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Botany > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

apical dominance

A

suppression of growth of lateral or axillary buds perhaps by auxin-like inhibitor

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2
Q

serescence

A

breakdown of cell components (in deciduous plants and conifers) influenced by ABA and ethylene

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3
Q

twining movement

A

occurs in stems when cells elongate to different extent
-tendril twining stimulated by contact

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4
Q

nastic movements

A

-non directional movements that don’t result in an organ being oriented toward or away from direction of stimuli

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5
Q

tropisms

A

permanent movements resulting from stimuli coming from one direction (positive or negative)

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6
Q

phototropism

A

-tulip exposed to light from 1 direction over several weeks
-auxin influences this

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7
Q

gravitropism

A

-response to gravity
-roots positively gravitropic, negatively phototrophic

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8
Q

statolith

A

-starch containing plastid that act as gravity sensor
-common in roots
-amycoplasts have possible role in gravitropism

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9
Q

clinostat

A

device to counter effects of gravity in plant

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10
Q

thigmotropism

A

-a response by plant or plant part to contact with a solid object (coiling or twining)
-coiling results from cells in contact becoming slightly shorter and those on opposite side elongate

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11
Q

chemotropism

A

-response to presence of chemical

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12
Q

turgor movements in plants

A

-result from changes in internal water pressures
-ex. barberry flower: stamens jerk inwards when in contact with pollinator to encourage pollen deposition

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13
Q

sleep movements

A

-circadian rhythm in plants
-turgor movements are involved along with external stimuli of light and temp
-turgor changes caused by movement of water into and out of cells at bases of leaves and leaflets

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14
Q

photoperiodism

A

-length of day is related to onset of flowering in many plants

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15
Q

critical daylight

A

12-14 hours for initiation of flowering

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16
Q

short day plants

A

-ex. poinsettia
-flower if day length is shorter than critical length

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17
Q

long day plants

A

-ex. spinach, wheat, potatoes
-flower if periods of light are longer than critical length

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18
Q

day neutral plants

A

-can flower anytime of year

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19
Q

phytochromes

A

-pigments that control photoperiodism
-p red or pr absorb red light
-p far red and per absorb far red light
-one form is changed to other when exposed to right wavelength of light

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20
Q

thermoperiodism

A

-predict date of harvest based on temp and growth rates

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21
Q

degree days

A

measure number of days that temp exceed a certain level and will cause plant to flower

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22
Q

dormancy

A

-period of growth inactivity in seeds, buds, bulbs, and other plant organs even when temp, water, or day length would typically cause plant growth

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23
Q

theophrastus

A

-classified 500 plants as trees, shrubs, and herbs
-leaf characteristics

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24
Q

carolus linnaeus

A

-binomial nomenclature
-father of modern taxonomy
-developed a system of classifying plants (based on number of stamens)

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25
Q

artificial system of classification

A

based on similarity of appearance but not relationships

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26
Q

natural system of classification

A

-darwin
-based on relatedness
-closely related plants are placed into one group
-systematics

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27
Q

international code of botanical nomenclature

A

-icbn
-rules for naming and classifying plants
-two rules: latin description published, type specimen established

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28
Q

taxa

A

nested within larger categories of taxa

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29
Q

type specimen

A

specimen upon which a new species is based
-specimens housed in museum, university, plant collection

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30
Q

international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants

A

-icncp
-cultivars (cultivated variety)

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31
Q

species name adjective

A

-place, people, trait of plant
-can’t be changed even if wrong

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32
Q

kingdoms

A

-started with just plants and animals
-1960s: protista, fungi, plants, animals, bacteria
-1990s: archaea, eukarya, bacteria
-today there are 3 domains

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33
Q

kingdom protista

A

-no longer recognized as a unified kingdom
-current systematists consider group once called protista to consist of multiple evolutionary lines of organisms (supergroups)

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34
Q

major taxonomic groups

A

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
-did king Philip come over for good soup

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35
Q

morphological species concept

A

based on morphology or appearances
-useful for examination of herbarium species

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36
Q

interbreeding (biological) species concept

A

-species is a population capable of interbreeding and is reproductively isolated from other such groups
-timing, genetic incompatibility, geographic isolation

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37
Q

ecological species concept

A

-a group of related individuals that occupy a unique ecological niche

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38
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

-grouping of organisms with shared evolutionary past
-phylogenetic trees

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39
Q

phylogeny

A

history of evolution of species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among blood groups of organisms

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40
Q

phylogenetics

A

-study of evolutionary similarities among groups of organisms

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41
Q

cladistics

A

analysis of shared features to determine natural relationships among organisms

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42
Q

clade

A

a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants, a single branch on the tree of life

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43
Q

cladogram

A

straight line diagram used to portray evolutionary relationships

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44
Q

phylocode

A

-a new classification system based on phylogenetic relationships and clades
-many relationships now determined by molecular analysis
-evidence that currently recognized taxonomic groups may consist of unrelated organisms

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45
Q

bacteria

A

-small and abundant
-most bacteria and harmless and can be beneficial
-some species are motile with simple flagella
-reproduction is primarily asexual through fission

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46
Q

heterotroph nutrition in bacteria

A

primarily absorption through cell wall

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47
Q

autotroph nutrition in bacteria

A

-chemosynthesize (energy to build carbs is derived from bonds in inorganic molecules)
-photosynthesize

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48
Q

conjugation

A

dna transferred from donor cell to recipient cell usually through pilus

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49
Q

transformation

A

-living cells acquire dna fragments released by dead cells
-griffith and Avery
-virulent was heated and killed
-avirulent was living and heat killed virulent

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50
Q

transduction

A

dna fragments carried from one cell to another by viruses

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51
Q

phylum bacteriophyta

A

-bacteria differ from archaea in rna bases, metabolism, and lipids
-many are heterotrophic (or saprobes: obtain energy from decaying organic matter)

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52
Q

unpigmented purple and green sulfur bacteria

A

-autotrophic: can synthesize organic compounds from simple inorganic substances
-use pigments and chemical pathways that differ form those used in cyanobacteria and plants
-purple have bacteriochlorophyll: greenish pigments similar to chlorophyll a in plants

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53
Q

human relevance of bacteria

A

-organic waste and leaves (compost)
-diseases and illnesses caused by bacteria
-biological control (like in pest control)

54
Q

bioremediation

A

-use of living organisms in the clean up of toxic wastes and pollution
-ex: breakdown oil in oil spills

55
Q

class cyanobacteria (green blue bacteria)

A

-have chlorophyll a, can produce o2
-have pigments called phytocobillins (have role in ps)
-phycoerythrin (red) and phycocyanin (blue green), can have carotenoids
-can fix nitrogen
-can be found in diverse fresh and marine habitats

56
Q

cyanobacteria survival

A

-can be first colonists on bare lava
-can survive in fissures in desert rocks

57
Q

heterocysts

A

play role in nitrogen fixation

58
Q

akinetes

A

play role in resisting freezing and other adverse conditions

59
Q

algal blooms

A

-some species held together by gelatinous sheaths
-some form cyanophycin (nitrogenous food reserve) and also store carbs and lipids

60
Q

class prochlorobacteriae

A

-prochloron possesses chlorophyll a and b and no phycobillins
-carotenoids
-adds support to idea that chloroplasts arose as bacterial cells living within other cells

61
Q

salt bacteria

A

-live in harsh environments
-carry out simple photosynthesis using bacterial rhodopsin

62
Q

viruses

A

-core of rna or dna surrounded by a protein coat
-replicate at expense of host cell

63
Q

asexual reproduction

A

vegetative reroduction

64
Q

sexual reproduction

A

meiosis in male and female associated structures

65
Q

sporocytes

A

diploid cells that undergo meiosis

66
Q

haploid

A

-gametophyte (gametes)
-one set of chromosomes

67
Q

diploid

A

-sporophyte (zygote)
-two sets of chromosomes

68
Q

polyploid

A

-more than 2 sets of chromosomes
-ex. triploid: navel oranges
-tetraploid (4n)

69
Q

coleochaete

A

-green alga presumed to be an indirect ancestor to land plants
-cells that resemble parenchyma
-form cell plate during mitosis
-form zygote protective covering
-produce lignin like compound

70
Q

protist characteristics

A

can be made up of single cell, multicellular, colonies, or filaments
-autotrophs or heterotrophs
-some motile (multicellular are stationary)

71
Q

phylum chlorophyta

A

-green algae
-diverse forms and habitats
-most common mutualistic alga in lichens
-chlorophylls a and b
-store energy in starch

72
Q

plankton

A

-organisms suspended in water column
-phytoplankton are base of food chain

73
Q

volvox

A

colonial: all cells similar in function in organisms
-chlorophyta

74
Q

ulothrix

A

-chlorophyta
-multicellular: specialization is cell function
-filament: long chain of cells

75
Q

chlamydomanas

A

-contractile vacuole: pumps water out
-pyrenoid: synthesis of starch
-cup shaped chloroplast
-eyespot: promotes movement towards light

76
Q

isogamy

A

sexual reproduction when both gametes are the same size

77
Q

spirogyra

A

-filamentous alga
-reproduce asexually by fragmentation of filament
-have spiral chloroplast
-haploid, isogamy

78
Q

sexual reproduction in spirogyra via conjugation

A

-conjugation tube provided pathway for gamete to move from one cell to another and fuse with stationary gamete

79
Q

oedogonium

A

-oogamy
-multicellular
-oogonium and antheridium
-zygotes can remain dormant for up to a year and undergo meiosis

80
Q

oogonium

A

specialized cell in filament that holds egg

81
Q

antheridium

A

specialized cell in filament that releases sperm cells

82
Q

asexual reproduction in oedogonium

A

vegetative cells release zoospores, settles, forms holdfast which forms filament through mitosis

83
Q

hydrodictyon

A

-water net
-asexual reproduction by daughter colonies, sexual repro by isogamy

84
Q

acetabularia

A

-mermaids wine glass
-one very large cell

85
Q

ulva

A

-sea lettuce
-blades may be haploid or diploid

86
Q

phylum chromophyta

A

-about 7600 species
-food reserves
-specialized pigments
-coenocytic: mitosis without cytokinesis

87
Q

xanthopyceae

A

-yellow green algae
-fucoxanthin except in vaucheria

88
Q

vaucheria

A

-oogamous
-coenocytic
-filamentous

89
Q

chrysophyceae

A

-golden brown algae
-statospores: formed by many species
-silicified wall

90
Q

bacillariophyceae

A

-diatoms
-chlorophyll a, c1, c2, and fucoxanthin
-silica shell in an organic framework of pectin and other substances
-food reserves (oils, fats, or laminarin)

91
Q

reproduction in diatoms

A

-division
-asexually: with every division one new cell the size of parent and one is smaller than parent cell

92
Q

phaeophyceae

A

-brown algae
-kelp
-algin in or on cell wall
-pigments (fucoxanthin , chlorophyll a and c)
-have gas bladders that help algae float upright

93
Q

nereocystis

A

-brown alga
-multicellular
-laminarin (main food reserve)
-algin
-gas bladder, blades

94
Q

brown algae life cycle

A

separate male and female thalli

95
Q

gametangia

A

structures where gametes are produced in conceptacles

96
Q

rhodophyta

A

-red algae
-phycobilins, chlorophyll a and d
-red to purplish color due to phycobilins (similar ini cyanobacteria)
-store energy in Floridean starch
-produces agar

97
Q

phylum dinophyta

A

-dinoflagellates
-around 40 species
-responsible for red tides
-have 2 flagella

98
Q

phylum cryptophyta

A

-have pyrenoids and chloroplast

99
Q

diatomaceous earth uses

A

-filtering liquids, reflectorized paints, swimming pools, metal polishes, toothpaste, gardeners

100
Q

kelp uses

A

-algin used in making ice cream, salad dressings, beer, jelly beans
-iodine, nitrogen, and potassium
-seaweeds used in foods

101
Q

plants

A

term used for bryophytes, ferns, cone bearing and flowering plants, and relatives of those plants
-multicellular, photosynthetic
-chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids
-starch
-phragmoplasts and cell plates
-cell walls made of cellulose

102
Q

land plants

A

-cuticle on plant surface
-gametangia and sporangia become multicellular and surrounded by cells
-plant zygotes developed into multicellular embryos
-plants are more complex than cyanobacteria and algae

103
Q

bryophytes

A

-non vascular
-need water to reproduce
-often found in moist and shaded areas
-can be found in very large range of heights
-can live in very specific conditions

104
Q

lenslike cells

A

found in luminous moss and glow an eerie golden-green reflected light

105
Q

protonema

A

-immature gametophyte consisting of a short filament of cells
-originates from spores

106
Q

phylum hepaticophyta

A

-liverworts
-around 8000 species
-thalloid: flattened, lobed, somewhat leaf like body
-some resemble mosses

107
Q

male gametophore

A

antheridophore

108
Q

female gametophore

A

archergoniophore

109
Q

thallus

A

-multicellular plant body that is flattened
-not differentiated into leaves, stems, roots
-pores for gas exchange
-chlorenchyma cells for photosynthesis
-rhizoids: structures that help anchor

110
Q

sexual phase of liverworts

A

-sperm swims to archegonium and fertilizes egg
-sporophyte is attached to egg
-foot-seta-capsule-meiosis-spores

111
Q

asexual phase of liverworts

A

-gemmae cups: inside are fragments of tissue called gamma that can splash out and develop new plant

112
Q

elater

A

-bands of tissue interspersed within sporophytes
-spreads out dispersal

113
Q

phylum anthocerophyta

A

-hornworts
-distant relatives of liverworts and mosses
-have stomates
-cells have pyrenoids similar to those in green algae
-rhizoids anchor plant

114
Q

phylum Bryophyta

A

-mosses
-no leaves, vascular tissue, stomates, or mesophyll
-“leaves are transparent cells that absorb and store water
-rhizoids anchor plant
-water rises up plant by capillarity

115
Q

mosses reproduction

A

-some have male and female on same plant, others on separate plants
-gametophyte is dominant life cycle
-antheridium is full of haploid sperm

116
Q

sporangium

A

-capsule with sporophytes which undergo meiosis to become haploid spores

117
Q

human uses of bryophytes

A

-peat moss
-antibiotic capabilities
-can be eaten (think ice man)

118
Q

ferns and their relatives

A

-vascular tissue and true leaves developed
-roots that fcn in absorption and anchoring
-were seedless

119
Q

psilotophyta

A

-whisk ferns
-stems only (dichotomous branching)
-not true roots or leaves
-rhizoids act as root hairs that absorb
-enations: photosynthetic flaps of tissue

120
Q

phylum lycophyta

A

-ground pines and club mosses
-lycopodium and selaginella
-microphylls: small leaves with single vein
-true stems and roots

121
Q

homospory

A

-lycopodium
-all spores are the same size and give rise to gametophyte with both antheridium and archegonia

122
Q

lycophyta reproduction

A

-sporophylls: sporangium bearing leaves
-strobil: sporophylls in terminal conelike clusters
-spores produced by sporocytes

123
Q

heterospory

A

-selaginella
-megasporium to megaspores
-microsporagium to microspores

124
Q

ancestors of club mosses

A

-325 million years ago
-large, tree like
-dominant in carboniferous period
-contributed to vast coal deposits in this period

125
Q

uses of lycopodium spores

A

-flash photography
-pharmacy: keep pills from sticking together

126
Q

phylum equisetophyta

A

-horsetails
-silica
-underground rhizomes
-sporophyte dominant
-sporangiospores to spores with elaters

127
Q

elaters in ferns

A

-adapted to spread in dry conditions and wrap up in moist conditions

128
Q

phylum polypodiophyta

A

-ferns
-have fiddleheads
-megaphylls: large leaves with multiple veins
-sori: reproductive structures on back of leaves

129
Q

indusium

A

flap of tissue over sporangia

130
Q

petrified wood

A

-wood covered in water, and minerals replaces materials within wood
-insects can be found intact in the wood

Botany (10 decks)

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