and other chemicals?

A

cells

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7
Q

Atoms can bond together to form

A

Molecules/Compounds

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8
Q

Compartments within cells that carry out specific functions are called

A

organelles

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9
Q

What is a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions?

A

an organ

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10
Q

______ are groups of specialized cells that function together.

A

Tissues

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11
Q

A level of biological organization called the ____. Includes all parts of Earth and its atmosphere where life can survive.

A

The biosphere

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12
Q

An organ _____ is composed of several organs that are connected and working together.

A

organ system

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13
Q

Particles that make up molecules are called

A

Atoms

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14
Q

What term refers to members of the same species living in the same place at the same time?

A

Population

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15
Q

What is a group of joined atoms, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

A

Molecule

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16
Q

Organisms that make their own food by obtaining energy and nutrients from nonliving sources are called

A

producers

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17
Q

What are membrane-bounded compartments within eukaryotic cells that carry out specialized functions?

A

organelles

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18
Q

What describes the state of internal constancy maintained by an organism?

A

Homeostasis

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19
Q

In the hierarchical organization of life, tissues are a collection of specialized ______ functioning in a coordinated way.

A

cells

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20
Q

What type of reproduction passes genetic information from only one parent to the offspring?

A

A-sexual

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21
Q

Multiple organs are linked together into _____

A

organ systems

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22
Q

Consider a species of frog that lives in many ponds throughout central California. A group of the frogs in one of the ponds, NOT including the other species of organisms living there, is an example of a(n)

A

population

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23
Q

in ____ reproduction, offspring are produced that contain a combination of genetic material from two parents.

A

sexual

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24
Q

A(n) ______ is an inherited characteristic or behavior which enables an individual to survive better than without the inherited characteristic.

A

Adaptation

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25
Q

Using a process called ______, living organisms maintain a state of internal constancy or equilibrium, such as a constant range of temperatures, nutrients, or water.

A

Homeostasis

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26
Q

List all of the characteristics of natural selection.

A

It favors adaptations to the current environment.
Genetic variability in organisms is required.

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27
Q

Production of runners, spores, and clones that bud from a parent are all examples of

A

A-sexual

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28
Q

In a new environment, what types of organisms will survive under the force of natural selection?

A

organisms with the highest reproductive success

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29
Q

Natural selection is a mechanism of ______ that selects for adaptations.

A

evolution

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30
Q

______ reproduction increases genetic diversity and is extremely common in animals.

A

sexual

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31
Q

what is evolution

A

changes in genetic makeup of a population over multiple generations

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32
Q

Flowers shaped for their pollinators, specific camouflaged color patterns of animals, and a beaver’s enormous front teeth for gnawing are all examples of

A

adaptation

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33
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of naming and classifying organisms

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34
Q

Natural _____ is a mechanism of evolution in which certain individuals from a population exhibit enhanced reproductive success based on inherited characteristics.

A

selection

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35
Q

The traits of individuals that have higher reproductive success in a particular environment become more common within a population due to

A

Natural selection

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36
Q

In the scientific name Homo sapiens, the word Homo is the ______ of the organism and the word sapiens is the ______.

A

genus; species descriptor

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37
Q

True or false: Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution.

A

true

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38
Q

The change in genes of a population over multiple generations can also be referred to as

A

evolution

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39
Q

What is the science of naming and classifying organisms?

A

taxonymy

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40
Q

What is the basic unit of classification and is denoted by a unique two-part scientific name?

A

species

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41
Q

Biologists ask questions about

A

the natural world and living things

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42
Q

Natural selection is a mechanism of ______ that selects for adaptations.

A

evolution

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43
Q

Biologists begin a study by asking questions and

A

making observations

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44
Q

A tentative and testable explanation for an observation is called a ______ and is an essential early step of a scientific study.

A

hypothesis

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45
Q

If the results of a preliminary experiment support the hypothesis, then the scientists ____.

A

will not reject the hypothesis.

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46
Q

What uses evidence and experiments to test ideas and answer questions?

A

The scientific method

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47
Q

In the scientific method, a(n) ______ is an investigation carried out under controlled conditions to test a hypothesis.

A

experiment

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48
Q

In the scientific method, the first step is

A

observations and questions

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49
Q

In an experiment, the treatment manipulated by a scientist is called the ______ variable, and the response to the treatment measure by the scientist is called the ______ variable.

A

Independent, dependent

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50
Q

The data and results of an experiment may support or reject a(n)

A

Hypothesis

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51
Q

In an experiment, the response that an investigator measures and the treatment that an investigator manipulates are examples of

A

variables

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52
Q

List all of the qualities of a valid hypothesis.

A

It must be testable.
It can be rejected.

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53
Q

Hypotheses are often tested with an investigation called a(n)

A

experiment

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54
Q

The group in an experiment that is untreated and provides a basis for comparison is called the

A

control group

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55
Q

A ______ is an inert substance given to a portion of the experimental group to act as a control.

A

placebo

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56
Q

The variable of an experiment is

A

a changeable element of an experiment.

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57
Q

In science, a theory is a broad explanation for a natural phenomenon that is

A

widely accepted

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58
Q

Which of the following describes a control group?

A

a group that receives a placebo or no treatment

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59
Q

In a scientific experiment, a placebo is

A

an inert treatment given to the control group.

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60
Q

List all of the following that can be limitations to scientific studies.

A

biases of scientists
misinterpretations of results
reluctance to accept unexpected conclusions

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61
Q

all of the characteristics of variables in an experiment.

A

can be changed by the investigator
can be the response that is measured

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62
Q

Because science is ______, theories can change to accommodate new ideas and discoveries.

A

open to new information

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63
Q

One limitation of scientific experiments is that the results can be ______ when an incorrect explanation of the results is proposed.

A

Misinterpreted

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64
Q

Darwin and Wallace used the theory of ______ to hypothesize that a very long-tongued insect must exist that can pollinate flowers of the Angraecum sesquipedale on Madagascar.

A

evolution

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65
Q

List all of the past scientific conclusions that were later revised due to technological inventions and new data analysis methods.

A

The Earth is flat.
All organisms are either plants or animals.
The Earth is the center of the universe.

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66
Q

List all of the following that are characteristics of a scientific theory.

A

can be used to make predictions
encompass multiple hypotheses
supported by a large body of evidence
falsifiable

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67
Q

Both Darwin and Wallace predicted that because a species of orchid on Madagascar had unusually deep nectar tubes, there must be

A

an insect pollinator with a long tongue to reach the nectar.

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68
Q

A(n) ______ is an explanation for a natural phenomenon that has been well tested and ties together many hypotheses.

A

Theory

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69
Q

Both Darwin and Wallace predicted that because a species of orchid on Madagascar had unusually deep nectar tubes, there must be

A

an insect pollinator with a long tongue to reach the nectar.

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70
Q

A(n) ______ is an explanation for a natural phenomenon that has been well tested and ties together many hypotheses.

A

Theory

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71
Q

What process favors survival of specific individuals within a population based on inherited characteristics?

A

Natural selection

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72
Q

The change in genes of a population over multiple generations can also be referred to as

A

Evolution

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73
Q

what are organs made up of

A

tissue

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74
Q

List all of the statements that are true about asexual reproduction.

A

Genetic information comes from only one parent.
Offspring are virtually identical to each other.

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75
Q

Each type of organism is assigned a unique, two-part scientific name, which consists of the ______ of the organism.

A

genus and specific descriptor

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76
Q

In ecosystems, organisms that eat other organisms are called consumers, or

A

heterothrophs

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77
Q

What is the basic unit of classification and is denoted by a unique two-part scientific name?

A

a species

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78
Q

In ecosystems, organisms that eat other organisms are called consumers, or

A

heterothrophs

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79
Q

What is the basic unit of classification and is denoted by a unique two-part scientific name?

A

a species

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80
Q

Anything that takes up space is defined as

A

Matter

81
Q

What is a pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into other substances?

A

Element

82
Q

What is a single unit of an element?

A

atom

83
Q

If two atoms have the same atomic number, they are of the same

A

element

84
Q

When two or more atoms are chemically joined they form a

A

molecule

85
Q

Paper, water, computers, and you are all forms of ______ because each of these items takes up space.

A

matter

86
Q

An electron ______ is an area around the nucleus of an atom where an electron is likely to be found.

A

orbital

87
Q

what is an element

A

A pure chemical substance that cannot be further broken down

88
Q

A type of chemical bond called a _____bond forms between atoms when one atom releases a valence electron to become a cation, and the other atom uses this electron to complete its own valence shell and becomes an anion.

A

Ionic

89
Q

what is the smallest unit of an element that retains the characteristics of the element.

A

atom

90
Q

what bond occurs within a molecule when two atoms in a molecule share electrons, such as carbon and hydrogen in the methane molecule pictured.

A

covalent

91
Q

Atoms of the same element have the same number of

A

protons

92
Q

What describes a hydrogen bond?

A

Atoms with opposite partial charges attract each other.

93
Q

Molecules consist of two or more chemically linked ____ which are the smallest “pieces” or units of elements.

A

atoms

94
Q

What substance regulates temperature, dissolves many chemicals, and has cohesive and adhesive properties?

A

water

95
Q

In an atom, each individual electron orbital (not energy level) may contain up to _____ electrons.

A

two

96
Q

What type of bond is formed from the attraction of two ions with opposite charges?

A

Ionic

97
Q

What type of bond forms between opposite partial charges on adjacent molecules or within a large molecule?

A

hydrogen

98
Q

List all of the reasons why water is essential to life

A

It plays a role in many chemical reactions.
It regulates temperature.
It dissolves a wide variety of substances.

99
Q

The property of water that produces water’s surface tension is called _____ which is the tendency of water molecules to stick together.

A

cohesion

100
Q

An electron orbital is ____

A

a region where an electron is likely to be located.

101
Q

The fact that water is often the solvent in a solution demonstrates that water can

A

dissolve a variety of substances

102
Q

Living organisms require a large temperature stimulus before the body temperature changes because the ______ bonds of water counteract molecular movement.

A

hydrogen

103
Q

Cohesion is the tendency of water molecules to ____

A

stick together

104
Q

Water expands as it freezes because the hydrogen bonds in ice

A

are stable and “lock” molecules into a more widely-space array.

105
Q

why does salt dissolve in water

A

Polar water molecules surround Na+ and Cl- ions.

106
Q

True or False, Atoms are created and destroyed in chemical reactions.

A

False

107
Q

True or false: The presence of hydrogen bonds between adjacent water molecules increases the amount of energy required to raise water’s temperature.

A

true

108
Q

A hydrogen ion (H+) has only one subatomic particle, a(n) ______.

A

proton

109
Q

What type of bond involves two atoms sharing electrons which travel around both nuclei?

A

covalent

110
Q

Buffer systems contain weak acids and bases and help solutions resist changes in

A

pH

111
Q

Ice cubes float in a glass of water because ice is less ____ than liquid water

A

dense

112
Q

What type of molecules are found in living things and contain both carbon and hydrogen?

A

organic

113
Q

When the bonds of two or more molecules are broken and new ones formed, this is called

A

chemical Reaction

114
Q

What ion dissolved in water is critical to the function of molecules and is called a proton?

A

H+

115
Q

Polymers, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, consist of small subunits called

A

monomers

116
Q

What is an organic molecule with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 proportion?

A

carbohydrates

117
Q

Pairs of weak acids and bases that resist change in pH are called

A

buffers

118
Q

One subunit of an organic molecule is called a

A

monomer

119
Q

What type of organic molecule is composed of monomers called amino acids?

A

protein

120
Q

One subunit of an organic molecule is called a

A

monomer

121
Q

Carbohydrates are macromolecules that include

A

sugars

122
Q

A peptide bond is a type of ______ bond between amino acids.

A

covalent

123
Q

Buffer systems contain weak acids and bases and help solutions resist changes in

A

pH

124
Q

A protein is an organic molecule with diverse functions and is composed of monomers called

A

amino acids

125
Q

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain forms the ______ structure of a protein.

A

primary

126
Q

The ______ structure of proteins involves the folding of the polypeptide chain into beta-sheets and alpha-helix coils due to hydrogen bonding.

A

secondary

127
Q

A special type of covalent bond called a(n) ______ bond is formed between two amino acids through dehydration synthesis.

A

peptide

128
Q

The ______ structure of a polypeptide is its overall shape and is formed through the interaction between R groups and water.

A

tertiary

129
Q

Once a polypeptide or multiple polypeptides are folded into a functional shape, they are referred to as a

A

protein

130
Q

Nucleotides are the monomers of polymers called

A

deoxyribonucleic

131
Q

what includes triglycerides (fats), waxes, and steroids, are organic molecules that contain many nonpolar carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds, making them hydrophobic.

A

lipids

132
Q

Phospholipids that form cell membranes, steroids that act as vitamins and hormones, waxes that prevent water loss or water saturation, and triglycerides (fats) that act as energy reserves are all types of _______

A

lipids

133
Q

Long chains of amino acids (100 or more) linked through dehydration synthesis form a molecule called a

A

polypeptide

134
Q

all of the following that are components of lipids called triglycerides.

A

glycerol and fatty acids

135
Q

What type of polymer is made up of many nucleotides?

A

nucleic acids

136
Q

What group of organic molecules does not dissolve in water and does not consist of long chains of monomers?

A

lipids

137
Q

Animal fats are ______ at room temperature and are called ______, while plant-derived lipids are ______ at room temperature and are called unsaturated fats.

A

solids, saturated fats, liquids

138
Q

The ______ structure of proteins involves the folding of the polypeptide chain into beta-sheets and alpha-helix coils due to hydrogen bonding.

A

secondary

139
Q

Animal fats are

A

saturated fats

140
Q

list all of the following that are types of lipids.

A

waxes
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids

141
Q

a group of lipids, are more commonly known as fats and are composed of fatty acids bonded to a glycerol.

A

triglycerides

142
Q

triglycerides such as bacon fat and butter contain _____ fatty acids, in which single bonds connect all the carbons; however, triglycerides such as olive oil and vegetable oil contain _____ fatty acids, in which there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

A

saturated, unsaturated

143
Q

Many fungi, plants, bacteria, and animals produce toxic chemicals to _____

A

ward off potential competitors or predators.

144
Q

What type of triglyceride contains the maximum number of hydrogens in its fatty acids because the carbons are all connected by single bonds?

A

saturated

145
Q

List the three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s.

A

All organisms are made of one or more cells.
All cells originate from preexisting cells.
The cell is the fundamental unit of all life.

146
Q

What did Robert Hooke call the little units he observed when he viewed cork under lenses of glass?

A

cells

147
Q

Select the three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s.

A

All organisms are made of one or more cells.
All cells originate from preexisting cells.
The cell is the fundamental unit of all life.

148
Q

The ______ microscope is ideal for viewing living cells that are between 200 nanometers and 1 millimeter in size.

A

The ______ microscope is ideal for viewing living cells that are between 200 nanometers and 1 millimeter in size.

149
Q

All cells have a cell ______ that surrounds the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the cell and its environment

A

membrane

150
Q

Whether bacterium or blue whale, every organism is made of

A

cells

151
Q

______ cells are the simplest forms of life and lack a nucleus.

A

prokaryotic

152
Q

What English physicist first observed the outlines of cells when he looked at cork from an oak tree?

A

Robert Hooke

153
Q

List all of the following that are present in bacterial cells.

A

ribosomes
DNA
cytoplasm
enzymes

154
Q

What type of microscope passes light through a transparent or thinly sliced specimen to generate true-color views of cells?

A

light microscope

155
Q

Key genetic sequences suggest that archaea are more closely related to members of domain ______ than they are to members of Domain Bacteria.

A

Eukarya

156
Q

list all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

A

ribosomes
RNA
cytoplasm
DNA

157
Q

List all of the following that are true about prokaryotes.

A

simplest types of life

lack a nucleus

most ancient forms of life on Earth

158
Q

All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the

A

outside environment

159
Q

List all of the following that differ between domains Bacteria and Archaea.

A

molecules that compose the cell membranes

evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes

chemical composition of flagella

160
Q

In cell membranes, what part of a phospholipid molecule is oriented toward the outside of the bilayer?

A

phosphate head

161
Q

In cell membranes, the phospholipids are arranged into a

A

phospholipid bilayer

162
Q

The cell membrane can be described as a(n)
mosaic because many of the diverse components can move freely within the cell membrane.

A

fluid

163
Q

What component of cell membranes functions in a diversity of roles, including recognition, transport, adhesion, and facilitating reactions?

A

proteins

164
Q

The internal membranes of several organelles are interconnected and form the ______ system of a eukaryotic cell.

A

endomembrane

165
Q

Why are ions and polar molecules unable to pass directly through a cell membrane?

A

The interior of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic.

166
Q

The internal membranes of several organelles are interconnected and form the ______ system of a eukaryotic cell.

A

endomembrane

167
Q

The ______ produced in the nucleus enters the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis.

A

mRNA

168
Q

The endoplasmic ______ is a network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell.

A

reticulum

169
Q

The nucleolus is a dense spot in the nucleus where components of ______ are assembled.

A

ribosomes

170
Q

Proteins to be secreted outside of a eukaryotic cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.

A

rough

171
Q

What cell structure binds to mRNA coming from the nucleus and manufactures proteins?

A

ribosomes

172
Q

Lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the _____ reticulum

A

smooth

173
Q

What is a network of sacs and tubules extending off the nuclear envelope and is where proteins and lipids are produced?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

174
Q

The ______ is a series of flattened sacs that sorts and packages materials into vesicles to be sent to the cell membrane.

A

Goli Apperatus

175
Q

Lipids called ______, which include cholesterol, are membrane components that aid in membrane fluidity.

A

steroids

176
Q

Organelles called lysosomes contain ______ that break down food particles, old organelles, and other cellular debris.

A

enzymes

177
Q

What plant cell organelle can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume and can exert turgor pressure against the cell membrane when it acquires water?

A

central Vacuule

178
Q

What eukaryotic organelle is shown in the picture and functions in the production of cellular energy by cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondrion

179
Q

What organelle of the endomembrane system breaks down debris, food, and old cell parts with special dismantling enzymes?

A

lysosome

180
Q

What plant organelle is shown in the image and contains photosynthetic pigments?

A

chloroplast

181
Q

Plant cells have large central ______ where water, salts, and sugars are stored and where materials are broken down and recycled with enzymes similar to lysosomes in animal cells.

A

vaccule

182
Q

What is the network of protein fibers and tubules inside the cell that provides support and aids in cell division and movement?

A

cutoskeleton

183
Q

What is the function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

A

Extract energy from foodq

184
Q

In eukaryotic cells, what is the function of chloroplasts?

A

carry out photosynthesis

185
Q

Cytoskeletal components called ______ are long, thin rods of actin protein that are used in muscle contractions, stretching and compression, and anchoring of cells.

A

microfilaments

186
Q

List all of the following that describe tight junctions.

A

membrane proteins connect to actin in the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
Join adjacent cells into sheets
create the “blood–brain barrier”

187
Q

Short, numerous, hairlike structures that surround some cells like a fringe, are powered by microtubules, and have coordinated movements are called

A

cilia

188
Q

Tunnels called ______ occur in the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells and allow the cells to communicate and exchange materials with each other.

A

plasmodesmata

189
Q

Magnetosomes are adaptive because they allow bacteria to save energy as they move toward an optimal

A

O2 concentration

190
Q

List all of the following that are present at the connection between normal cells of multicellular organisms.

A

ways that cells can communicate with each other
a way for cells to adhere to one another

191
Q

In animal cells, cell junctions called ______ junctions form barriers between cells that prevent leaking of fluids and water-soluble molecules.

A

tight

192
Q

Water, nutrients, hormones, and some organelles flow between adjacent plant cells through special channels in the cell wall called

A

plasmodesmata

193
Q

As described in this chapter’s Investigating Life essay, some bacteria contain magnetosomes, which allow bacteria to

A

align with earths magnetic field

194
Q

Define Metabolism

A

Collection of all chemical reactions in a cell

195
Q

Anabolic Reaction-

A

Building reaction

196
Q

Catabolic reaction-

A

tearing down reactions

197
Q

facts about enzymes

A

contain proteins, have a 3D shape, very specific, and lowers activation energy, physical contact with substrate

198
Q

When is an enzyme saturated?

A

when the enzyme activity is level

College Bio 101 (3 decks)

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