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Anthropology 100 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

paleontology

A

study of extinct organisms, based on their fossilized remains

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2
Q

paleoanthropology

A

study of fossil record of ancestral humans and their primate kin

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3
Q

what is a fossil

A

preserved remnant of a once-living thing

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4
Q

what can fossils tell us?

A

-species
-age
-activities

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5
Q

taphonomy

A

the study of what happens to the remains of an animal from the time of death to the time of discovery

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6
Q

context

A

-where is the fossil found
-why is it important

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7
Q

provenience

A

location from where the fossil came from

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8
Q

what percent of once living organisms become fossils

A

0.01%

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9
Q

Why is fossilization so rare?

A

their formation and discovery depend on chains of ecological and geological events that occur over deep time.

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10
Q

What does this mean for reconstruction of the past?

A

we are able to get a picture of what things looked like and the past and what coexisted

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11
Q

best conditions for fossilization to occur

A

its body must be protected from decomposition

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12
Q

What are the 2 basic categories of dating techniques?

A

-relative dating
-chronometric dating

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13
Q

relative dating

A

stratigraphy
chemical methods: looking at half life and how much chemical is in the object (carbon)

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14
Q

chronometric dating

A

tree rings
radioactive decay (potassium-argon)

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15
Q

Which dating method is revealed the Piltdown hoax?

A

chemical dating

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16
Q

geological principles (4)

A

stratigraphy
original horizontality
superposition
cross-cutting relationships

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17
Q

stratigraphy

A
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18
Q

original horizontality

A
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19
Q

superposition

A
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20
Q

cross-cutting relationships

A
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21
Q

What are some techniques for reconstructing past environments?

A

-climate change
-adaptations in environments

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22
Q

When did the mammal radiation begin?

A

190 mya

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23
Q

why did mammal radiation begin

A

extinction of dinosaurs

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24
Q

When do hominins first appear in the fossil record?

A

23-5 mya (miocene)

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25
Q

what is a hominin

A

-humans
-human ancestors

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26
Q

What are the 4 key distinguishing features separating humans from the apes?

A

-locomotion (bipedalism)
-dentition
-brain size
-language

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27
Q

When do these differences appear in the fossil record?

A

skeleton structure and size

28
Q

skull of quadrupedal

A

foramen magnum positioned in the back

29
Q

skull of bipedalism

A

foramen magnum is in the middle near the eyes

30
Q

vertebral column of bipedalism

A

-curvature inward in lower back
-larger vertebrae

31
Q

vertebral column of quadrupedal

A

-shorter
-rainbow shape

32
Q

pelvis of bipedalism

A

-wider and shorter

33
Q

pelvis of quadrupedal

A

tall and narrow

34
Q

femur of bipedal

A

angled femur to bring knees and feet under body

35
Q

feet of bipedal

A

non-divergent big toe
arches

36
Q

stride of bipedal

A

heel to toe

37
Q

arms of bipedal

A

-shorter arms and fingers
-less curvature

38
Q

hypothesis for the origin of bipedalism in hominins

A

environmental changes:
-distribution of food
-thermoregulation

39
Q

Why are the earliest hominins hard to identify in the fossil record

A

The first members of the human lineage lack many features that distinguish us from other primates.

40
Q

what is mosaic evolution

A

that evolutionary change takes place in some body parts or systems without simultaneous changes in other parts

41
Q

what is diastema

A

a space separating teeth of different functions, especially that between the biting teeth (incisors and canines) and grinding teeth (premolars and molars) in rodents and ungulates

42
Q

who is lucy

A

a collection of several hundred pieces of fossilized bone representing 40 percent of a female of the hominin species Australopithecus afarensis

43
Q

what did Laetoli find

A

the earliest hominin footprints in the world (3.66 million years old), discovered in 1978 at Site G and attributed to Australopithecus afarensis

44
Q

what is Selam

A

the fossilized skull and other skeletal remains of a three-year-old Australopithecus afarensis female hominin, whose bones were first found in Dikika, Ethiopia in 2000 and recovered over the following years

45
Q

what did raymond dart find

A

first austra afri fossil (taung child)

46
Q

piltdown

A

paleoanthropological fraud in which bone fragments were presented as the fossilised remains of a previously unknown early human.

47
Q

what is Malapa

A

fossil-bearing cave located about 15 kilometres northeast of the well known South African hominid-bearing sites

48
Q

how do cranial features differ in Paranthropus and Australopithecus

A

p: increased size of chewing muscles and attachment on the skull

49
Q

oldowan

A

-tool
-cores
-flakes

50
Q

how do dental features differ in Paranthropus and Australopithecus

A

P: increased size of posterior teeth, reduction of front teeth

51
Q

How does climate change play a role in distribution of H. erectus?

A

follows the food supply (migrating animals)

52
Q

How does technology change play a role in distribution of H. erectus?

A

oldowan tools brought change in foraging strategies

53
Q

How does anatomical change play a role in distribution of H. erectus?

A

larger brains and bodies with modern proportions

54
Q

What is the tool industry first associated with H. habilis?

A

oldowan tool

55
Q

What were the oldowan tools used for?

A

processing meat, bone, wood, plants, pocket knife

56
Q

What are the 3 key components of the tool industry?

A

-flake
-core
-hammer stones

57
Q

what is flake

A

stone fragment struck from a core

58
Q

what is core

A

raw material source that flakes are removed from

59
Q

what is hammer stone

A

used to strike cores to produce flakes or expose bone marrow

60
Q

What tool industry is seen for the first time with
H. erectus?

A

Acheulan

61
Q

acheulan tool

A

-biface (hand axe and clevers)
-specifically designed
-unchanged for 1 million years

62
Q

how does oldowan and acheulan differ

A

old- simple and easily mistaken for something naturally made

63
Q

What is the Movius line?

A

theoretical line marking presence/absense of acheulan hand axes

64
Q

What have researchers been able to determine about hominin activity based
on taphonomic studies?

A

-hunting and scavenging activity
more scavenging than hunting

65
Q

How can researchers determine whether hominins were hunters or
scavengers?

A

tools are better used for cutting bone and meat rather than for killing

66
Q

What does this research tell us about hominin behavior?

A

confrontational
passive

67
Q

sagittal crest

A

Anthropology 100 (3 decks)

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