Exam 1 Flashcards
plant anatomy
-internal structure of plants
-dendrochronology, forensics, geography
plant morphology
-form, structure, and life cycles of plants
-external appearance
-annual (1 year)
-biennial (2 years)
-perennial
plant physiology
-study of plant function (at the cellular and biochemical level)
-photosynthesis and respiration
-Von Helmont (1577-1644) – experimental
study of willow in soil – soil lost very little
mass and plant gained a lot of mass –
concluded that plant gained mass mostly
from water
ecologists
study interaction of organisms with their environment
plant geographers
Tropical Forests are home to
more than half the world’s organisms
-note relationship btwn climate and types of plants
plant taxonomy
-taxon: unit of classification
systematics
-branch of taxonomy that lends to classification based on degree of relatedness
-based on evolution
ethnobotany
-cultural uses of plants
attributes of living organisms
-have a metabolism
-reproduce
-growth and development
-organization
-life cycle (birth to death)
-homeostasis
-response to stimuli
-movement
-adapt to eviro
adaptations
traits of an organism that suit them to an enviro
natural selection
non-random differential reproduction by individuals in a population
matter
occupies space and has mass
-solid, liquid, and gas
element
pure chemical substance made up of one type of atom
CHNOPS
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur
isotope
different forms of an element that differ in number of neutrons (differ in atomic mass)
-ex. carbon 12, 13, 14
molecule
2 atoms bonded together
-compound molecule (ex. h2o)
hydrogen bonds
-give h2o special and unique properties
-interaction of 1 atom that is more negative due to unequal sharing and another atom that is positive (also due to unequal sharing)
adhesion
attraction of water molecules to another charged substance
cohesion
attraction between water molecules
energy
ability to do work
potential energy
energy of position (stored energy)
kinetic energy
energy of motion
1st law of thermodynamics
energy can’t be created or destroyed (can be converted from one form to another)
2nd law of thermodynamics
in an energy conversion, some energy is lost to a less useful form, mostly as heat
carbohydrates
-monomers: monosaccharides
-simple sugar: glucose and fructose
-disaccharide: sucrose (table sugar)–> transport form of sugar in plants
-polysaccharides: starch (energy storage molecule), cellulose (structural molecule in cell wall)
lipids
-glycerol and fatty acids
-energy storage, protection, and structure
-hydrophobic
-solid lipids are fats, liquid lipids are oils
-waxes
-steroid hormones in animals
proteins
made up of amino acids
-polypeptide: many amino acids bonded together
primary structure
line of amino acids
secondary structure
a folding or coiling of primary structure resulting from formation of h+ bonds
tertiary structure
complex folding of polypeptide due to formation of covalent bonds in different portions of polypeptide
quaternary structure
2 or more polypeptide bond together to form functional protein
nucleic acids
-phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base
-DNA, RNA, and ATP
schleiden and schwann
-botanist and zoologist
-all living things composed of cells
-cell theory
virchow
-cell theory
-all cells came from pre existing cells
anthonie von leeuwellhoek
first to see cells with simple microscope
Robert hooke
first to use term cells for structures he saw in cork
protoplasm
all living components of cell
cytoplasm
all cellular components between plasma membrane and nucleus
cell size
most cells are small for surface to volume ratio and communication from nucleus
bacteria
-cell wall made of peptidoglycan (associated with amino acids)
-DNA in central region (nucleoid)
-ribosomes (smaller than eukaryotic ones)
-flagellum: differs chemically than eukaryotic ones
ribosomes
play role in making proteins
cell wall provides
-strength
-flexibility
-protection to cell contents
-microfibrils made of many molecules of cellulose
cell wall structure
-primary wall: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and glycoproteins
-secondary wall: derived from primary wall, addition of lignin, woody plants
middle lamella
-pectin
-separates two cells
plasmodesmata
-channels through cell walls that allow communication between cells
nucleus
double phospholipid bilayer
-nuclear envelope
-nuclear pores
-chromatin
-nucleolus (makes ribosomal components)
rough er
ribosomes embedded (where proteins are made)
smooth er
site of production of lipids
golgi
receives vesicles formed by rough and smooth er, repackages them, and forms new vesicle that can serve function in cell or export from cell
chloroplasts
-site of photosynthesis
-thylakoid membranes: chlorophyll is embedded
-stroma: enzyme rich fluid
-granum: stack of thylakoids
chromoplasts
-give color to parts in some plants
-pigments that are lipid soluble
-red peppers, tomatoes
leucoplasts (amyloplasts)
-form and store starch or oils
-elaioplasts: store oils
-amyloplasts : store starch
vacuole
-filled with cell sap (watery fluid)
-contains ions, metabolites, pigments, digestive enzymes
microtubules
-control addition of cellulose to cell wall
-play role in cell division, movement of organelles and vesicles, movement of flagella
microfilaments
-cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
-contraction of animal cells
roots
absorb water and mineral nutrients
stems
give structure
leaves
sites of photosynthesis
meristems
where cells actively divide
-protoderm: give rise to epidermis
-procambium: give rise to vascular tissue
-ground meristem: center of stem and outer edge of stem
intercalary meristem of grasses
in vicinity of nodes (leaf attachment areas)
-grasses lack vascular and cork cambium
-have apical meristem
parenchyma
-storage
-primary cell wall
-cells alive throughout lifespan
-can divide long after they are produced
parenchyma examples
-aerenchyma: extensive connected air spaces
-chlorenchyma: numerous chloroplasts
-transfer cells: transfer dissolved substances between cells
apical meristems
–primary growth: change in height
-ground meristem: parenchyma (storage)
-lateral meristem: woody plants, produce secondary tissues
-vascular cambium: give rise to additional vascular tissue
-cork cambium: produce protective cells and structures on outside of stem
collenchyma
-cells with thickened primary cell walls
-play role in providing flexible support to plant structures
-ex. string of celery
sclerenchyma
-have thick secondary cell walls within lignin
-dead at maturity
-most function in support
-sclerids and fibers
complex tissues
-tissues composed of 2 or more kinds of cells
-xylem and phloem
xylem
-transport of water and ions
-important in plumbing of plants
-combo of parenchyma, fibers, vessels, tracheids, and ray cells
vessels
-open at each end
-strips can form but do not block flow of fluid
tracheids
-no openings at ends
-have pits where 2 tracheids contact each other
-conifers have primary tracheids
simple pits
-allow water to pass cell to cell
-bordered pits: regulate flow of materials between cells
phloem
-transport of soluble foods
-complex tissue: sieve tube members, companion cells, parenchyma transfer cells
epidermis
-outermost layer of cells (can include several different types of cells)
cuticle
-made of cutin and added wax
-influences water loss and resistant to bacteria
guard cells
-in lower epidermis
-stomate: allows gases to diffuse into or out of leaf
trichomes
-can be hairs , branched, and glandular on leaf structures
-play role in anti-herbivore defense and reduce heat load on leaves in hot, sunny enviros or protecting plants from uv radiation
periderm
-replaces epidermis in woody plants (cork cells have Suberin making them waterproof, protects cells below
-lenticel gas exchange
secretory cells
-many cells secrete substances
-some secrete waste products to be isolated or eliminated
-some secrete useful materials (nectar, hormones, oils, resin, latex)
bud scale scars
indicate how long it took to grow twig from scar
primary meristem gives rise to:
-epidermis
-pith and cortex
-primary phloem and xylem
trace
strand of phloem and xylem branches into each developing bud and leaf
-leaf and bud gaps form (gaps filled with parenchyma cells)
vascular cambium
-gives rise to secondary phloem and xylem cells
-phloem forms first, xylem second
-cork cambium forms in woody plants to the outside and forms cork cells (become impregnated with Suberin
-to the inside forms phelloderm
suberin
-protective
-prevents water loss in stems
stele
central part of root or stem(primary xylem and phloem and pith)
protostele
solid core of conducting tissue
-primary phloem surrounds primary xylem (primitive plants)
siphonostele
tubular with pith in center
-primary xylem surrounds pith, primary phloem surrounds primary xylem (ferns)
eustele
primary phloem and primary xylem in discrete vascular bundles (conifers, flowering plants)
dicots
-nutritive structures to supply energy to seed
-two cotyledons
monocots
one nutritive cotyledon that supplies energy to seed embryo
herbacious
tender green plant that grows during growing season and above ground parts die in non-growing season
primary xylem
xylem formed initially in center
rays
cells that carry materials laterally
annual rings
size of tracheary elements influenced by environmental conditions in given season or year (trees in tropics don’t have these)
false rings
areas with rainfall that varies greatly by season
vessels
types of cells found in xylem
heartwood
-non conducting
-pigments and minerals
-dark in color
-xylem
sapwood
-conducting
-outer lighter colored xylem
pine
-resin canals for protection
-have tracheids in xylem
rhizome
underground stem (has nodes and buds)
-golden rod: rhizomes lead to expansion and spreading of plant
tuber
-underground stem
-energy storing structure that leads to new growth of plant in next growing season
-ex. potato (eyes of potato are buds)
runners
-above ground stem
-asexual reproduction
-genetically identical to parent plant
-ex. strawberries
stem tendrils
-structures to allow plant to climb
-ex. cucumbers
bulb
-ex. onion
-modified stems and leaves
corm
-modified stem
-structure is entirely stem tissue; energy stored
-ex. some native orchids, gladiolus
cladophyll
-modified stem (leaves reduced to thorns at nodes)
-ex. cactus
properties of wood
-density
-durability
-knots: remnants of small stems growing from trunk
wood products
-lumber
-pulp (paper)
-containers, boxes, kegs, etc
seed
root like radicle gives rise to primary root
adventitious fibrous roots
originate from stem
root systems
taproot and fibrous roots
root hair zone
roots hairs are projections of the epidermis
primary meristems in roots
-epidermis
-cortex
-vascular cylinder (phloem out, xylem in)
dicot root of buttercup
-endodermis: layer of cells with lignin and suberin
-water and minerals to pass through plasma membranes through plasmodesmata
pericycle cells
lateral roots produced in woody plants derive from these
food storage root
sweet potato
water storage root
-manroot
-various uses and shock fish with extract from root
pneumatophore
-stick above water level at low tide
-help buffer water from storms (mangroves)
-deliver oxygen to roots when growing in water or mud
aerial roots
-velamen roots with thick epidermis to prevent moisture loss in tropical orchids
-can absorb water from air
prop roots
-absorb water and anchor plant
-ex. banyan tree develops prop roots from branches
contractile roots
-lillies
-bulbs are pulled a little deeper each year as roots develop
buttress roots
-tropical fig tree
-used in architecture (ex. gothic cathedrals)
