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Anthropology 100 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is anthropology

A

the study of humankind in all its forms

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2
Q

How does anthropology differ from other disciplines that also study humans?

A

it is cross-cultural and holistic

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3
Q

4 subfields of anthropology

A
  • biological
    -archaeology
    -linguistic
    -cultural
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4
Q

what is biological anthropology

A

the study of human biology within the framework of evolution and with an emphasis on the interaction between biology and culture

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5
Q

what is archaeology

A

the study of how people used to live, based on the material culture they left behind

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6
Q

what is linguistic anthropology

A

the study of language, and history, and use (form, function, and social context)

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7
Q

what is cultural anthropology

A

the study of human societies in a cross-cultural perspective.
the study of all aspects of human behavior

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8
Q

What is biocultural evolution?

A

culture as a strategy for adaptation (adaptation)

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9
Q

example of biocultural evolution

A

people with more melanin to live in areas that the sun his more directly

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10
Q

7 areas of study within biological anthropology

A

-human biology
-primatology
-paleoanthropology
-skeletal biology
-paleopathology
-bioarchaeology
forensic anthropology

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11
Q

what is human biology

A

the study of human growth and development, adaptation to envrionmental extremes, and human genetics

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12
Q

what is primatology

A

the study of the non-human primates and their anatomy, genetics, behavior, and ecology

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13
Q

what is paleoanthropology

A

the study of the fossil record of ancestral humans and their primate kin

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14
Q

what is skeletal biology

A

the study of the skeleton and the patterns and processes of human growth, physiology, and development

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15
Q

what is paleopathology

A

the study of the disease in ancient human population

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16
Q

what is bioarchaeology

A

the study of human remains in an archaeological context

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17
Q

what is forensic anthropology

A

the study of human remains applied to a legal context

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18
Q

what is the scientific method

A

-ask a question
-do background research
-construct hypothesis
-develop predictions
-test with experiment or observations
-analyze results
-make conclusion

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19
Q

how does a hypothesis differ from a theory

A

a hypothesis is provisional
a theory is well substantiated

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20
Q

how does the scientific method help reduce bias

A

bias is recognized and accounted for so therefore you can test multiple ways

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21
Q

what is evolution

A

the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.

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22
Q

what does it mean that evolution is a scientific theory

A

offers a consistent and testable explanation for the origins and diversity of life

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23
Q

archbishop ussher

A

-earth was created in 4004 bc

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24
Q

nicholas copernicus

A
  • earth is not the center of the universe
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25
Q

carolus linnaeus

A

-taxonomy: science of biological classification
-binomial nomenclature: naming system for all organisms

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26
Q

comte de buffon

A
  • questioned spontaneous generation and fixity of species
  • species could adapt to changing conditions
    -lacked summarization
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27
Q

lamarck

A

-first attempt to explain the evolutionary process
-inheritance of acquired characteristics

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28
Q

mary anning

A

-discovered fossils
-developed [picture of life in past
-evidence supporting change over time

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29
Q

george cuvier

A

catastrophism: disappearance of organisms was

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30
Q

lyell and hutton

A

uniformitarianism: same geologic processes shaping the earth today have been at work throughout earth’s history

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31
Q

malthus

A

-economist
-popularities increase faster than resources
-leads to shortages and competition

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32
Q

adaptive radiation

A

diversification of 1 founding species into multiple species

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33
Q

why is adaptive radiation significant

A

galapagos islands

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34
Q

darwin’s greatest contribution

A

it is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. it is the one that is most adaptable to change

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35
Q

how did darwin differ from wallace

A

Darwin argued that human evolution could be explained by natural selection, with sexual selection as a significant supplementary principle. Wallace always had doubts about sexual selection, and ultimately concluded that natural selection alone was insufficient to account for a set of uniquely human characteristics.

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36
Q

different levels of genetic study

A

-cellular/molecular
-population
-phylogenetics
-mendelian
-behavioral

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37
Q

what is the difference between somatic and gamete cells

A

-somatic: body cells
-gamete: sex cells (DNA)

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38
Q

what are stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that can turn into any type of cell we need

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39
Q

what does nucleus do

A

house dna, largest part of cell

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40
Q

nuclear membrane

A

separates dna from outside

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41
Q

rna

A

essential to protein synthesis

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42
Q

cytoplasm

A

jelly-like, holds organelles

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43
Q

ribosomes

A

sight of protein synthesis

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44
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell; generates energy

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45
Q

how does mtDNA differ from nDNA

A

nDNA only has two copies per cell, mtDNA can have literally thousands in a single cell

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46
Q

how does DNA help answer questions in biological anthropology

A

allows you to see how organisms change over time

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47
Q

replication

A

-Takes place in nucleus
-First step in making new cells
-Each step mediated by enzymes
-Molecule divides into 2 separate strands.
-Each acts as template for new complementary strand
-Proofreading and repair
-If errors not corrected, permanent
changes (mutations) can occur.

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48
Q

what matches with A

A

T

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49
Q

what matches with C

A

G

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50
Q

how are proteins formed

A

transcription; translation

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51
Q

What are codons?

A

3-letter “words” to form specific amino acids

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52
Q

what are genes

A

part of DNA that contains info for protein

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53
Q

Why is there redundancy in amino acids?

A

multiple codons code for the same amino acid

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54
Q

transcription

A

-dna is transcribed into messenger rna
-rna carries message out of the nucleus to the ribosomes

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55
Q

translation

A

-mrna is translated into amino acid sequence

56
Q

how does dna differ from rna

A

rna does not have pairs

57
Q

chromatin

A

dispersed, uncoiled strands

58
Q

chromosomes

A

tightly wound, discrete structure, each has distinct size and shape

59
Q

What does it mean to be homologous?

A

members of the same pair in diploid cell

60
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have

A

46 (23 pairs)

61
Q

How many genes are located on
each chromosome?

A

300-2000+

62
Q

Why do different species have different chromosome numbers?

A

evolution

63
Q

What are different versions of a gene called?

A

alleles

64
Q

What does it mean to be heterozygous vs
homozygous for a gene?

A

heterozygous: both variations of gene are given
homozygous: the same copy of the gene is provided

65
Q

what is the locus

A

the location of the allele on chromosomes

66
Q

meiosis

A

gamete (sex) cell division

67
Q

mitosis

A

somatic cell division

68
Q

process of meiosis

A

– Crossing over: genetic material is exchanged between pairs of homologous chromosomes
- Recombination of alleles; Produces new genetic combinations; Increased genetic variability in a population; Resulting in faster rate of evolution

69
Q

what does mitosis result in

A

diploid

70
Q

what does meiosis result in

A

haploid

71
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

complete chromosomal complement of an individual

72
Q

How many homologous pairs of chromosomes do humans have

A

22

73
Q

how is sex determine

A

on the 23rd chromosome (x,x = girl) (x,y = boy)

74
Q

What are non-disjunction disorders

A

failure of homologus chromosomes to separate properly during cell division -> gametes will have wrong number of chromosomes

75
Q

monosomy

A

turner syndrome; single x chromosome

76
Q

trisomy

A

down syndrome; extra copy of chromosome 21

77
Q

genotype

A

set of alleles an organism carries (Aa, Bb)

78
Q

phenotype

A

observable feature of an organism that is under genetic influence (blue eyes vs brown eyes)

79
Q

structural genes

A

genes that contain info to make a protein

80
Q

regulatory genes

A

genes that guide expression of structural genes

81
Q

what did gregor mendel discover?

A

laws of inheritance (experimented on plants)

82
Q

law of inheritance

A

developed a series of postulates about inheritance (one blue one yellow = blue bc its dominant)

83
Q

blending theory of inheritance

A

genes blended together when passed down (one blue one yellow = green)

84
Q

why did mendel work with pea plants?

A

easier to see traits, grow quickly,

85
Q

law of segregation

A

during the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separate randomly so that each sex cell receives one or the other with equal likelihood

86
Q

law of independent assortment

A

during gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently of each other

87
Q

What does it mean if genes are linked

A

a specific trait only occurs on one chromosome (colorblindness only occurs on the x but the normal x is dominant so it masks it in women)

88
Q

codominance

A

two different alleles of a gene are expressed in a heterozygous individual (ABO blood type)

89
Q

benefits of genetic screening

A

effects the medical care you can receive

90
Q

qualitative variation

A

phenotypic variation characterized as belonging to discrete, observable categories

91
Q

quantitative variation

A

phenotypic variation characterized by distribution of continuous variation

92
Q

polygenic traits

A

-stature
-timing of puberty
-skin color
-weight

93
Q

mendel trait example

A

-eye color
-earlobes connected vs free hanging
-tongue roller or not

94
Q

genetic mismatch

A

traits that evolved in an organism in one environment can be disadvantageous in a different environment.

95
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene with multiple phenotypic effects (short-limbed dwarfism)

96
Q

heritability

A

the proportion of total phenotypic variability observed for a given trait that can be ascribed to genetic factors

97
Q

heritability equation

A

variability caused by genetics ////// variability caused by genetics + variability caused by environment

98
Q

heritability range 0

A

all environmental

99
Q

heritability range 1

A

all genetic

100
Q

what is biological evolution

A

A change in allele frequency over time.

101
Q

what level does evolution operate

A

population

102
Q

microevolution

A

small changes over a few generations.

103
Q

macroevolution

A

larger changes over many generations

104
Q

What is the primary mechanism of evolutionary change

A

natural selection

105
Q

what level does natural selection operate

A

phenotype of the individual organism

106
Q

stabilizing selection

A

favors the most common forms of a trait in a population (extremes are eliminated)

107
Q

directional selection

A

a constant shift in allele frequency in response to environmental pressure

108
Q

disruptive selection

A

Favors the extremes of the trait, eliminates the intermediates.

109
Q

what is a mutation

A

Any change in a DNA sequence that becomes established in a daughter cell

110
Q

point mutation

A

change in base sequence of a gene that results from a change of a single base to a different base (GAG -> GTG) (sickle cell)

111
Q

insertion and deletion mutation

A

Involves the insertion or deletion of several bases in sequence of a gene

112
Q

example of insertion mutation

A

Huntington’s disease repeats CAG 40 times

113
Q

example of deletion mutation

A

williams syndrome

114
Q

bad mutation

A

the mutation inhibits the organisms quality of life or ability to do something (protein can’t do its job or it is lethal)

115
Q

neutral mutation

A

doesn’t affect the protein

116
Q

good mutation

A

increase in protein’s ability to function or enhances its strength

117
Q

What effect does gene flow have on populations?

A

homogenizing effect – populations mix and become more similar

118
Q

types of genetic drift

A

founders effect
bottleneck

119
Q

founders effect

A
  • Small migrant band of “founders” leaves parent group and forms isolated colony.
  • Generations come only from band of founders.
  • All genes from expanding population are from founding group only.
120
Q

example of founders effect

A

Pennsylvania amish extra thumb

121
Q

bottleneck

A

-Rapid reduction in population size, then increase - Only mutations rebuild genetic diversity

122
Q

sexual selection

A

differential reproductive success within one sex of any species

123
Q

result of sexual selection

A

nonrandom mating

124
Q

homologous traits

A

The notion that similar features in two related organisms look alike because of a shared evolutionary history

125
Q

analogous traits

A

Similar traits due to similar use, not evolution

126
Q

ancestral characteristics

A

inherited from ancestors of living relatives

127
Q

derived characteristics

A

distinguish them from all related species

128
Q

convergent or parallel evolution

A

Similar form or function brought about by natural selection under similar environments rather than shared ancestry

129
Q

species

A

a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding (dog, human, etc)

130
Q

What are limitations of BSC definition?

A

population has to be isolated

131
Q

RIM

A

Any factor that prevents a male and female of two different species from hybridizing

132
Q

example of rim

A

male and female on two separate islands

133
Q

clagogenesis

A
  1. 2
    I
    I
    1
134
Q

anagenesis

A

1 – 2 – 3

135
Q

gradualism

A

slow evolution over vast periods of earth’s history

136
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

Rapid bursts of change, followed by long periods of stasis

137
Q

misconceptions of evolution

A

evolution = progress
individuals can evolve
evolutionary fit = strongest, fastest
evolution is slow
humans have no impact on evolution

Anthropology 100 (3 decks)

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