exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what is anthropology
A
the study of humankind in all its forms
2
Q
How does anthropology differ from other disciplines that also study humans?
A
it is cross-cultural and holistic
3
Q
4 subfields of anthropology
A
- biological
-archaeology
-linguistic
-cultural
4
Q
what is biological anthropology
A
the study of human biology within the framework of evolution and with an emphasis on the interaction between biology and culture
5
Q
what is archaeology
A
the study of how people used to live, based on the material culture they left behind
6
Q
what is linguistic anthropology
A
the study of language, and history, and use (form, function, and social context)
7
Q
what is cultural anthropology
A
the study of human societies in a cross-cultural perspective.
the study of all aspects of human behavior
8
Q
What is biocultural evolution?
A
culture as a strategy for adaptation (adaptation)
9
Q
example of biocultural evolution
A
people with more melanin to live in areas that the sun his more directly
10
Q
7 areas of study within biological anthropology
A
-human biology
-primatology
-paleoanthropology
-skeletal biology
-paleopathology
-bioarchaeology
forensic anthropology
11
Q
what is human biology
A
the study of human growth and development, adaptation to envrionmental extremes, and human genetics
12
Q
what is primatology
A
the study of the non-human primates and their anatomy, genetics, behavior, and ecology
13
Q
what is paleoanthropology
A
the study of the fossil record of ancestral humans and their primate kin
14
Q
what is skeletal biology
A
the study of the skeleton and the patterns and processes of human growth, physiology, and development
15
Q
what is paleopathology
A
the study of the disease in ancient human population
16
Q
what is bioarchaeology
A
the study of human remains in an archaeological context
17
Q
what is forensic anthropology
A
the study of human remains applied to a legal context
18
Q
what is the scientific method
A
-ask a question
-do background research
-construct hypothesis
-develop predictions
-test with experiment or observations
-analyze results
-make conclusion
19
Q
how does a hypothesis differ from a theory
A
a hypothesis is provisional
a theory is well substantiated
20
Q
how does the scientific method help reduce bias
A
bias is recognized and accounted for so therefore you can test multiple ways
21
Q
what is evolution
A
the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.
22
Q
what does it mean that evolution is a scientific theory
A
offers a consistent and testable explanation for the origins and diversity of life
23
Q
archbishop ussher
A
-earth was created in 4004 bc
24
Q
nicholas copernicus
A
- earth is not the center of the universe
25
carolus linnaeus
-taxonomy: science of biological classification
-binomial nomenclature: naming system for all organisms
26
comte de buffon
- questioned spontaneous generation and fixity of species
- species could adapt to changing conditions
-lacked summarization
27
lamarck
-first attempt to explain the evolutionary process
-inheritance of acquired characteristics
28
mary anning
-discovered fossils
-developed [picture of life in past
-evidence supporting change over time
29
george cuvier
catastrophism: disappearance of organisms was
30
lyell and hutton
uniformitarianism: same geologic processes shaping the earth today have been at work throughout earth's history
31
malthus
-economist
-popularities increase faster than resources
-leads to shortages and competition
32
adaptive radiation
diversification of 1 founding species into multiple species
33
why is adaptive radiation significant
galapagos islands
34
darwin's greatest contribution
it is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. it is the one that is most adaptable to change
35
how did darwin differ from wallace
Darwin argued that human evolution could be explained by natural selection, with sexual selection as a significant supplementary principle. Wallace always had doubts about sexual selection, and ultimately concluded that natural selection alone was insufficient to account for a set of uniquely human characteristics.
36
different levels of genetic study
-cellular/molecular
-population
-phylogenetics
-mendelian
-behavioral
37
what is the difference between somatic and gamete cells
-somatic: body cells
-gamete: sex cells (DNA)
38
what are stem cells
undifferentiated cells that can turn into any type of cell we need
39
what does nucleus do
house dna, largest part of cell
40
nuclear membrane
separates dna from outside
41
rna
essential to protein synthesis
42
cytoplasm
jelly-like, holds organelles
43
ribosomes
sight of protein synthesis
44
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell; generates energy
45
how does mtDNA differ from nDNA
nDNA only has two copies per cell, mtDNA can have literally thousands in a single cell
46
how does DNA help answer questions in biological anthropology
allows you to see how organisms change over time
47
replication
-Takes place in nucleus
-First step in making new cells
-Each step mediated by enzymes
-Molecule divides into 2 separate strands.
-Each acts as template for new complementary strand
-Proofreading and repair
-If errors not corrected, permanent
changes (mutations) can occur.
48
what matches with A
T
49
what matches with C
G
50
how are proteins formed
transcription; translation
51
What are codons?
3-letter "words" to form specific amino acids
52
what are genes
part of DNA that contains info for protein
53
Why is there redundancy in amino acids?
multiple codons code for the same amino acid
54
transcription
-dna is transcribed into messenger rna
-rna carries message out of the nucleus to the ribosomes
55
translation
-mrna is translated into amino acid sequence
56
how does dna differ from rna
rna does not have pairs
57
chromatin
dispersed, uncoiled strands
58
chromosomes
tightly wound, discrete structure, each has distinct size and shape
59
What does it mean to be homologous?
members of the same pair in diploid cell
60
how many chromosomes do humans have
46 (23 pairs)
61
How many genes are located on
each chromosome?
300-2000+
62
Why do different species have different chromosome numbers?
evolution
63
What are different versions of a gene called?
alleles
64
What does it mean to be heterozygous vs
homozygous for a gene?
heterozygous: both variations of gene are given
homozygous: the same copy of the gene is provided
65
what is the locus
the location of the allele on chromosomes
66
meiosis
gamete (sex) cell division
67
mitosis
somatic cell division
68
process of meiosis
– Crossing over: genetic material is exchanged between pairs of homologous chromosomes
- Recombination of alleles; Produces new genetic combinations; Increased genetic variability in a population; Resulting in faster rate of evolution
69
what does mitosis result in
diploid
70
what does meiosis result in
haploid
71
What is a karyotype?
complete chromosomal complement of an individual
72
How many homologous pairs of chromosomes do humans have
22
73
how is sex determine
on the 23rd chromosome (x,x = girl) (x,y = boy)
74
What are non-disjunction disorders
failure of homologus chromosomes to separate properly during cell division -> gametes will have wrong number of chromosomes
75
monosomy
turner syndrome; single x chromosome
76
trisomy
down syndrome; extra copy of chromosome 21
77
genotype
set of alleles an organism carries (Aa, Bb)
78
phenotype
observable feature of an organism that is under genetic influence (blue eyes vs brown eyes)
79
structural genes
genes that contain info to make a protein
80
regulatory genes
genes that guide expression of structural genes
81
what did gregor mendel discover?
laws of inheritance (experimented on plants)
82
law of inheritance
developed a series of postulates about inheritance (one blue one yellow = blue bc its dominant)
83
blending theory of inheritance
genes blended together when passed down (one blue one yellow = green)
84
why did mendel work with pea plants?
easier to see traits, grow quickly,
85
law of segregation
during the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separate randomly so that each sex cell receives one or the other with equal likelihood
86
law of independent assortment
during gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently of each other
87
What does it mean if genes are linked
a specific trait only occurs on one chromosome (colorblindness only occurs on the x but the normal x is dominant so it masks it in women)
88
codominance
two different alleles of a gene are expressed in a heterozygous individual (ABO blood type)
89
benefits of genetic screening
effects the medical care you can receive
90
qualitative variation
phenotypic variation characterized as belonging to discrete, observable categories
91
quantitative variation
phenotypic variation characterized by distribution of continuous variation
92
polygenic traits
-stature
-timing of puberty
-skin color
-weight
93
mendel trait example
-eye color
-earlobes connected vs free hanging
-tongue roller or not
94
genetic mismatch
traits that evolved in an organism in one environment can be disadvantageous in a different environment.
95
pleiotropy
one gene with multiple phenotypic effects (short-limbed dwarfism)
96
heritability
the proportion of total phenotypic variability observed for a given trait that can be ascribed to genetic factors
97
heritability equation
variability caused by genetics ////// variability caused by genetics + variability caused by environment
98
heritability range 0
all environmental
99
heritability range 1
all genetic
100
what is biological evolution
A change in allele frequency over time.
101
what level does evolution operate
population
102
microevolution
small changes over a few generations.
103
macroevolution
larger changes over many generations
104
What is the primary mechanism of evolutionary change
natural selection
105
what level does natural selection operate
phenotype of the individual organism
106
stabilizing selection
favors the most common forms of a trait in a population (extremes are eliminated)
107
directional selection
a constant shift in allele frequency in response to environmental pressure
108
disruptive selection
Favors the extremes of the trait, eliminates the intermediates.
109
what is a mutation
Any change in a DNA sequence that becomes established in a daughter cell
110
point mutation
change in base sequence of a gene that results from a change of a single base to a different base (GAG -> GTG) (sickle cell)
111
insertion and deletion mutation
Involves the insertion or deletion of several bases in sequence of a gene
112
example of insertion mutation
Huntington's disease repeats CAG 40 times
113
example of deletion mutation
williams syndrome
114
bad mutation
the mutation inhibits the organisms quality of life or ability to do something (protein can't do its job or it is lethal)
115
neutral mutation
doesn't affect the protein
116
good mutation
increase in protein's ability to function or enhances its strength
117
What effect does gene flow have on populations?
homogenizing effect -- populations mix and become more similar
118
types of genetic drift
founders effect
bottleneck
119
founders effect
- Small migrant band of “founders” leaves parent group and forms isolated colony.
- Generations come only from band of founders.
- All genes from expanding population are from founding group only.
120
example of founders effect
Pennsylvania amish extra thumb
121
bottleneck
-Rapid reduction in population size, then increase - Only mutations rebuild genetic diversity
122
sexual selection
differential reproductive success within one sex of any species
123
result of sexual selection
nonrandom mating
124
homologous traits
The notion that similar features in two related organisms look alike because of a shared evolutionary history
125
analogous traits
Similar traits due to similar use, not evolution
126
ancestral characteristics
inherited from ancestors of living relatives
127
derived characteristics
distinguish them from all related species
128
convergent or parallel evolution
Similar form or function brought about by natural selection under similar environments rather than shared ancestry
129
species
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding (dog, human, etc)
130
What are limitations of BSC definition?
population has to be isolated
131
RIM
Any factor that prevents a male and female of two different species from hybridizing
132
example of rim
male and female on two separate islands
133
clagogenesis
3. 2
I
I
1
134
anagenesis
1 -- 2 -- 3
135
gradualism
slow evolution over vast periods of earth's history
136
punctuated equilibrium
Rapid bursts of change, followed by long periods of stasis
137
misconceptions of evolution
evolution = progress
individuals can evolve
evolutionary fit = strongest, fastest
evolution is slow
humans have no impact on evolution
